Sternorrhyncha

Sternorrhyncha; Temporal range: Permian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	An aphid.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamilies
	Aleyrodoidea; Aphidoidea; Coccoidea; Phylloxeroidea; Psylloidea; †Dinglidae;

The Sternorrhyncha^[1]^[2]^[3] suborder of the Hemiptera contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the now-obsolete order "Homoptera". "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of the mouthparts relative to the head.

Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders (phytophagous), and many are major crop and ornamental pests.

Many exhibit modified morphology and/or life cycles, including phenomena such as flightless morphs, parthenogenesis, sexual dimorphism, and eusociality.

Phylogeny[]

The phylogeny of the extant Sternorrhyncha, inferred from analysis of small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA, is shown in the cladogram.^[4]

Sternorrhyncha

Psylloidea (jumping plant lice, etc.)

Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies)

Coccoidea (scale insects)

Aphidomorpha

	Phylloxeroidea (phylloxera bugs)

	Aphididae (aphids)

The evolutionary position of several fossil taxa are unclear. A suggested phylogeny is:^[5]^[6]

†

Coccidomorpha

†



	Naibiidae

Aphidomorpha

†

	†Dinglomorpha

	†Liadopsyllidae

	Psylloidea

Groups[]

Well-known groups in the Sternorrhyncha include:

aphids – (Aphididae)
woolly and gall-making aphids (Eriosomatinae)
pine and spruce aphids (Adelgidae)
phylloxerans (Phylloxeridae, including the vine phylloxera)
whiteflies – (Aleyrodidae)
jumping plant lice (Psyllidae and allied families)
Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
- cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, and ground pearls (Margarodidae)
- armoured scales (Diaspididae)
- cochineal insects (Dactylopiidae)
- lac scales (Kerriidae, Lacciferidae, Tachardinidae)
- soft scales (Coccidae)
- pit scales (Asterolecaniidae)
- mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)
- felted scales (Eriococcidae)

References[]

^ "ITIS standard report - Sternorrhyncha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
^ Grimaldi & Engel (2005) Evolution of the Insects 289-303.
^ Paraneoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
^ "Phylogeny of Insects". What-When-How. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Drohojowska, Jowita; Szwedo, Jacek; Żyła, Dagmara; Huang, Di-Ying; Müller, Patrick (2020). "Fossils reshape the Sternorrhyncha evolutionary tree (Insecta, Hemiptera)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11390. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68220-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7347605. PMID 32647332.
^ Szwedo, Jacek (2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 134243346.

External links[]

Suborder Sternorrhyncha—Plant-parasitic Hemipterans at BugGuide

[Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System_-_ITIS_standard_report_-_Sternorrhyncha-1] "ITIS standard report - Sternorrhyncha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

[2] Grimaldi & Engel (2005) Evolution of the Insects 289-303.

[3] Paraneoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)

[4] "Phylogeny of Insects". What-When-How. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[5] Drohojowska, Jowita; Szwedo, Jacek; Żyła, Dagmara; Huang, Di-Ying; Müller, Patrick (2020). "Fossils reshape the Sternorrhyncha evolutionary tree (Insecta, Hemiptera)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11390. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68220-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7347605. PMID 32647332.

[6] Szwedo, Jacek (2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 134243346.

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