Foreign relations of Denmark
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The foreign policy of Denmark is based on its identity as a sovereign state in Europe, the Arctic and the North Atlantic. As such its primary foreign policy focus is on its relations with other nations as a sovereign state compromising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Denmark has long had good relations with other nations. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia,[1] Latvia, and Lithuania).[2] The country is a strong supporter of international peacekeeping. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with IFOR,[3] and now SFOR.[4] Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF.[5] These initiatives are a part of the "active foreign policy" of Denmark. Instead of the traditional adaptative foreign policy of The unity of the Realm, Kingdom of Denmark is today pursuing an active foreign policy, where human rights, democracy and other crucial values is to be defended actively. In recent years, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues, such as fishing, whaling and geopolitical concerns.
Following World War II, Denmark ended its two-hundred-year-long policy of neutrality. Denmark has been a member of NATO since its founding in 1949, and membership in NATO remains highly popular.[6] There were several serious confrontations between the U.S. and Denmark on security policy in the so-called "footnote era" (1982–88), when an alternative parliamentary majority forced the government to adopt specific national positions on nuclear and arms control issues. The alternative majority in these issues was because the Social liberal Party (Radikale Venstre) supported the governing majority in economic policy issues, but was against certain NATO policies and voted with the left in these issues. The conservative led Centre-right government accepted this variety of "minority parliamentarism", that is, without making it a question of the government's parliamentary survival.[6] With the end of the Cold War, however, Denmark has been supportive of U.S. policy objectives in the Alliance.
Danes have a reputation as "reluctant" Europeans. When they rejected ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on 2 June 1992, they put the EC's plans for the European Union on hold.[7] In December 1992, the rest of the EC agreed to exempt Denmark from certain aspects of the European Union, including a common security and defense policy, a common currency, EU citizenship, and certain aspects of legal cooperation. The Amsterdam Treaty was approved in the referendum of 28 May 1998. In the autumn of 2000, Danish citizens rejected membership of the Euro currency group in a referendum. The Lisbon treaty was ratified by the Danish parliament alone.[8] It was not considered a surrendering of national sovereignty, which would have implied the holding of a referendum according to article 20 of the constitution.[9]
History[]
In 1807 Denmark was neutral but Britain bombarded Copenhagen and seized the Danish Navy, Denmark became an ally of Napoleon. After Napoleon was profoundly defeated in Russia in 1812, the Allies repeatedly offered King Frederick VI a proposal to change sides and break with Napoleon. The king refused. Therefore, at the peace of Kiel in 1814, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden. Denmark thus became one of the chief losers of the Napoleonic Wars. Danish historiography portrayed King Frederick VI as stubborn and incompetent, and motivated by a blind loyalty to Napoleon. However a more recent Danish historiographical approach emphasizes the Danish state was multi-territorial, and included the semi – separate Kingdom of Norway. It was dependent for food on grain imports controlled by Napoleon, and worried about Swedish ambitions. From the king's perspective, these factors called for an alliance with Napoleon. Furthermore, the king expected the war would end in a negotiated international conference, with Napoleon playing a powerful role that included saving Norway for Denmark.[10][11]
1900–1945[]
The Danish government responded to the First World War by declaring neutrality 1914–1918. It maintained that status until 1945 and accordingly adjusted trade; humanitarianism; diplomacy; and attitudes. The war thus reshaped economic relations and shifting domestic power balances.[12]
1990–[]
Since the end of the Cold War, Denmark has become more supportive of U.S. foreign policy. Denmark supported the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and contributed assets to the invasion.[13][14] Denmark also participated in the Afghanistan War.[13] Denmark increased its participation in military and peacekeeping operations compared to the pre-Cold War period.[13] Whereas Denmark only participated in 13 military operations from 1945 to 1989, Denmark participated in 76 military operations between 1990 and 2018.[13]
International disputes[]
- Hans Island. An island located between Greenland and Canadian Arctic islands. Unresolved boundary disputed between Canada and Denmark (The state of Denmark is responsible for Greenland's foreign relations). This dispute flared up again in July 2005 following the visit of a Canadian minister to the disputed island.[15]
- North Pole. Denmark is trying to prove that the North Pole is geographically connected to Greenland. If such proof is established, the Kingdom will claim the North Pole.[16]
Europe[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 29 May 1970[17] | See Albania–Denmark relations |
Andorra | 4 May 1994[20] | |
Armenia | 14 January 1992[23] | See Armenia–Denmark relations |
Austria | May 1621[26] | See Austria–Denmark relations |
Azerbaijan | 2 April 1992[29] | See Azerbaijan–Denmark relations |
Belarus | 4 February 1992[32][33] | See Belarus–Denmark relations |
Belgium | 25 February 1837[36] | See Belgium–Denmark relations |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 June 1992[39] | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Denmark relations |
Bulgaria | 17 April 1931[42] | See Bulgaria–Denmark relations |
Croatia | 1 February 1992[45] | See Croatia–Denmark relations |
Cyprus | 2 November 1960[48] | See Cyprus–Denmark relations |
Czech Republic | 1 January 1993[51] | See Czech Republic–Denmark relations |
Estonia | 5 February 1921[note 1][54] | See Denmark–Estonia relations
|
Finland | 18 February 1918[58] | See Denmark–Finland relations
|
France | 8 July 1498[61][62] | See Denmark–France relations
|
Georgia | 1 July 1992[65] | See Denmark–Georgia relations |
Germany | 11 June 1951[68][69] | See Denmark–Germany relations |
Greece | 31 October 1846[72] | See Denmark–Greece relations |
Hungary | 10 May 1948[75] | See Denmark–Hungary relations |
Iceland | 16 August 1920[78][79] | See Denmark–Iceland relations |
Ireland | January 1962[82] | See Denmark–Ireland relations |
Italy | 2 September 1861[85] | See Denmark–Italy relations |
Kosovo | 6 March 2008[89] | See Denmark–Kosovo relations |
Latvia | 7 February 1921[note 2][92] | See Denmark–Latvia relations |
Liechtenstein |
| |
Lithuania | 18 July 1923[note 3][96] | See Denmark–Lithuania relations |
Luxembourg | 19 June 1879[100] | |
Malta | 26 March 1969[103] | |
Moldova | 20 January 1992[105] | See Denmark–Moldova relations |
Monaco | 4 March 1930[107] 16 July 2011[108] |
|
Montenegro | 15 June 2006[110] | See Denmark–Montenegro relations |
Netherlands | 31 March 1605[112] | See Denmark–Netherlands relations |
North Macedonia | 8 April 1993[115] | See Denmark–North Macedonia relations |
Norway | 7 November 1905[117] | See Denmark–Norway relations |
Poland | 7 July 1945[120] | See Denmark–Poland relations |
Portugal | 18 March 1641[123] | See Denmark–Portugal relations |
Romania | 13 April 1917[126] | See Denmark–Romania relations |
Russia | 8 November 1493[129] | See Denmark–Russia relations |
San Marino | 3 November 1992[132] |
|
Serbia | 19 October 1917[134] | See Denmark–Serbia relations
|
Slovakia | 1 January 1993[138] | See Denmark–Slovakia relations |
Slovenia | 20 January 1992[141] | See Denmark–Slovenia relations |
Spain | 3 February 1641[144][145] | See Denmark–Spain relations |
Sweden | 6 June 1523[148] | See Denmark–Sweden relations
|
Switzerland | 10 February 1875[150] | See Denmark–Switzerland relations |
Turkey | 26 January 1925 | See Turkey in Middle East Above |
Ukraine | 12 February 1992[153] | See Denmark–Ukraine relations |
United Kingdom | 2 May 1490[156] | See Denmark–United Kingdom relations |
Vatican City | 2 August 1982[159] |
|
Americas[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | 28 October 1985[161] |
|
Argentina | 20 January 1841[163] | See Argentina–Denmark relations |
Bahamas | June 1991[166] | |
Barbados | 20 August 1979[168] | |
Belize | 15 November 1991[170] |
|
Bolivia | 9 November 1931[172] | See Bolivia–Denmark relations |
Brazil | 26 April 1828[175][176] | See Brazil–Denmark relations |
Canada | 5 December 1945[179] | See Canada–Denmark relations |
Chile | April 1839[182][183] | See Chile–Denmark relations |
Colombia | 18 May 1935[186] | |
Costa Rica | 26 September 1956[188] | |
Cuba | 29 June 1911[190] | |
Dominica | 20 February 2019[193] |
|
Dominican Republic | 17 December 1851[195] | |
Ecuador | June 1841[197] |
|
El Salvador | 9 July 1958[199] | |
Grenada | 6 November 2018[201] | |
Guatemala | 12 January 1995[203] |
|
Guyana | 16 November 1979[204] | |
Haiti | 1826[206] | |
Honduras | 22 March 1945[208] | |
Jamaica | 14 October 1974[210] | |
Mexico | 19 July 1827[212] | See Denmark–Mexico relations |
Nicaragua | See Denmark–Nicaragua relations | |
Panama | 30 June 1937[217] |
|
Paraguay | 18 July 1903[218] |
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Peru | 18 May 1848[220] | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | None[222] |
|
Saint Lucia | 20 December 1982[224] |
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 19 September 1985[226] |
|
Suriname | 27 November 1980[228] |
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Trinidad and Tobago |
| |
United States | 12 October 1801[232] | See Denmark–United States relations |
Uruguay | 28 February 1842[237] | |
Venezuela | 26 March 1835[239] | See Denmark–Venezuela relations
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Middle East[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Bahrain | 10 August 1974[241] | |
Egypt | 1920[243] | See Denmark–Egypt relations |
Iran | 20 February 1934[245] | See Denmark–Iran relations
|
Iraq | 13 January 1960[248][249] | See Denmark–Iraq relations |
Israel | 12 July 1950[252] | See Denmark–Israel relations |
Jordan | 7 December 1961[255][256] | |
Kuwait | 25 April 1964[258] | |
Lebanon | 1946[260] | |
Oman | 9 July 1979[263] |
|
Palestine | None | See Denmark–Palestine relations |
Qatar | 15 December 1974[267] | |
Saudi Arabia | 1 February 1975[269][270] | |
Syria | 1950[273] | See Denmark–Syria relations |
Turkey[note 4] | 26 January 1925[275] | See Denmark–Turkey relations |
United Arab Emirates | 18 January 1975[279] | See Denmark–United Arab Emirates relations |
Yemen |
Asia[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 26 January 1966[283] | See Afghanistan–Denmark relations |
Bangladesh | 4 February 1972[285] | See Bangladesh–Denmark relations |
Bhutan | 13 August 1985[287] | See Bhutan–Denmark relations |
Brunei | ||
Cambodia | 9 October 1967[290] | See Cambodia–Denmark relations |
People's Republic of China | 11 May 1950[292] | See People's Republic of China–Denmark relations |
East Timor | 25 November 2003[295] | |
India | September 1949[298][299] | See Denmark–India relations |
Indonesia | 15 February 1950[302] | See Denmark–Indonesia relations |
Japan | 16 December 1867[305] | See Denmark–Japan relations
|
Kazakhstan | 7 May 1992[308] | See Denmark–Kazakhstan relations |
Kyrgyzstan | 8 May 1992[310] |
|
Laos | 1 November 1956[312] | |
Malaysia | 31 August 1957[315] | See Denmark–Malaysia relations |
Maldives | 8 November 1982[317] | |
Mongolia | 5 August 1968[319] | |
Myanmar | 22 April 1955[321] | See Burma–Denmark relations |
Nepal | 15 December 1967[323] | See Denmark–Nepal relations |
North Korea | 17 July 1973[326] | See Denmark–North Korea relations |
Pakistan | October 1949[328] | See Denmark–Pakistan relations
|
Philippines | 28 September 1946[332] | See Denmark–Philippines relations
|
Singapore | 28 September 1965[334] | |
South Korea | 11 March 1959[336] | See Denmark–South Korea relations
|
Sri Lanka | 5 January 1953[340] | See Denmark–Sri Lanka relations |
Tajikistan | 21 January 1992[342] |
|
Taiwan | See Denmark–Taiwan relations | |
Thailand | 21 May 1858[346] | See Denmark–Thailand relations |
Turkmenistan | 21 January 1992[349] |
|
Uzbekistan | 25 January 1992[351] | |
Vietnam | 25 November 1971[354] | See Denmark–Vietnam relations |
Africa[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 1963[357] |
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Angola | May 1976[359] | |
Benin | 1960s[361] | See Benin–Denmark relations |
Botswana | ||
Burkina Faso | See Burkina Faso–Denmark relations
| |
Burundi | ||
Cameroon | 1960[368] | |
Cape Verde |
| |
Central African Republic | ||
Chad | ||
Comoros | 1 December 1982[373] |
|
Côte d'Ivoire | 28 November 1964[375] | |
Republic of the Congo |
| |
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| |
Djibouti |
| |
Equatorial Guinea |
| |
Eritrea | 29 October 1993[382] | See Denmark–Eritrea relations
Eritrea was a Danish programme country from 1993 to 1996, and again from 1999 to 2001. In 1996, Denmark assisted 112 million DKK to the agriculture sector, and 80 million DKK to the education sector.[383] Relations between Eritrea and Denmark have been bad, since Denmark decided to suspend development cooperation with Eritrea in January 2002, and completely closed its embassy in Eritrea in June 2002.[384]
|
Ethiopia | 5 April 1967[386] | See Denmark–Ethiopia relations |
Gabon |
| |
Gambia | January 1979[389] | |
Ghana | 1961[391] | See Denmark–Ghana relations |
Guinea | ||
Guinea-Bissau | ||
Kenya | December 1963[396] | See Denmark–Kenya relations |
Lesotho | 1970[398] |
|
Liberia | 31 December 1861[400][401] 11 July 1963[402] |
|
Libya | See Denmark–Libya relations
| |
Madagascar | January 1964[405] | |
Malawi | 1964[407] |
|
Mali |
From 2006 to 2011, Denmark assisted Mali with 800 million DKK for poverty reduction.[410] | |
Mauritania | ||
Mauritius | 2 March 1973[412] |
|
Morocco | 29 November 1957[414][415] | See Denmark–Morocco relations |
Mozambique | 25 June 1975[418] | See Denmark–Mozambique relations |
Namibia | 1990[419] | |
Niger |
| |
Nigeria | October 1960[423] | See Foreign relations of Nigeria |
Rwanda | ||
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | None |
|
São Tomé and Príncipe | ||
Senegal | 28 March 1966[428] |
|
Seychelles | 1979[430] |
|
Sierra Leone | ||
Somalia | 9 July 1960[433] | See Denmark–Somalia relations
|
South Africa | See Denmark–South Africa relations
| |
South Sudan | ||
Sudan | See Denmark–Sudan relations | |
Swaziland | ||
Tanzania | 1962[439] | See Denmark–Tanzania relations |
Tunisia | 1959[440] | See Foreign relations of Tunisia |
Togo |
| |
Uganda |
| |
Zambia | 1958[443] | See Denmark–Zambia relations |
Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980[444] | See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe |
Oceania[]
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 12 September 1947[445][446] | See Australia–Denmark relations |
Cook Islands | None[447] |
|
Fiji | 1 December 1997[449] |
Further details Denmark–Fiji relations refers to the current and historical relations between Denmark and Fiji. Denmark is represented in Fiji through its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.[450] Fiji is represented in Denmark through its High Commission in London.[21][451] Denmark has an honorary consulate[452] and a consulate[450] in Suva, the capital of Fiji. The current Fijian ambassador to Denmark is .[453] In 1971, an abolition of visas agreement was signed between Denmark and Fiji.[454] In October 1974, Denmark and Fiji signed an avoidance of double taxation agreement.[455] In November 2003, the Danish ambassador to Fiji Geert Aagaard Andersen said that Denmark supports the European Union's decision to resume development cooperation with Fiji and that Denmark is pleased with the reestablishing democracy progress in Fiji. Trade between Denmark and Fiji showed a potential increase he said.[456] For the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference meeting in Copenhagen, the Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama stressed that:
In July 2011, Danish export to Fiji amounted approximately 1 million DKK while Fijian export were about 100.000 DKK.[458] |
Kiribati |
| |
Marshall Islands | 17 September 1992[460] |
|
Micronesia, Federated States of | 29 August 2018[461] |
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Nauru | None[462] |
|
New Zealand | 12 September 1947[446] | See Denmark–New Zealand relations |
Palau | 30 November 2018[464] |
|
Papua New Guinea | February 1978[465] | |
Samoa | None[467] |
|
Solomon Islands | None[469] |
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Tonga |
| |
Tuvalu | None[471] |
|
Vanuatu | 25 October 2018[473] |
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See also[]
- Politics of Denmark
- History of Denmark
- Denmark–Soviet Union relations
- Politics of Denmark
- Denmark and the European Union
- Danish European Union opt-outs referendum
- Scandinavian defense union
- List of diplomatic missions of Denmark
- List of diplomatic missions in Denmark
- Visa requirements for Danish citizens
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