Foreign relations of South Sudan

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The foreign relations of South Sudan are the relations between the Republic of South Sudan and sovereign states and international organizations. The establishment of the relationships followed the formation of the South Sudanese state on 9 July 2011. South Sudan's former parent country Sudan became the first state in the world to recognize South Sudan.

Foreign policy[]

In the immediate aftermath of the country's independence, South Sudan's foreign policy prerogative was seen as a challenge in the quest to balance relations between the West, other African states and the Arab states.[1] Since independence, South Sudan has sought to shed its reliance on Sudan, reportedly planning to introduce the Swahili language and orient itself toward East Africa.[2][3][4]

Chronology of relations[]

Sudan was the first country to recognise the independence of South Sudan on 8 July 2011, 1 day prior to independence. Four other states followed suit on 8 July. Over 25 countries had recognised the country on 9 July, including all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[5][6][7][8][9]

On 14 July 2011, South Sudan was admitted as a member of the United Nations without a vote[10][11] or objections raised by its members.[12][13][14]

Both before and after South Sudan admission to the UN, many states have issued official explicit statements about its diplomatic recognition and some have established diplomatic relations with it. In less than half a year the number of recognitions reached over 115 and the number of relations established over 50.

United Nations member states[]

Diplomatic relations of South Sudan
# Country Recognition[note 1] Relations established[note 2] Further details
1  Sudan 9 July 2011[15][16] 9 July 2011[17] South Sudan–Sudan relations
2  Egypt 9 July 2011[18][19] 9 July 2011[20] Egypt–South Sudan relations
3  Germany 9 July 2011[21] 9 July 2011 —
4  Kenya 9 July 2011[22] 9 July 2011[23] Kenya–South Sudan relations
5  Albania 9 July 2011[24][25] — —
6  Algeria 9 July 2011[26][27] 9 September 2015[28] —
7  Armenia 9 July 2011[29] — —
8  Australia 9 July 2011[30] 24 September 2011[31] —
9  Austria 9 July 2011[32] 21 September 2011[33] —
10  Botswana 9 July 2011[34] 9 July 2011[35] —
11  Brazil 9 July 2011[36] 9 July 2011[37]
12  Cambodia 9 July 2011[38] 22 July 2011[39] —
13  Canada 9 July 2011[40] 22 December 2011[41] —
14  Central African Republic 9 July 2011[42] 21 November 2012[28] —
15  Chile 9 July 2011[43] — —
16  People's Republic of China 9 July 2011[44] 9 July 2011[45] China–South Sudan relations
17  Cuba 9 July 2011[46] 10 July 2011[47] —
18  Denmark 9 July 2011[48] Yes Danish Foreign Minister joined the independence festivals on 9 July 2011.[48] First South Sudanese ambassador presented credentials to Copenhagen in 2016.[49]
19  Equatorial Guinea 9 July 2011[50] — —
20  Ethiopia 9 July 2011[51] – —
21  France 9 July 2011[52] 9 July 2011[53] —
22  Ghana 9 July 2011[54][55] — —
23  Greece 9 July 2011[56] — —
24  India 9 July 2011[57] 13 March 2012[58] India–South Sudan relations
25  Ireland 9 July 2011[59] – —
26  Italy 9 July 2011[60] – —
27  Japan 9 July 2011[61] 9 July 2011[62] —
28  Jordan 9 July 2011[63] — —
29  Latvia 9 July 2011[64] — —
30  Luxembourg 9 July 2011[65] 14 December 2011[66] —
31  Libya 9 July 2011[67] 23 October 2011 —
32  Mali 9 July 2011[68] — —
33  Malta 9 July 2011[69] — —
34  Maldives 9 July 2011[70] — —
35  Mozambique 9 July 2011[71][72] 15 July 2011[73] —
36  Netherlands 9 July 2011[74] 9 September 2011[75] Date given as that of establishment of diplomatic relations is that of the nomination of first Dutch ambassador, since no previous announcement of bilateral relations being established had until then been made.
37  Nigeria 9 July 2011[76] Yes[77] —
38  Norway 9 July 2011[78] 9 July 2011[79] —
39  Poland 9 July 2011[80] 31 January 2013[81] —
40  Portugal 9 July 2011[82] 15 May 2013[28] —
41  Oman 11 June 2013[83]
42  Qatar 9 July 2011[84] 11 September 2020[85] —
43  Romania 9 July 2011[86] 17 April 2013[87] —
44  Russia 9 July 2011[6][88] 22 August 2011[89] Russia–South Sudan relations
45  Rwanda 9 July 2011[90] — —
46  Seychelles 9 July 2011[91] 24 July 2013[91] —
47  Slovakia 9 July 2011[92] 12 December 2011[93] —
48  South Africa 9 July 2011[94] 22 September 2011[95] —
49  South Korea 9 July 2011[96] 9 July 2011[97] —
50  Spain 9 July 2011[98] 21 September 2011[99]
51  Sweden 9 July 2011[100] – —
52   Switzerland 9 July 2011[101] – —
53  Tanzania 9 July 2011[102] — —
54  Togo 9 July 2011[103] — —
55  Turkey 9 July 2011[104] 13 October 2011[105] —
56  Uganda 9 July 2011[106] Diplomatic relations South Sudan–Uganda relations
57  United Kingdom 9 July 2011[9][107] 9 July 2011 —
58  United States 9 July 2011[108] 9 July 2011[109] South Sudan–United States relations
59  Zimbabwe 9 July 2011[110][111] 6 January 2012 —
60  Angola 10 July 2011[112][113] Yes[114] —
61  Bahrain 10 July 2011[115] 30 September 2012[116] —
62  Burkina Faso 10 July 2011[117] — —
63  Cape Verde 10 July 2011[118] — —
64  Israel 10 July 2011[119][120] 28 July 2011[121] South Sudan–Israel relations
65  Kuwait 10 July 2011[122] 12 February 2013[123] —
66  Somalia 10 July 2011[124] – —
67  Vietnam 10 July 2011[125] 21 February 2019[126] —
68  Costa Rica 11 July 2011[127][128] — —
69  Czech Republic 11 July 2011[129] December 2012[130] —
70  Eritrea 11 July 2011[131] 24 July 2011[132] —
71  Estonia 11 July 2011[133][134][135][136] 18 September 2017[28] —
72  Saudi Arabia 11 July 2011[137] — —
73  United Arab Emirates 11 July 2011[138] — —
74  Indonesia 12 July 2011[139] — —
75  Namibia 12 July 2011[140] 12 July 2011[141] —
76  Senegal 12 July 2011[142] — —
77  Slovenia 12 July 2011[143] 23 September 2011[144] —
78  Timor-Leste 12 July 2011[145] 13 October 2011[146] —
79  Djibouti 13 July 2011[147] 11 February 2012[148] —
80  Liberia 13 July 2011[149] — —
81  Mauritania 13 July 2011[150] 3 July 2017[151] —
82  Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 July 2011[152] Diplomatic relations —
83  Uruguay 13 July 2011[153][154] — —
84  Belgium 14 July 2011[155] 14 October 2011[156] —
85  Guinea 14 July 2011[157] — —
86  Guyana 14 July 2011[158] — —
87  Kyrgyzstan 14 July 2011[159] — —
88  Mexico 14 July 2011[160] 26 September 2011[161] —
89  Montenegro 14 July 2011[162] 21 November 2011[163] —
90  Peru 14 July 2011[164] — —
91  Singapore 14 July 2011[165] — —
92  Gabon 15 July 2011[166] —
93  Hungary 15 July 2011[167][168] 24 September 2011[169] —
94  Kazakhstan 15 July 2011[170] — —
95  North Korea 15 July 2011[171] 18 November 2011[172] —
96  Colombia 16 July 2011[173] – —
97  Iran 16 July 2011[174] — —
98  Cyprus 18 July 2011[175] — —
99  Lebanon 18 July 2011[176] 23 May 2014[177] —
100  Bulgaria 19 July 2011[178][179] — —
101  Bangladesh 20 July 2011[180] February 2012[181] —
102  Suriname 20 July 2011[182][183] — —
103  Finland 22 July 2011[184] 22 July 2012[185] —
104  Pakistan 22 July 2011[186] 4 June 2012[187] —
105  Croatia 27 July 2011[188] — —
106  Philippines 1 August 2011[189] 13 March 2013[190] —
107  Argentina 2 August 2011[191][192] — —
108  Belarus 18 August 2011[193] 4 September 2013[194] —
109  Panama 18 August 2011[195] — —
110  Serbia 18 August 2011[196] 4 January 2012 —
111  Yemen 6 September 2011[197] 9 October 2011[198] —
112  Thailand 6 September 2011[199] 12 December 2013[200] —
113  Lithuania 14 September 2011[201][202] — —
114  North Macedonia 14 September 2011[203] — —
115  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 September 2011[204] — —
116  Vanuatu 28 September 2011[205] — —
117  Iceland — 29 September 2011[206] —
118  Jamaica 6 October 2011[207] — —
119  Mongolia 20 December 2011[208] 20 December 2011[209] —
120  Laos 26 December 2011[210] — —
121  Venezuela 26 December 2011[210] 22 September 2017[211] —
122  Mauritius 27 December 2011[210] 22 May 2014 —
123  Ivory Coast 31 December 2011[210] — —
124  Sri Lanka 7 January 2012[212] 25 September 2013[28] —
125  Ukraine 11 January 2012[213] 25 September 2012[214] —
126  Malawi 26 January 2012 5 November 2015[215] —
127  Georgia 5 June 2012[216] 15 June 2012[216] —
128  Turkmenistan 17 August 2012[217] 17 August 2012[217] —
129  Fiji 25 September 2012 5 October 2012[218] —
130  Azerbaijan 27 October 2012[219] 27 October 2012[219] —
131  Benin 29 January 2013 30 January 2013[220] —
132  Ecuador 8 May 2015 8 May 2015[221] —
133  Nicaragua 22 July 2019[222] —

Non-members of the UN[]

Country Recognition Relations established Notes
Holy See (Vatican City) 8 July 2011
effective 9 July 2011[223][224]		 22 February 2013[225] Diplomatic relations on ambassadorial level.[225] The first Apostolic nuncio is expected to be Mark Kadima.[226]
 Republic of China (Taiwan) 9 July 2011[227] South Sudan does not recognize the Republic of China. It only recognizes the People's Republic of China.
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 9 July 2011[228] 9 July 2011[229] African Union (AU) member[228]
 Somaliland (Recognised by 0 countries) 10 July 2011[230]
 Transnistria 12 July 2011[231]
 Palestinian Authority 14 July 2011[232]  Arab League member
 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta 29 August 2011[233] 12 November 2014[234]

Representation in South Sudan[]

The United States upgraded its Juba consulate to an embassy on 9 July 2011,[235] as did France.[236] Also Sudan has announced that it plans to open an embassy in Juba, upon independence,[237] while Egypt has announced it intends to convert its existing consulate in Juba into a full embassy.[238][239] The United Kingdom has opened an embassy in South Sudan, as well.[240]

On 16 September 2011, the ambassadors of the United Kingdom and Norway presented their credentials, the first to do so.[241] Credentials were presented on 15 November of that year by Chinese, German and Kenyan ambassadors.[242]

According to Indian officials, the country will upgrade its consulate in Juba to an embassy and appoint an ambassador to South Sudan.[243][244]

International organisations[]

South Sudan became a member of the United Nations on 13 July 2011.[245] It joined the African Union on 27 July 2011.[246] It's also a member in: the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

South Sudan has also either applied or is in the process of applying to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,[247] the Commonwealth of Nations,[248] the East African Community,[249] the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,[247] the International Monetary Fund,[250] and the World Bank.[251] South Sudan has also been assured membership in the Arab League,[252] should it decide to pursue membership, though it could also opt for observer status.[253] it may also seek membership in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which has expressed interest in giving South Sudan admission[254] despite not being a majority Muslim state.

On 24 July 2011, President Salva Kiir told the Speaker of the East African Legislative Assembly that he hoped the EAC will consider expediting South Sudan's accession to the supranational organisation. South Sudan is considered very likely to join the EAC, but an exact timetable for admission has not yet been mooted publicly.[255]

International organisation Status
African Union (AU) South Sudan became the 54th member state of AU on 12 July 2011.[citation needed]
 Arab League The Arab League wishes South Sudan to become a member state.[256] However, South Sudan does not have a majority Arab population and in South Sudan there is strong opposition to joining.[257]
 East African Community (EAC) South Sudan's membership in the EAC is favoured by all members.[258]
 International Olympic Committee (IOC) South Sudan does not as yet have a National Olympic Committee. A South Sudanese marathon runner competed as an Independent Olympian at the 2012 London Olympics.[original research?] On 7 November 2015, South Sudan became 206th IOC Member State.
 United Nations (UN) On 14 July, South Sudan became 193rd UN Member State.[259]
FIFA (FIFA) On 25 May 2012, South Sudan became the 209th member of FIFA.[260]

Americas[]

  No formal diplomatic relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina N/A
  • Argentina recognized South Sudan on 2 August 2011.[191]
 Canada 22 December 2011[41]
  • Canada recognized South Sudan on 7 July 2011.[40]
  • Canada has an embassy in Juba.[261]
 Chile N/A[262]
  • Chile recognized South Sudan on 7 July 2011.[43]
 Brazil 9 July 2011[37]
  • Brazil recognized and established diplomatic relations with South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[37]
 Colombia N/A
  • Colombia recognized South Sudan 16 July 2011.[173]
 Cuba 10 July 2011[47]
  • Cuba recognized South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[46]
 Ecuador 8 May 2015[47]
 Guyana N/A
  • Guyana recognized South Sudan on 14 July 2011.[263]
 Jamaica N/A
  • Jamaica recognized South Sudan on 6 October 2011.[264]
 Mexico 26 September 2011[265]
  • Mexico recognized South Sudan on 14 July 2011.[265]
  • Mexico is represented in South Sudan through its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[266]
 Nicaragua 22 July 2019[267]
 Panama N/A
  • Panama recognized South Sudan on 18 August 2011.[195]
 Peru N/A
  • Peru recognized South Sudan on 14 July 2011.[164]
 Suriname N/A
  • Suriname recognized South Sudan on 20 July 2011.[268]
 United States 9 July 2011[269]
  • United States recognized and established diplomatic relations with South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[270]
  • United States has an embassy in Juba.[271]
 Uruguay N/A
  • Uruguay recognized South Sudan on 13 July 2011.[153]
 Venezuela 22 September 2017[210]
  • Venezuela recognized South Sudan on 26 December 2011.[211]

Oceania[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 24 September 2013[31]
  • Australia recognized South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[30]
  • Australia is represented in South Sudan through its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[272]
 Fiji 25 September 2012[273]
  • Fiji is represented in South Sudan through its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[274]
 Timor-Leste 13 October 2011[146]
 Vanuatu N/A
  • Vanuatu recognized South Sudan on 28 September 2011.[205]

Other continents[]

Bangladesh[]

Main article: Bangladesh–South Sudan relations

Bangladesh recognizes the independence of South Sudan on 20 July 2011.

China[]

Main article: China–South Sudan relations

China recognizes the independence of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[275]

Comoros[]

First ambassador of South Sudan to Comoros presented his credentials to Comoros in 2018.[276]

Denmark[]

First ambassador of South Sudan to Denmark presented his credentials to Denmark in 2016.[49]

Egypt[]

Main article: Egypt–South Sudan relations

Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the Arab Spring-inspired revolution in 2011 made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.[277] Egypt was one of four countries to recognise South Sudan as an independent state on the first day.

India[]

Main article: India–South Sudan relations

Israel[]

Main article: Israel–South Sudan relations

Relations between the two states commenced with Israel's recognition of South Sudan a day after its independence[278] and South Sudan announcing the following week its intention to establish full diplomatic relations with Israel.[279] On 28 July 2011, it was announced that full diplomatic ties had been established between the two countries.[280] This was considered a significant boon to Israel, as Sudan did not have diplomatic relations with Israel and did not recognize Israeli sovereignty.[279] This changed under the Israel–Sudan normalization agreement.

Economic ties show the most potential. As of 23 July 2011, several Israeli companies are already in talks for various business deals.[281] Israel is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan, who are now ready to return to their native country.[282]

South Korea[]

Main article: Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea

The Republic of Korea government is providing for the South Korean[283] military to South Sudan in UN Mission (UNMISS) in South Sudan.

Sudan[]

Main article: South Sudan–Sudan relations

Since independence relations with Sudan have been under negotiation. Sudan's then President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,[284] but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.[285] In February 2012, an agreement was reached by which citizens of both countries could live, work, and own property in both countries, and freely travel between the two.[286]

Turkey[]

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2012[287]

  • South Sudan has an embassy in Ankara.[287]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Juba.[287]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$3.2 million in 2019.[287]

Uganda[]

Main article: South Sudan–Uganda relations

Prior to independence relations between the two states were fostered through cultural contacts such as the presence of South Sudanese students in Uganda. As independence approaches the two states started to enhance their economic ties. However, the Lord's Resistance Army's presence in South Sudan was a stumbling block.


South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations[]

See also; South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations

South Sudan has applied for full membership of the Commonwealth. If and when it is accepted, South Sudan will become the newest Commonwealth republic.[1]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Diplomatic recognition is an explicit official unilateral act in the foreign policy of states in regards to another party. Not having issued such a statement doesn't necessarily mean the state has objections against the existence, independence, sovereignty or government of the other party. South Sudan is not one of the states with limited recognition.
  2. ^ Establishment of diplomatic relations is an official bilateral act between the governments of two states. Not having established such relations doesn't necessarily mean the states have objections against the existence, independence, sovereignty or government of the other party. South Sudan is not one of the states with limited recognition.

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