Henry J. Kaiser

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This article is about the American industrialist and shipbuilder. For other uses, see Henry Kaiser (disambiguation).
Henry J. Kaiser
Hkaiser.jpg
Born
Henry John Kaiser

(1882-05-09)May 9, 1882
Sprout Brook, New York, U.S.
DiedAugust 24, 1967(1967-08-24) (aged 85)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
OccupationIndustrialist, shipbuilder
ChildrenEdgar Kaiser, Sr
Henry Kaiser, Jr.
RelativesEdgar Kaiser, Jr (grandson)
Henry Kaiser (grandson)

Henry John Kaiser (May 9, 1882 – August 24, 1967) was an American industrialist who became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. Prior to World War II, Kaiser was involved in the construction industry; his company was one of the companies that built Hoover Dam.[citation needed] He established the Kaiser Shipyards, which built Liberty ships during World War II, after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum and Kaiser Steel.[1] Kaiser organized Kaiser Permanente health care for his workers and their families. He led Kaiser-Frazer followed by Kaiser Motors, automobile companies known for the safety of their designs. Kaiser was involved in large construction projects such as civic centers and dams, and invested in real estate, later moving into television broadcasting. With his wealth, he established the Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonprofit, non-partisan, charitable organization.[citation needed]

Early life[]

Historical marker outside Kaiser's childhood home
Kaiser was born in this house near Canajoharie, New York.

Kaiser was born on May 9, 1882, in Sprout Brook, New York, the son of Franz and Anna Marie (née Yops) Kaiser, ethnic German immigrants.[2] His father was a shoemaker.[2] Kaiser's first job was as a cash boy in a Utica, New York, department store at the age of 16.[3] He worked as an apprentice photographer early in life, and was running the studio in Lake Placid by the age of 20.[2] He used his savings to move to Washington state in 1906, where he started a construction company fulfilling government contracts.[4]

Kaiser met his future wife, Bess Fosburgh, the daughter of a Virginia lumberman, when she came into his photographic shop in Lake Placid, New York, to buy film. Fosburgh's father demanded that Kaiser show that he was financially stable before he would consent to their marriage. Kaiser moved to Spokane and became a top salesman at a hardware company, returning ten months later with enough money to placate his future father-in-law.[2] They married on April 8, 1907, and had two children, Edgar Kaiser, Sr and Henry Kaiser, Jr.[3]

In 1914 Kaiser founded a paving company, Henry J. Kaiser Co., Ltd.,[3] one of the first to use heavy construction machinery. His firm expanded significantly in 1927 when it received an $18-million contract to build roads in Camagüey Province, Cuba.[3] In 1931 his firm was one of the prime contractors in building the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River, and subsequently the Bonneville and Grand Coulee Dams on the Columbia River.[3]

While doing business among the "Six Companies, Inc.", and remotely related to his interest in motor boat racing, he set up shipyards in Seattle and Tacoma, where he began using mass-production techniques, such as using welding instead of rivets.[4]

World War II[]

"WHAT CAN YOU SPARE THAT THEY CAN WEAR" "GIVE CLOTHING FOR WAR RELIEF". - NARA - 516124.jpg

Henry Kaiser was an early advocate of bringing American aid to those suffering from German aggression in Europe. In 1940, a full year before the US had entered World War II, Kaiser served as National Chairman of United Clothing Collection for International War Relief to provide much-needed clothing for the refugees from Hitler's conquests in Europe.[5]

Kaiser Shipbuilding[]

Kaiser fought Hitler far more directly with what he is most famous for: the Kaiser Shipyard in Richmond, California; during World War II adapting production techniques to enable building cargo ships with an average construction time of 45 days. These ships became known as Liberty ships and were later supplemented in the mid-war period by improved, larger and faster Victory ships. He became world-renowned when his teams built a ship in four days.[6][7]

The keel for the 10,500-ton SS Robert E. Peary was laid on Sunday, November 8, 1942, and the ship was launched in California from the Richmond Shipyard #2 on Thursday, November 12, four days and 15½ hours later.[8] The previous record had been ten days for the Liberty ship Joseph M. Teal.[9]

A visit to a Ford assembly plant by one of his associates led to a decision to use welding instead of riveting for shipbuilding. Welding was advantageous because it took less strength to do and it was easier to teach to thousands of employees, who were mostly unskilled laborers and many women. Kaiser adopted the use of sub-assemblies in ship construction. Formerly, hundreds of laborers crowded together to complete a ship. Though that practice had been tried on the East Coast and in Britain, Kaiser was able to take full advantage of the process by constructing new shipyards using this concept.[10]

Kaiser-built Liberty ships being outfitted, 1942

Other Kaiser shipyards were located in Ryan Point (Vancouver) on the Columbia River in Washington state and on Swan Island in Portland, Oregon. A smaller vessel was turned out in 71 hours and 40 minutes from the Vancouver yard on November 16, 1942.[11] The Kaiser hulls also became America's smaller, more numerous "escort carriers," over 100 small aircraft carriers employed in both the Pacific and the Atlantic Theaters. The concepts that he developed for the mass production of commercial and naval ships are still in use.[12]

One problem with welded hulls that was unknown is the issue of brittle fracture. That caused the loss of some Liberty ships in cold seas as the welds failed and the hulls would crack, sometimes completely into two. Constance Tipper was one of the first people to discover why the Liberty ships were breaking into two. Minor changes in design and more rigid welding control implemented in 1947 eliminated Liberty ship losses until 1955.[13] By his membership in a group called the Six Companies, Kaiser also had a major role in the Joshua Hendy Iron Works of Sunnyvale, California, which built the EC-2 triple expansion steam engines for the Liberty ships. Kaiser and his associates organized the California Shipbuilding Corporation.[14]

Kaiser Permanente[]

At Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, California, Kaiser implemented the pioneering idea of Dr. Sidney Garfield of Kaiser Permanente. Opened on August 10, 1942, Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital for Kaiser Shipyards was financed by the U.S. Maritime Commission, sponsored by Henry J. Kaiser's Permanente Foundation, and run by Dr. Garfield.[15] In part because of wartime materials rationing, the Field Hospital was a single-story wood frame structure designed in a simple modernist mode. Originally intended for use primarily as an emergency facility, the Field Hospital opened with only 10 beds. Later additions had increased its capacity to 160 beds by 1944.[16]

Kaiser's Richmond Field Hospital served as the mid-level component of a three-tier medical care system that included six well-equipped First Aid Stations at the shipyards and the main Permanente Hospital in Oakland, where the most critical cases were treated. By August 1944, 92.2% of all Richmond shipyard employees had joined Kaiser Permanente, the first voluntary group plan in the country to feature group medical practice, prepayment, and substantial medical facilities on such a large scale.[16] After the war, the Health Plan was expanded to include workers' families. To serve employees at his diverse businesses, Kaiser opened Permanente facilities in Walnut Creek, California, in Hawaii,[17] in Southern California, and eventually in many other locations.[18] Since then, locations have opened in Dublin, California;[19] Livermore, California; Pleasanton, California; Martinez, California; Santa Clara, California; and Antioch, California.[20]

Postwar[]

Kaiser Automobiles[]

Kaiser's name in script on the front of a 1951 Henry J automobile

Kaiser-Frazer[]

In 1945, Kaiser partnered with veteran automobile executive Joseph Frazer to establish a new automobile company from the remnants of Graham-Paige, of which Frazer had been president. The new company was named Kaiser-Frazer. It used a surplus Ford Motor Company defense plant at Willow Run, Michigan originally built for WWII aircraft production by Ford. Kaiser-Frazer (later Kaiser Motors) produced cars under the Kaiser and Frazer names until 1955, when it abandoned the U.S. market and moved production to Argentina. Although still producing Jeep vehicles, Kaiser-Willys ceased production of passenger cars in the U.S. after the 1955 model year. They continued producing Kaiser Carabella sedans, identical to the 1955 Kaiser U.S. sedans, in Argentina until 1961.

Henry J.[]

A 1951 Henry J automobile

The Henry J was built by the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation and named after its chairman, Henry J. Kaiser. Production of six-cylinder models began in July 1950, and four-cylinder production started shortly after Labor Day, 1950. Official public introduction was September 28, 1950. The car was marketed through 1954.

Kaiser-Frazer held a contest to name their new car, with Henry J being the winning name. A lawsuit by a shareholder in the company alleged that “The name is so ridiculous that it can be justified on no other ground than to satisfy a deep ingrained meglomanic desire for personal publicity". It is unknown the outcome of the suit and in the end, the car was named after Kaiser.[21]

Jeep and South America[]

In 1953, Kaiser purchased Willys-Overland, manufacturer of the Jeep line of utility vehicles, changing its name to Willys Motors.[22] In the late 1960s, Kaiser's South American operations were sold to a Ford-Renault combination. In 1963, the name was changed again to Kaiser-Jeep, which was ultimately sold to American Motors Corporation in 1970. As part of the transaction, Kaiser acquired a 22% interest in AMC, which was later divested.[23]

Private projects[]

In the mid-1950s, Kaiser asked William Besler to convert his 1953 Kaiser Manhattan to steam. Besler completed this in either 1957 or 1958.[24][25] Kaiser did not like the remodeled car and left it with Besler.

Kaiser Aluminum[]

Kaiser founded Kaiser Aluminum in 1946 by leasing and later purchasing aluminum facilities in Washington state from the U.S. government. The original facilities included reduction plants at Mead and Tacoma, and a rolling mill at Trentwood.[26] Kaiser Aluminum expanded to become an integrated aluminum company, mining and refining bauxite and creation of alumina, the production of primary aluminum from alumina, and manufacturing fabricated and semi-fabricated aluminum products.[27][28]

Kaiser Family Foundation[]

In 1948, Kaiser established the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (also known as Kaiser Family Foundation), a U.S.-based, nonprofit, private operating foundation focusing on health care issues. Originally based in Oakland, California, it later moved to Menlo Park, California. At Kaiser's death, half of his fortune was left to the foundation. It was reorganized and restructured in 1991, under CEO Drew Altman.[29] The Foundation, not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries, operates independently as a think tank, making facts and analysis available to policymakers, health care groups, the media and the general public.[30]

Real estate[]

The Kaiser Center in downtown Oakland served as the headquarters of Kaiser Industries. Up to that time, it was Oakland's tallest building, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago".[31]

As a real-estate magnate, Kaiser founded the Honolulu suburban community of Hawaiʻi Kai in Hawaiʻi.[32][33][34][35] Kaiser also financed the development of Panorama City, a planned community in the San Fernando Valley portion of Los Angeles.[36] Schools were named in his honor in Hawaii,[37] West Virginia,[38] and California.[39]

Hawaii Village Hotel[]

Kaiser spent many of his later years in Honolulu and developed an obsession with perfecting its urban landscape. He built the Kaiser Hawaiian Village Hotel, today known as the Hilton Hawaiian Village,[40] and used bright pink Jeeps as resort transportation.[41][42] Kaiser constructed one of the first commercially practical geodesic domes in the United States at this resort and used it as a theater.[42][43]

Television[]

In the mid-1950s, Kaiser was convinced that television could make Kaiser brand products known to the public. In 1957 Kaiser partnered with Warner Brothers and ABC to sponsor the television series Maverick, promoting household products including Kaiser aluminum foil and Kaiser Jeep vehicles.[44] In support of his Hawaii ventures, Kaiser induced Warner Brothers to copy the formula of its popular series 77 Sunset Strip as new TV series Hawaiian Eye. Though actually filmed at WB studios in Burbank, California, the show featured private detectives based at Kaiser's Hilton Hawaiian Village.[44][45] (The Hilton Hawaiian Village was featured in Hawaii 5-0 with many scenes filmed at the resort.) Kaiser eventually bought and built a chain of radio and television stations which became known as Kaiser Broadcasting. Some call signs included his initials "HK", beginning in 1957 in Honolulu with KHVH-TV 13 and KHVH AM 1040.[46]

Personal life[]

Kaiser's first wife Bess Fosburgh died on March 14, 1951, after a prolonged illness.[47] Kaiser married the nurse who had cared for her, Alyce Chester (reportedly with his wife's blessing) on April 10, 1951.[48][49] He adopted her son, who as Michael Kaiser, attended nearby Lafayette public Vallecito School. However, Kaiser's attention soon transferred to Hawaii and in 1955, he moved his family there. After Kaiser moved to Hawaii, the west Lafayette Kaiser estate deteriorated and was eventually demolished; today, the property is unrecognizable, subdivided into several homes.

Death[]

On August 24, 1967, Kaiser died at the age of 85 in Honolulu. He is interred in Mountain View Cemetery in the Main Mausoleum, in Oakland, California.[50]

He was survived by his second wife, Alyce Chester Kaiser, who inherited half his fortune,[51] and by his elder son, Edgar F. Kaiser, who had been president of the Kaiser Industries Corporation since 1956.[52][53]

One of Kaiser's grandsons, Edgar Kaiser, Jr, became president of Kaiser Steel from 1981 to 1984, and briefly owned the Denver Broncos NFL franchise.[54] Another grandson, Henry, is an Antarctic diver and experimental guitarist.[55][56]

Legacy[]

Kaiser was involved in building civic centers, roads, and schools. He was part of the consortium that constructed the Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam.[3] Kaiser is also noted for advancing medicine with the development and construction of hospitals, medical centers and medical schools.[57][58] The mining town of Eagle Mountain, California, built as part of the West Coast's first integrated mining/processing operation, and linked by rail to his mill in Fontana, California, was the birthplace of Kaiser Permanente, the first health maintenance organization.[59]

A class of 18 United States Navy fleet replenishment oilers built in the 1980s and 1990s is named the Henry J. Kaiser class. Its lead unit, USNS Henry J. Kaiser, the first U.S. Navy ship named for Kaiser, entered service with the Military Sealift Command on December 19, 1986.[60]

In 1990, Kaiser was made a member of the Labor Hall of Fame of the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, D.C., supported by the Friends of the Department of Labor.[61][62]

On December 1, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Kaiser posthumously into the California Hall of Fame in The California Museum, Sacramento, California.[63][64]

References[]

  1. ^ Sawyer, L. A. and Mitchell, W. H. The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War, Second Edition, pp. 2, 8-12, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985. ISBN 1-85044-049-2.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schanetzky, Tim. "Henry J. Kaiser." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified February 06, 2014.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gunther, John (1947). "Life and Works of Henry Kaiser". Inside U.S.A. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 64–75.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Lavery, Brian. Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (2004), Smithsonian. p. 317 ISBN 0756667410
  5. ^ Simons, Graham (2014). Howard Hughes and the Spruce Goose: The Story of the H-K1 Hercules. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1783831555. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  6. ^ Video: America Reports On Aid To Allies Etc. Universal Newsreel. 1942. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  7. ^ Sawyer, L. A. and Mitchell, W. H. The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War, Second Edition, pp. 2, 8-12, 140, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985. ISBN 1-85044-049-2.
  8. ^ "Richmond 'Wonder Ship' To Test Pre-Fabrication Work", Oakland Tribune November 11, 1942, p. 1; "Kaiser Claims Second Record", Oakland Tribune, November 17, 1942, p1
  9. ^ Sawyer, L. A. and Mitchell, W. H. The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War, Second Edition, pp. 8, 9, 122, 140, 145, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985. ISBN 1-85044-049-2.
  10. ^ Pursell, Carroll. Technology in Postwar America (2007), Columbia University Press, p. 16
  11. ^ "Kaiser Claims Second Record", Oakland Tribune, November 17, 1942, p. 1
  12. ^ Overy, Richard (1997). Why the allies won. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 193–195. ISBN 039331619X. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  13. ^ Sawyer, L. A. and Mitchell, W. H. The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War, Second Edition, pp. 10-11, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985. ISBN 1-85044-049-2.
  14. ^ Nugent, Walter; Ridge, Martin. The American West: The Reader, Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 244; ISBN 0-253-21290-1
  15. ^ "Rosie the Riveter--World War II Home Front National Historical Park". World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kaiser Permanente Field Hospital Nomination to the Register of Historic Places". United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Kaiser Permanente Hawaii and Hawaii Pacific Health vie for Maui hospital merger". Pacific Business News. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  18. ^ Scott, Tim (2007). Implementing an electronic medical record system : success, failures, lessons. Abingdon: Radcliffe. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1857757507. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Kaiser to Build Hospital in Dublin, Calif". SecurityInfoWatch.com. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  20. ^ "Adult Medicine". Kaiser Permanente Thrive. Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  21. ^ "A car by any other name". about.kaiserpermanente.org. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  22. ^ Wright, Kelsey. "Kaiser Cars, 1947-1955". Allpar LLC. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  23. ^ "Kaiser". Unique Cars and Parts USA. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  24. ^ "Kaiser-Besler Engine". Kimmel Steam Power. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  25. ^ Steamers Steam-Up Again, Sam Miner, Science and Mechanics, November 1961
  26. ^ "Kaiser Aluminum-Spokane". Mesothelioma.com. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Kaiser Aluminum". Asbestos.com. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  28. ^ "A Legendary Industrialist and Social Advocate". Kaiser Aluminum. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  29. ^ "History and Mission". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. January 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  30. ^ "National, Regional & State Organizations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  31. ^ Adamson, Jeremy (2001). The furniture of Sam Maloof. Washington, DC: Smithsonian American Art Museum. ISBN 978-0-393-73080-7.
  32. ^ "2006 Building Industry Hall of Fame Awardee Henry Kaiser". Building Industry Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.
  33. ^ Roig, Suzanne (September 20, 2007). "Revisiting early years of Hawaii Kai". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  34. ^ Hancock, Lambreth (1983). Hawaii Kai, the first 20 years.
  35. ^ "Part 1 Hawaii Business salutes the people, places, businessses and events that profoundly changed Hawaii over the past half century". Hawaii Business. June 2005. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  36. ^ Hise, Greg (1997). Magnetic Los Angeles : planning the twentieth century metropolis (Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801855436.
  37. ^ "Henry J. Kaiser High School". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  38. ^ "Henry J Kaiser Elementary School". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  39. ^ "Henry J. Kaiser Elementary School". Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  40. ^ "THE HISTORY OF HILTON HAWAIIAN VILLAGE". HILTON HAWAIIAN VILLAGE. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  41. ^ "TYCOONS: Henry J.'s Pink Hawaii". Time Magazine. October 24, 1960. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b "Henry J. Kaiser, Hawaiian Booster". The Antiplanner. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  43. ^ Kushing, Lincoln. "Henry J. Kaiser, geodesic dome pioneer". Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Christopher (1994). Hollywood TV : the studio system in the fifties (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292704572.
  45. ^ Tsuchiyama, Ray (June 15, 2013). "Before Hawai'i 5-0: Hawaiian Eye". The Maui News. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  46. ^ "Thriving with 1960s-launched KFOG radio – then and now". Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  47. ^ "Bess Fosburgh Kaiser". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  48. ^ "Kaiser and bride are honeymooning". Reading Eagle. April 11, 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  49. ^ "Dressed to Kill: The 1954 Kaiser Darrin". Ate up with motor. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  50. ^ "Henry John Kaiser". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  51. ^ "Kaiser Family Foundation". InsideGov.com. Retrieved 2 April 2016.[permanent dead link]
  52. ^ "Henry Kaiser Is Dead". Madera Tribune. 73. 25 August 1967. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  53. ^ Kennedy, Shawn G. (December 13, 1981). "EDGAR F. KAISER DIES AT AGE 73; HEADED VAST FAMILY CORPORATION". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  54. ^ "Edgar Kaiser, Jr". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  55. ^ Myles Boisen (1952-09-19). "Henry Kaiser | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
  56. ^ "Henry Kaiser". Two Bit Media. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  57. ^ Turner, edited by Tyya N.; Vault, the staff of (2005). Vault guide to the top health care employers. New York: Vault, Inc. ISBN 9781581313383. Retrieved 2 April 2016.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  58. ^ "Total Hospitals". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  59. ^ Anicic, Jr., John Charles (2006). Kaiser Steel Fontana. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. ISBN 9780738546506.
  60. ^ U.S. Department of Labor (Labor Hall of Fame - Henry J. Kaiser) Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, dol.gov; accessed February 23, 2014.
  61. ^ Labor Hall of Fame 3rd annual induction ceremony [videorecording] : honoring Robert F. Wagner, Walter P. Reuther, Henry J. Kaiser, Eugene V. Debs. Washington, D.C.: United States. Department of Labor. 1990.
  62. ^ Danilov, Victor J. (1997). Hall of fame museums : a reference guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9780313300004. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  63. ^ "Health Care Pioneer Henry J. Kaiser Inducted Into The California Hall of Fame". PR Newswire. December 1, 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  64. ^ "Milk, Steel, Madden, Lucas inducted into Hall of Fame". San Francisco News. December 1, 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

Further reading[]

  • Adams, Stephen B. Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington: The Rise of a Government Entrepreneur (1998)
  • Cobbs, Elizabeth Anne. The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil (1994)
  • Dias, Ric A. "Henry J. Kaiser: Can-do Capitalist, 'Government Entrepreneur,' and Western Booster", Journal of the West (Fall 2003) 42#3 pp. 54–62.
  • Dias, Ric A. "'Built to serve the growing West,'" Journal of the West (Oct 1999) 38#4 pp. 57–64, on Kaiser Steel
  • Foster, Mark S. Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (1993)
  • Foster, Mark S. "Prosperity's Prophet: Henry J. Kaiser and the Consumer/Suburban Culture: 1930-1950", Western Historical Quarterly (1986) 17#2 pp. 165–184 in JSTOR
  • Gilford, Stephen A. Build 'Em by the Mile, Cut 'Em off by the Yard: How Henry J. Kaiser and the Rosies Helped Win World War II (2011)
  • Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II (2012)

External links[]

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