History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1989)
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The history of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1989) comprises the events associated with Berliner FC Dynamo from 1954 to 1989.
Background[]
BFC Dynamo began as a football department of SC Dynamo Berlin. Dynamo Berlin was founded as a sports club in East Berlin on 1 October 1954.[1][nb 1] As all clubs bearing the name Dynamo, it was part of SV Dynamo, the sports association for the security agencies. The president of SV Dynamo was Erich Mielke, at the time Deputy State Secretary of the State Security Service, commonly known as the Stasi. Mielke was a football enthusiast, who saw football as a way of aggrandizing East Germany and socialism.[4][5]
In order to establish a competitive side in Berlin the first team of SG Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to Dynamo Berlin. The team played its first match for Dynamo Berlin on 21 November 1954 against BSG Rotation Babelsberg. Political factors and pressure from Mielke were probably the main reasons behind the relocation.[6][7][3][8][nb 2] The relocation was designed to provide the capital with a team that could rival Hertha BSC, Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin and Tennis Borussia Berlin, which were still popular in East Berlin and drew football fans to West Berlin.[14][7][3][8]
Among the players delegated from Dynamo Dresden were Johannes Matzen, Herbert Schoen and Günter Schröter. The trio had only a few years earlier been delegated from SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had been chosen as an ideologically acceptable replacement for the popular SG Friedrichstadt. SG Friedrichsstadt was dissolved by the authorities after the 1949-50 DDR-Oberliga season and its place in the Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[15][11][16][nb 3] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden soon became a dominant side in East German football and was reformed as Dynamo Dresden in 1953. Dresden had two sides in the 1953–54 DDR-Oberliga. Berlin had no representation in the highest competition, which did not please Mielke.[11] Berlin was the capital of the republic and he thought it needed a strong football team to represent it.[5]
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Dynamo Berlin finished its first season in seventh place. The team was successful in the transitional 1955 season, but suffered relegation to the DDR-Liga in the 1956 season. However, Dynamo Berlin immediately secured promotion back to the Oberliga, and later won its first major trophy in the 1959 FDGB-Pokal. The team defeated SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt in the two-legged final.[19] The first leg ended 0–0, but the second leg was won 3–2, with two goals scored by Christian Hofmann and one penalty goal scored by Günter Schröter. However, the team was not allowed to participate in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup. The German Football Association of the GDR (German: Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR) (DFV) instead found local rival and league runners-up ASK Vorwärts Berlin to be a more suitable representative of East Germany in the competition.[20] Schröter was a key-player of Dynamo Berlin during the 1950s and early 1960s, becoming second top league goal scorer in the 1955 and 1959 season. Schröter scored all five goals for Dynamo Berlin in the 5–0 victory over SC Lokomotiv Leipzig in the ninth match day of the 1959 DDR-Oberliga on 10 May 1959.[21]
Dynamo Berlin had difficulties establishing itself in football in Berlin.[6] The team rarely drew crowds larger than 5,000 spectators at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion.[6] Dynamo Berlin had some success in the first seasons of the 1960s, with a second place in the 1960 season and an appearance in the 1961 FDGB-Pokal final. But the team found itself overshadowed by the army sponsored ASK Vorwärts Berlin, who had captured the league title in the 1958 and 1960 Oberliga and would go in to capture several more titles in the coming years.[10][22][23] Dynamo Berlin moved its home matches to the Dynamo-Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.[6] The average attendance dropped to 3,000 at the Sportforum in the 1962–63 season.[6]
The team of Dynamo Berlin in the 1960s was relatively weak.[23] The players of the former Dynamo Dresden team had started to age and the capable replacements had been few.[24] The team would now be shaped by players such Martin Skaba, Werner Heine and Waldemar Mühlbächer. The three were recruited in 1955–1956 and belonged to the new generation of players who did not come from Dynamo Dresden. The team was then joined by Romanian-born forward Emil Poklitar from BSG Rotation Babelsberg in 1960. Poklitar proved to be a very promising goal scorer during the 1960 Oberliga season by scoring 14 goals in 19 matches.[25] However, Poklitar and teammate Rolf Starost defected to West Berlin after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 at Idrætsparken in Copenhagen on 13 August 1961.[25][26] Dynamo Berlin became a lower table side by the 1962–63 Oberliga season and a second relegation would later occur.[24]
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A bitter dispute erupted between Dynamo Berlin and SG Dynamo Schwerin in 1965, over the delegation of three players from Dynamo Schwerin to Dynamo Berlin. The disparity between Dynamo Berlin and Dynamo Schwerin was significant. The wage bill of officials and players was 315,559 Marks at Dynamo Berlin in the 1964–65 season, compared to 19,428 Marks at Dynamo Schwerin in the same season. Local SED politicians and local SV Dynamo functionaries in Bezirk Schwerin aspired to transform Schwerin into a major footballing center. When Dynamo Berlin tried to exercise its right as a sports club to draw talented players from Dynamo Schwerin, they put up stern resistance. Mielke and SV Dynamo officials were conscious of the mass appeal of football and the role of Dynamo Berlin in the reputation of the Stasi.[23] The delegation was eventually cancelled, but the dispute caused antipathy between the two Dynamo clubs.[27][28][29]
East German football was reorganized in 1965–1966, when some football departments were made independent from their multi-sports clubs to create ten football clubs. The ten football formed the elite of East German football. They were meant to provide stability to the game at the top level and to supply the national team with talent. Promising players would be ordered to play for them. As part of this reorganization, the football department of Dynamo Berlin was separated from the sports club in 1966 and reorganized as football club BFC Dynamo.[30][31][3][32][8] The football department of SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen was also disbanded, and joined with BFC Dynamo. The team of Hohenschönhausen was made the reserve team of BFC Dynamo, the BFC Dynamo II.
Founding[]
Berliner FC Dynamo was founded on 15 January 1966. The new club was presented by Mielke in a ceremony before 1,400 guests in the Dynamo-Sporthalle in Hohenschönhausen in Berlin. Manfred Kirste was made club president and Mielke was elected as honorary president.[6][33][34] The last part of the founding motto of the club read: "Berliner Fußballclub Dynamo – Our goal: Top performance – worthy representation of the capital of the GDR".[35] Kirste was a native of Berlin. He was a graduated sports teacher and held the rank of lieutenant colonel.[36] The club was formed as an elite club and would be developed inte the figurehead and flagship of East German football. The players were meant to become socialist heroes and the team was destined to compete on European level, boosting East German self-confidence and international prestige.[37][38][39][23] This was to be achieved through concentration of sports performance. The most influential sponsor association behind SV Dynamo was the Stasi.[40] Under the patronage of Mielke and the Stasi, BFC Dynamo would get access to the best training facilities, equipment, coaching staff and talents.[37][41][3]
"Football success will highlight even more clearly the superiority of our socialist order in the area of sport."
Erich Mielke[4]
Delegation of football players and concentration of the best players in one team was common practice in East Germany and the Eastern Bloc.[nb 4] This was part of a sports system where talents and the best players were concentrated in centers of excellence or delegated to focus clubs.[42][37] The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas and were able to establish structured programs for their development in special training centers and sports schools.[3][43] However, BFC Dynamo would be able to draw on talents from all parts of East Germany.[43][3][44]
The backing of a sponsor was crucial to the development of a team.[9] Vorwärts Berlin was sponsored by the National People's Army and 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was sponsored by the Deutsche Reichsbahn.[45] 1. FC Union Berlin was sponsored by the large state-owned combine VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree and initially also supported by the state controlled national trade union FDGB.[46][47] The official sponsor (German: Trägerbetrieb) of BFC Dynamo was the Volkspolizei.[48][49] It was officially a club of the Ministry of the Interior. [50][51][52] However, the honorary chairman Mielke was the head of the Stasi and 96 percent of the sponsoring members of the club were members of the Stasi.[49][53] BFC Dynamo would receive personal, organizational and financial support from the Stasi.[53]
Football in East Germany was also a contested sphere. Many political leaders took a keen interest in football and used their connections and resources to promote their favorite team and boost the prestige of their region or organization.[54] Teams had been relocated and renamed, and players were delegated from one team to another, in accordance with political criteria, or due to machinations of powerful political leaders or interest groups at regional or central level.[55] FC Hansa Rostock was patronaged by the chairman of the FDGB and Politburo member Harry Tisch.[12][56] Dynamo Dresden would be helped to remain a top club by long term SED First Secretary in Bezirk Dresden Hans Modrow and the head of the Regional administration of the Stasi in Bezirk Dresden Horst Böhm.[28][27] BFC Dynamo was considered the favorite club of Mielke.[57][39][58]
BFC Dynamo stood out among other clubs within SV Dynamo. The club was located at the frontline of the Cold war and was a representative of the capital of East Germany. This meant that the club had to be well equipped.[40] Mielke would manage to ensure that some of the most promising talents in East Germany were concentrated in Hohenshönhausen.[42][37][8][58] BFC Dynamo would get access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany, for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers, all of which were located in the Berlin area.[59] The club would also get access to a permanent training camp at Uckley in Königs Wusterhausen.[60]
Beginning and rise[]
BFC Dynamo finished the 1966–67 season on 13th place and was relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga. A match between SG Dynamo Schwerin and BFC Dynamo in Schwerin during the 1967–68 DDR-Liga season ended with disorder among home fans. Going back to the dispute over player delegations in 1965, feelings between the two clubs had been tense. But the decisive factor causing the riots was perceived manipulation of the game by the referee. BFC Dynamo would win the match narrowly by 2–1. A Stasi investigation revealed that a sense of injustice was shared also by members of the regional Stasi and that some members attending the game had either left the ground or followed the events passively.[23][29][27]
BFC Dynamo would dominate the 1967–68 DDR-Liga and immediately bounce back to the Oberliga. The club would initially struggle to reach the top of the league, before it finally captured a second place in 1971–72 season. But this period also saw Dynamo Dresden return to dominance. Dynamo Dresden had been severely weakened by the establishment of Dynamo Berlin in 1954 and also suffered relegation the same year. The club managed to return to the Oberliga in 1962 and won the championship in 1971. Dynamo Dresden would become one of the main rivals of BFC Dynamo, and the 1970s would largely belong to Dynamo Dresden, followed by 1. FC Magdeburg. But another rival would at the same time disappear.[2] The Ministry of Defence decided to relocate army club FC Vortwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder before the 1971–72 season.[61][62] The Stasi had allegedly outmaneuvered the army. Mielke regarded Vortwärts Berlin as a competitor to BFC Dynamo in the capital, while his fellow Politburo member and SED First Secretary in Bezirk Frankfurt Erich Mückenberger anticipated a boost for the Frankfurt and der Oder region.[2]
BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1970–71 FDGB-Pokal, but lost 2–1 to Dynamo Dresden at the Kurt-Wabbel-Stadion in Halle. The club then made its first appearance in the European Cup Winners' Cup in the following season. BFC Dynamo reached the semi finals of the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, but was eliminated by Dynamo Moscow on a penalty shootout.
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BFC Dynamo finished runners up in the 1971–72 Oberliga, and qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time. The club reached the third round of the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, where it faced Liverpool F.C. The team managed a 0–0 draw in front of 20,000 spectators at the Sportforum, but suffered a 3–1 defeat at Anfield, with a single goal scored by Wolf-Rüdiger Netz.[63] The club managed only a sixth place in the following two seasons, but captured a second place in the 1975–76 DDR-Oberliga season. The team of BFC Dynamo was the youngest in the league with an average age of only 22,8 years.[64][6] The young team under coach Harry Nippert managed a goal difference of 67–24 during the 1975–76 Oberliga.[6] Among the top performers were Reinhard Lauck, an attacking midfielder who had come from the then relegated Union Berlin in 1973, and the highly talented Lutz Eigendorf who had moved up from the youth academy.[6] BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1976–77 UEFA Cup but was eliminated by Shakhtar Donetsk in the first round.
BFC Dynamo opened the 1976–77 DDR-Oberliga season away against city rivals Union Berlin.[65] The match was played at the Stadion der Weltjugend in front of 45,000 spectators.[66] BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–1. The return match was played on 19 February 1977 and BFC Dynamo once again lost 0–1. These two losses would be the last defeats to Union Berlin in the East German era.[65] BFC Dynamo would come to win 19 of the next 21 matches against Union Berlin in the Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal.[67]
Jürgen Bogs became new coach on 1 July 1977. He had a background in the academy of BFC Dynamo and had led the junior team to a second place in the 1974 and 1976 East German junior championships (de).[68] Günter Schröter served as his first assistant coach.[69] The team was joined by striker Hartmut Pelka from BSG Chemie Leipzig and the young talented defender Detlef Helms from Union Berlin during before the 1977–78 season.
Golden era[]
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BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1978–79 UEFA Cup. The team was drawn against Yugoslav powerhouse Red Star Belgrade in the first round. The team won the first leg 5–2 at home in front of 26,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[70][71] Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored the first three goals for BFC Dynamo in the match.[72] But the team lost the return leg 4–1 on stoppage time and was eliminated on goal difference.[73] The 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga marked a change in East German football. BFC Dynamo opened the season with ten consecutive wins and finally captured its first league title in 1979. The title was secured after a 3–1 win against Dynamo Dresden in the 24th match day in front of 22,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[74] The team had managed an astounding 21 wins, four draws and only one loss. Hans-Jürgen Riediger became second placed league top goal scorer with 20 goals.
During a shopping tour in the city of Gießen in Hesse after a friendly match against 1. FC Kaiserslautern on 20 March 1979, midfielder Lutz Eigendorf broke away from the rest of the team and defected to West Germany.[75][76] Lutz Eigendorf was one of the most promising players in East German football.[77] He was a product of the elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" in East Berlin and had come through the youth academy of BFC Dynamo.[76][78] He was often called "The Beckenbauer of East Germany", and was considered the figurehead and great hope of East German football.[79] Eigendorf was nicknamed "Iron Foot" by the supporters of BFC Dynamo and was said to be one of the favorite players of Mielke.[80][79] His defection was a slap in the face of the East German regime and allegedly taken personally by Mielke.[79][77][81] Owing to his talent and careful upbringing at BFC Dynamo, it was considered a personal defeat of Mielke.[78] Afterwards, his name would disappear from all statistics and annals of East German football.[80] All fan merchandise with the name or image of Eigendorf were also removed from the market.[77] Eigendorf would die in mysterious circumstances in Braunschweig in 1983.[76][82]
Winning the league title in the 1978–79 season, BFC Dynamo qualified for its first appearance in the European Cup. BFC Dynamo eliminated Ruch Chorzów and Servette FC in the first two rounds of the 1979-80 European Cup. The team reached the quarter finals, where it faced Nottingham Forest led by Brian Clough. BFC won the first leg 1–0 away, with a single goal scored by Hans-Jürgen Riediger, but was eliminated on aggregate goals, after a 1–3 loss in front ot 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Sportpark.[83] Nottingham Forest would later go on and become champions. The win against Nottingham Forest away, made BFC Dynamo the first German team to defeat an English team in England in the European Cup.[84]
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The success continued and BFC Dynamo won the league also in the following seasons. BFC Dynamo played a friendly match against VfB Stuttgart during the winter break of the 1981–82 season. The match ended 0–0 in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[85][86] BFC Dynamo was set for a prestigious encounter with the West German champions Hamburger SV in the first round of the 1982-83 European Cup. The first leg was to be played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark and many fans were looking forward towards the match. But fearing riots, political demonstrations and spectators expressing sympathies for West German football stars such as Felix Magath, the Stasi imposed restrictions on ticket sales. Only 2,000 tickets were allowed for carefully selected fans. Most seats were instead allocated to Stasi employees, Volkspolizei officers and SED functionaries.[87][88][89] BFC Dynamo managed a draw, but was eliminated after a 0–2 loss in Hamburg. A new friendly match against Stuttgart was then arranged in the 1982–83 season. The match was played in West Germany this time. The match ended 4–3 for Stuttgart in front of 8,000 spectators at the Neckarstadion on 8 March 1983.[86]
The players of BFC Dynamo had political training and were held under a strict discipline, demanding both political reliability, obedience and a moral lifestyle. No contacts with the West was allowed.[90][91][92] The players were also under surveillance by the Stasi. They would have their telephones tapped, their rooms at their training camp tapped and be accompanied by personnel from the Stasi during international trips.[93] The Ministry of the Interior and the Stasi had employees integrated in the club and it is likely that some individual players were recruited as informants, so called Unofficial collaborators (IM), with the task of collecting information about other players.[94][93] During an away trip to Belgrade for a match against Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1983-84 European Cup, players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany. With help from the West German Consulate general in Zagreb, they received false passports and managed to escape to Munich.[95][96][97][98] East German state news agency ADN reported that Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegen had been "wooed by West German managers with large sums of money" and "betrayed their team".[97] Although Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegen were labeled as "sports traitors", their defection had little effect on the team. According to Christian Backs, the team only received more political training, and there were no reprisals.[90] However, the loss of two regular players before the match against Partizan Belgrade was a challenge. Coach Bogs decided to give then 18-year old Andreas Thom a chance to make his international debut, in replacement of Falko Götz. Thom would make a terrific debut.[97][96] BFC Dynamo won the match 2–0 and would eventually advance to the quarter finals.
BFC Dynamo faced Italian champions AS Roma in the quarter finals of the 1983–84 European Cup. Thom would be selected to the starting eleven in both legs. BFC Dynamo lost the first match 3–0 away at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome. The team came back and won the return leg 2–1 in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Thom and Rainer Ernst scored one goal each.[99] However, BFC Dynamo lost the round on aggregate goals and was eliminated.
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BFC Dynamo had a run of 36 league matches without defeat in 1982–1984, including the entire 1982–83 season. The team recorded several large victories such as 4–0 home against Magdeburg on 8 May 1982, 0–4 away against F.C. Hansa Rostock on 25 August 1982, 4–0 home against HFC Chemie on 16 April 1983 and 2–9 away against BSG Chemie Böhlen on 7 May 1983. Only after one and a half years of dominance did FC Karl-Marx-Stadt manage to defeat the team in the seventh match day of the 1983–84 season. The last defeat had occurred against SG Dynamo Dresden in the 22nd match day of the 1981–82 season. Rainer Ernst became league top goalscorer in the 1983–84 and 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga seasons. BFC Dynamo managed to score 90 goals in total during the 1984–85 season, which stands as a record for the Oberliga.
BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and the best team by far.[100] But there had been controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo in the league, which gave rise to speculations that the dominance of BFC Dynamo was not solely due to athletic performance, but also due to manipulation.[8] Allegations of referee bias was nothing new in East German football and was not isolated to matches involving BFC Dynamo. Alleged referee bias as a source of unrest was a thread that ran from the very first matches of the Oberliga. Alleged referee bias had caused unrest already during the first season of the DDR-Oberliga, when ZSG Horch Zwickau defeated SG Dresden-Friedrichstadt 5–1 in a match which decided the title in the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga. Another example occurred in 1960 when ASK Vorwärts Berlin defeated SC Chemie Halle away in Halle.[101][102][103] The player bus of ASK Vorwärts Berlin was attacked and the Volkspolizei had to protect the players.[103] The home ground of Union Berlin was closed for two match days as a result of crowd trouble over the performance of referee Günther Habermann during a match between Union Berlin and FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in 1982. The police had been forced to come to the rescue of referee Günther Habermann.[55] German sports historian Hanns Leske claims that referees throughout the history of East German football had a preference for the teams sponsored by the armed and security organs.[103]
BFC Dynamo and its predecessor, Dynamo Berlin, was deeply unpopular in Dresden since the relocation of Dynamo Dresden in 1954.[104] And the club came to be widely disliked and even hated around the country for its privileges, and for being a representative of the capital and the Stasi. Because of this, BFC Dynamo was viewed with more suspicion than affection.[105][8] The sense that BFC Dynamo benefited from soft refereeing decisions did not, as popularly believed, arise first after 1978. It had already existed for years, as shown by the riots among fans of SG Dynamo Schwerin during a match between the two teams in 1968. The disapproval was kept in check as long as the club was relatively unsuccessful, but complaints increased and feelings became inflamed as the club grew successful.[106][107] A turning point was the fractious encounter between BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978. The match was marked by crowd trouble, with 35 to 38 fans of both teams arrested. The match ended in a 1–1 draw after an equalizer by BFC Dynamo and then SED First Secretary in Bezirk Dresden Hans Modrow blamed the unrest on "inept officiating".[106][108][104] Fans of Dynamo Dresden complained: "We are cheated everywhere, even on the sports field".[55]
The privileges of BFC Dynamo and its overbearing success in the 1980s made fans of opposing teams easily aroused as to what they saw as manipulation by bent referees, especially in Saxon cities such as Dresden and Leipzig.[106] Petitions to authorities were written by citizens, fans of other teams and local members of the SED, claiming referee bias and outright match fixing in favor of BFC Dynamo.[106][109] Animosity towards the club had been growing since its first league titles.[110][111] The team was met at away matches with aggression and shouts such as "Bent champions!" or "Stasi swine!".[104][111] Fans of BFC Dynamo would even be taunted by fans of opposing teams with "Jews Berlin!".[110][57][80] Coach Jürgen Bogs has claimed that the hatred of opposing fans actually made the team even stronger.[112]
Complaints due to alleged referee bias accumulated.[100] High-ranking officials such as Egon Krenz and Rudolf Hellmann even felt compelled to answer petitions in person.[113] The scandal surrounding alleged referee bias in East German football had so undermined the credibility of the national competitions by the mid-1980s that Egon Krenz, Rudolf Hellman and the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) under Karl Zimmerman would eventually be forced to impose penalties on referees for poor performance and restructure the referee commission.[106] SED Functionary Karl Zimmermann from Leipzig had been appointed new general secretary of the DFV in 1983.[103] He was also vice president of the DTSB and enjoyed expanded powers compared to his predecessor Werner Lempert.[114] Zimmermann had been chosen to carry out reforms.[103] The DFV under Karl Zimmermann commissioned a secret review on referee performance and behavior in relation to the matches involving BFC Dynamo, Dynamo Dresden and Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1984–85 season.[100][115][116][nb 5] The review came to the conclusion that BFC Dynamo was favored. It suggested that BFC Dynamo had gained at least 8 points due to clear referee errors during the 26 matches of the season.[117][118][119][120] The review found a direct advantage of BFC Dynamo in ten league and cup matches as well as a disadvantage of its two closest competitors, Dynamo Dresden and Lokomotive Leipzig, in eight matches together.[103][100] It showed that 45 yellow cards had been handed out to Dynamo Dresden and 36 to Lokomotive Leipzig, compared to 16 yellow cards for BFC Dynamo. Yellow cards had also been handed out to key players in Dynamo Dresden and Lokomotive Leipzig prior matches against BFC Dynamo, so that they were banned from the next match.[121][122][100] The review found six referees that were suspected of having favored BFC Dynamo, including Adolf Prokop, Klaus-Dieter Stenzel and Reinhard Purz. It also found referees that were suspected of having disadvantaged Dynamo Dresden and Lokomotive Leipzig, including Klaus-Dieter Stenzel, Wolfgang Henning and Klaus Scheurell.[116] The paper spoke of "targeted influence from other bodies".[117][118][119]
Zimmerman was ultimately worried about the reputation of BFC Dynamo. He warned that the hatred against BFC Dynamo was growing and that the team's performance was being "discredited".[116] He called for a suspension of referee Prokop for two international matches and recommended that several referees, including Prokop, Stenzel and Gehard Demme, should no longer be used in matches involving BFC Dynamo, Dynamo Dresden and Lokomotive Leipzig. Zimmerman later also spoke out against the head of the referee commission Heinz Einbeck, who was a native of Berlin and a sponsoring member of BFC Dynamo.[116][113] The paper ended end up with Egon Krenz, who was a member of the SED Politbüro and the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport in the SED Central Committee.[116] Several referees would come to receive sanctions for their performance in the following months. The DFV conducted as special review of the final between BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden in the 1984–85 FDGB-Pokal on 8 June 1985.[118] The review found that referee Manfred Roßner and his two assistants had committed an above-average number of errors during the final. The majority had of the errors had favored BFC Dynamo.[123] The SED now demanded further actions.[113] The DFV sanctioned referee Roßner with a one-year ban on matches above second tier as well as international matches. Assistant Klaus Scheurell was in turn de-selected from the first round of the next European cup.[113][124][118][123] However, nothing had emerged that indicated that Roßner had been bought by the Stasi. On the countrary, Roßner had been approached by the incensed DFV Vice President Franz Rydz after the match, who took him to task for his performance with the words "You can't always go by the book, but have to officiate in a way that placates the Dresden public".[113] Other officials that were sanctioned by the DFV in the following months were referee Purz and linesman Günter Sepp. Purz and Sepp were questioned for their performance during a controversial match between BFC Dynamo and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt on 26 October 1985 .[125] Purz had allegedly given BFC Dynamo an irregular goal and denied Rot-Weiß Erfurt a clear penalty. BFC Dynamo had won the match 2–3. Also BFC Dynamo coach Jürgen Bogs said after the match that his team did not need such "nature protection".[116] Purz received a suspension for the rest of 1985 and Supp received a suspension for three match days for their performance during the match.[116][118]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0322-026%2C_1._FC_Lok_Leipzig-BFC_Dynamo.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0322-026%2C_1._FC_Lok_Leipzig-BFC_Dynamo.jpg)
The general disillusionment about BFC Dynamo stood at its peak during the 1985–86 season.[126] The DFV hade come under intense pressure to take action against referees that allegedly favored BFC Dynamo, notably from the Department for Sports of the SED Central Committee under Rudolf Hellmann.[127] One of the most controversial situations occurred during a match between Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo on 22 March 1986. Lokomotive Leipzig led the match 1-0 into extra time, when BFC Dynamo was awarded a penalty by referee Bernd Stumpf in the 94th minute. Frank Pastor converted the penalty and equalized. The episode, which was later known as "The shameful penalty of Leipzig", caused a wave of protests.[115][8] The DFV presidium and its General Secretary Zimmermann seized the opportunity to take action. Stumpf received a lifetime ban from refereeing. Two SV Dynamo representatives in the referee commission, Einbeck and Gerhard Kunze, were also replaced. The sanctions against Bernd Stumpf were approved by Egon Krenz and Erich Honecker in the SED Central Committee.[128][100][115][103] However, Stumpf managed to send a new video recording of the match to Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) in 2000. The video recording had originally been filmed by BFC Dynamo for training purposes and showed the situation from a different angle. The video recording showed that the decision by Stumpf was correct and that the sanctions against him were unjustified.[129][80]
It was later known that Prokop had been a Stasi officer, employed as an officer in special service (OibE), and that several referees, including Stumpf, had been Stasi informants.[118][130][54][106] But there is no proof that referees stood under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees.[54][131][132][108] The benefit of controlling important matches in Western Europe, gift to wives and other forms of patronage, might have put indirect pressure on referees to take preventative action, in so called preemptive obedience.[132][131][105][133][134] In order to pursue an international career, a referee would need a travel permit, confirmed by the Stasi.[103][116][135] The German Football Association (DFB) has concluded that "it emerged after the political transition that Dynamo, as the favorite club of Stasi chief Erich Mielke, received many benefits and in case of doubt, mild pressure was applied in its favor".[136] Prokop protests against having manipulated matches.[116] He was never banned from refereeing.[137] He points out that top teams are viewed with scepticism and claims to have never received threatening letters from angry fans.[116] Prokop was still invited to nostalgia matches for the East German national football team in the 2010s.[116]
"I can imagine there was referee manipulation due to the immense pressure from the government and Ministry for State Security. That could have made some referees nervous and influenced their decisions. But we were the strongest team at the time. We didn't need their help."
The picture that the success of BFC Dynamo relied upon referee bias has been challenged by ex-coach Bogs, ex-goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit, ex-forward Thom and others associated with the club. Some of them admit that there might have been cases of referee bias. But they insist that it was the thoroughness of their youth work and the quality of their play that earned them their titles.[123][8][138][139] Jürgen Bogs said in an interview with Frankfurter Rundschau: "You cannot postpone 26 matches in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. At that time we had the best football team."[140] Bogs cites a team with strong footballers and modern training methods as the main reasons for the winning streak. The club performed things such as heart rate and lactate measurements during training, which only came to the Bundesliga many years later.[141] Jörn Lenz said in an interview with CNN: "Maybe we had a small bonus in the back of referees' minds, in terms of them taking decisions in a more relaxed way in some situations than if they'd been somewhere else, but one can't say it was all manipulated. You can't manipulate 10 league titles. We had the best team in terms of skill, fitness and mentality. We had exceptional players".[37] Also former referee Bernd Heynemann, who has testified that he was once greeted in person by Mielke in the locker room at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion, said in an interview with the Leipziger Volkszeitung in 2017: "The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear".[142][143][144]
Although speculations on manipulation in favor of BFC Dynamo could never be eliminated, it is a fact that BFC Dynamo achieved its sporting success much on the basis of its successful youth work.[145][108][58][146][147] Its youth work during the East German era is still recognized today.[147] The club was able to filter the best talent through nationwide screening and train them in its youth academy.[148] Its top performers of the 1980s came mainly through its own youth teams, such as Thom, Frank Rohde, Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Christian Backs, Bodo Rudwaleit and Artur Ullrich. These players would influence the team for years. BFC Dynamo recruited fewer established players from the other teams in the Oberliga than what other clubs did, such as Dynamo Dresden and FC Carl Zeiss Jena.[149] Only a fifth of the players who won the ten championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club and those players came from teams that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga or the DDR-Liga.[150] The only major transfers to BFC Dynamo from other clubs during its most successful period in the 1980s, were Frank Pastor from then relegated HFC Chemie in 1984 and Thomas Doll from then relegated FC Hansa Rostock in 1986.[42][151][152] These transfers would often be labeled delegations by fans of other teams, but Doll left Hansa Rostock to ensure a chance to play for the national team, and had the opportunity to choose between BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden, but wanted to go to Berlin to be able to stay close to his family and because he already knew players in BFC Dynamo from the national youth teams.[153]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0406-032%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_1-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0406-032%2C_BFC_Dynamo_-_SG_Dynamo_Dresden_1-0.jpg)
BFC Dynamo was elimitated in the first round of the 1987-88 European Cup after a double loss against FC Girondins de Bordeaux. Defender Norbert Trieloff was transferred to Union Berlin in November 1987. BFC Dynamo won its tenth league title in a row in the 1987–88 season. The league title was narrowly won on goal difference, ahead of runners-up 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. The team also reached the final of the 1987–88 FDGB-Pokal and defeated Carl Zeiss Jena 2–0 in front of 40,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend on 4 June 1988. BFC Dynamo secured its first double and won its first cup title since Dynamo Berlin captured the title in 1959. The duo of Thom and Doll, paired with sweeper Rohde, were one of the most effective goal scorers in the late 1980s of East German football. Thom became league top goalscorer during the 1987–88 season and received the East German Footballer of the Year award in 1988.
The long-time club president Kirste was replaced as club president by Herbert Krafft before the 1988–89 season. Kirste had served as president since the club's founding.[154] The club was drawn against West German champions Werder Bremen in the first round of 1988–89 European Cup. BFC Dynamo surprisingly won the first leg 3–0 home in front of 21, 000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the first leg. But the team was eliminated after an equally surprising 5–0 defeat in Bremen in the return leg. The return leg would be known in West Germany as the "Second miracle at the Weser".
It has been rumoured that doping might explain the surprising results in the meeting. Researcher Giselher Spitzer claims that players of BFC Dynamo had been given amphetamies before the first leg.[155][58] The Stasi allegedly did not want to take this risk in the return leg in Bremen for fear of controls.[58] However, a more likely explanation for the surprising loss in Bremen is that the players of BFC Dynamo could not cope with the tremendous media pressure following their home win.[155] Roles had changed during the five weeks long break before the return leg. BFC Dynamo was pushed into the role of favorites, while Werder Bremen was given enough time to build motivation.[93][156] The match had high political significance: Mielke had made it clear to the team before the return leg that "this was about beating the class enemy".[157] Players of BFC Dynamo had also been distracted from their match-day preparations by shopping opportunities.[155]
Bogs wanted to travel to Bremen two days in advance. This was denied by the Stasi and the player bus was only allowed to leve East Berlin on Monday morning.[156][157] The player bus then got stuck in West German morning traffic.[157][156] Instead of arriving at around 12:00 PM, the bus arrived at 3:00 PM in Bremen. The schedule of Bogs could no longer be held, so the planned shopping tour was cancelled.[156][157] Werder Bremen manager Willi Lemke stopped by the hotel and instead offered a shopping tour for the next day, where players of BFC Dynamo were given the opportunity to buy West German consumer goods at a "Werder discount".[156][158][159][160][161][162] Some sources suggest that he actually organized a sale at the player hotel were all kinds of goods were sold.[155][157] According to Bogs, the player bus was completely stocked up with home appliances, televisions and consumer electronics when it arrived at the Weser-Stadion 90 minutes before kick-off.[156][157] There are allegations that this was purposely done by Lemke for players of BFC Dynamo to lose their concentration.[158][161] Bogs was forced to justify himself to the DFV the day after the defeat and would receive a reprimand. BFC Dynamo won the next match 5–1 against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt.[156] Bogs has described the defeat in Bremen as the most spectacular defeat in his career, but not his most bitter. He claims that his most bitter defeat was the 4–1 defeat to Red Star Belgrade on stoppage time in the first round of the 1978–79 UEFA Cup.[73]
Average home attendance fell from 15,000 to 9,000 during the 1980s.[100] Many fans grew disillusioned by the alleged Stasi involvement. Notably aggravating were the restrictions on tickets sales imposed by the Stasi at international matches, were only a small number of tickets were allowed for ordinary fans, with the vast majority instead allocated to a politically handpicked audience.[163] BFC Dynamo saw the emergence of a well organized hooligan scene during the 1980s, which came to be increasingly associated with skinheads and far-right tendencies in the middle of the 1980s.[110][8][80]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0812-008%2C_BFC_Dynamo%2C_Trainer_Helmut_J%C3%A4schke.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0812-008%2C_BFC_Dynamo%2C_Trainer_Helmut_J%C3%A4schke.jpg)
The performance of the team declined during the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga season. The Central Auditing Commission of the Central Management Office (German: Büro der Zentralen Leitung) (BdZL) of SV Dynamo was authorised by Mielke to investigate the club. The Central Management Office had been aggrieved that the special position of the club had enabled it to escape its control. The commission now used the inquiry as an opportunity to cut the overmighty organization down to size.[23] The commission was critical of inefficient use of resources, materialism, low motivation and lack of political-ideological education of players. As a solution, the Central Management Office assumed full responsibility over the material, political and financial management of the club in mid-1989.[23] Bogs was removed as coach at the end of the 1988–89 season and replaced by Helmut Jäschke.[23][164] Jäschke had previously served as coach of the reserve team. Bogs would later take on the role as "head coach" (German: Cheftrainer) in the club, which was a sort of manager role.[164] Former player Michael Noack would later complain that the BFC Dynamo had suffered from a triple management: the DFV, the Central Management Office of SV Dynamo and the Stasi, whereby a minority had ruled over the club.[165]
BFC Dynamo finished the 1988–89 DDR Oberliga as runners-up behind Dynamo Dresden. The team reached the final of the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal, after eliminating Union Berlin in the quarter-finals and FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt in the semi-finals. The team defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 1–0 in front of 35,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend and secured its third cup title. As cup winners, BFC Dynamo was set to play the DFV-Supercup against league champions Dynamo Dresden. The DFV-Supercup was played on 5 August 1989 at the Stadion der Freundschaft in Cottbus. BFC Dynamo defeated Dynamo Dresden 4–1, with two goals scored by Doll, and won the title.
See also[]
Explanatory notes[]
- ^ The founding of SC Dynamo Berlin was part of a general reorganization of sport in East Germany in the middle of the 1950s, when 21 sports clubs (German: Sportclub (SC) were set up under different sports associations (German: Sportvereinigung (SV), such as SV Dynamo and SV Lokomotive, entirely separate from the older enterprise sports community (German: Betriebssportgemeinschaft) (BSG) system. The sports clubs were envisioned as centers of excellence (German: Leistungszentren) for the promotion of elite sport. Membership in any of these designated sports clubs was only possible through delegation by the appropriate sports association.[2][3]
- ^ This was not the first and last relocation or transfer of entire football teams in East Germany. Among several examples: The team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953. The team continued the 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga season as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin. SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin was later known as ASK Vorwärts Berlin. ASK Vorwärts Berlin later became FC Vorwärts Berlin.[9][3][10] The successful team of BSG Empor Lauter and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SC Empor Rostock in 1954. SC Empor Rostock later became FC Hansa Rostock.[11] Then SED First Secretary in Bezirk Rostock Karl Mewis and SED funcionary Harry Tisch were instrumental in the relocation of BSG Empor Lauter to Rostock.[12][11] The team of BSG Turbine Halle and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SC Chemie Halle-Leuna in 1954. BSG Turbine Halle was the champions of the 1951-52 DDR-Oberliga. SC Chemie Halle-Leuna would later be known as HFC Chemie.[13]
- ^ SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had existed since October 1948.[16] When SG Friedrichstadt was dissolved after the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga season, the playing right in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[16] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden was thus able to enter DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions.[15] In order to put together a strong team for SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden to the 1950-51 DDR-Oberliga, the 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches Fritz Sack and Paul Döring picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team.[17][18][16] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost five players.[15] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam was severely weakened by the delegations to Dresden.[6]
- ^ Examples: Five players from SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam were delegated to Dresden in 1950 to play for SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden, which later became SG Dynamo Dresden.[7][11] Seven players from BSG Chemie Leipzig were delegated to SV Vorwärts der Kasernierten Volkspolizei (KVP) Leipzig in 1952, which later became ASK Vorwärts Berlin.[7]
- ^ DFV, 3 May 1985: "Zusammenstellung von Informationen zur Problematik mit der Schiedsrichterleistungen und Verhaltensweisen in Zusammenhang mit den Spielen des BFC Dynamo, der SG Dynamo Dresden und dem 1. FC Lok Leipzig in der Saison 1984/85", SAPMO (BArch) DY 30/IV 2/2.039/247
References[]
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Diese resultierten einerseits aus einer einseitigen sportlichen Nachwuchsarbeit, wodurch die besten Spieler automatisch beim BFC spielten, und andererseits aus einer systematischen politischen Einflussnahme.
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- ^ Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin. "Der zivile Club – Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR" (PDF) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida: 39. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
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(help) - ^ Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005). "Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ a b Büchner, Philipp (31 January 2021). "BFC Dynamo – Geliebt und verachtet". www.rbb24.de (in German). Berlin: Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ "BFC Dynamo". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. 8 December 2003. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Koch, Matthias (20 August 2005). "Schmach oder Gedenktafel". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005). "Willkommen in der Zone". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
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- ^ a b c Tomilson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routlede, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 55. ISBN 0-415-35195-2.
- ^ a b c Tomilson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routlede, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-415-35195-2.
- ^ MacDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.
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- ^ a b c d e Kopp, Johannes (16 January 2006). "40 Jahre BFC Dynamo – "Wir sind doch sowieso die Bösen"". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg: DER SPIEGEL GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380. ISBN 978-3861533993.
Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben.
- ^ Koch, Matthias (18 March 2005). "BFC Dynamo greift nach den Sternen". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
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- ^ Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (2010). Written at Hamburg. "Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990" (PDF) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida: 22. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
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(help) - ^ a b Stier, Sebastian (16 September 2010). "Zum Sieger delegiert". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
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- ^ a b c Raack, Alex (9 November 2014). "Frank Rohde über seine Karriere zwischen Mielke und Mauer: "Jetzt kannste dir einen brennen!"". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
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- ^ Dirk Schlegel and Falko Götz: The East Berlin footballers who fled from the Stasi, BBC Sport, 5 November 2019
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- ^ a b c Dennis, Mike (2007). "Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 65. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
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- ^ MacDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.
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- ^ a b Weinreich, Jens (24 March 2005). "Büttel an der Pfeife". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
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Laut einer internen Analyse der Saison 1984/85 gab es in acht von 26 Spielen klare Fehlentscheidungen, die den Berlinern mindestens acht Punkte brachten. So gewinnen sie mit sechs Zählern Vorsprung auf Dynamo Dresden und Lok Leipzig zum siebenten Mal in Folge den Titel.
- ^ Pleil, Ingolf (2013). Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi (2nd ed.). Berlin: Chrisopher Links Verlag (LinksDruck GmbH). p. 253. ISBN 978-3-86153-756-4.
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- ^ Gröning, Marion (9 August 2013). "Verpfiffen". Sächsische Zeitung (in German). Dresden: DDV Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
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- ^ MacDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.
- ^ MacDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.
- ^ Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). pp. 149–151. ISBN 978-0-230-22784-2.
- ^ Christoph, Dickmann (10 August 2000). "Pfiff löst Aufstand aus: Der Schand-Elfmeter von Leipzig". Zeit Online (in German). No. 33/2000. Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ Leske, Hanns (2012). "Schiedsrichter im Sold der Staatssicherheit". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2.
- ^ a b Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85745-195-8.
- ^ a b Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 150. ISBN 978-0-230-22784-2.
- ^ Dennis, Mike (2007). "Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society" (PDF). German as a Foreign Language (GFL). 2007 (2): 66. ISSN 1470-9570. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German) (1st ed.). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 530–533. ISBN 978-3895334481.
- ^ Münkel, Daniela (2015). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: Stasi Records Agency. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
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Und auf die Schiedsrichter gesetzt? Blödsinn. Zehnmal hintereinander Meister zu werden, das klingt vielleicht komisch, aber da steckt auch Arbeit und Können dahinter. Natürlich gab es auch mal Entscheidungen, über die wir selbst gestaunt haben.
- ^ Lachmann, Michael (7 December 2016). "BFC-Idol Frank Terletzki: "Am schönsten waren immer unsere Siege gegen Union"". B.Z. (in German). Berlin: B.Z. Ullstein GmbH. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Wenn man zehn Mal in Folge Meister wird, liegt das nicht daran, dass der Schiri mal ein oder zwei Minuten länger spielen ließ. Schauen Sie doch heute in die Bundesliga. Da sind drei, vier Minuten in jedem Spiel an der Tagesordnung.
- ^ Jahn, Michael (10 April 2013). "Der große Fehler". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
'26 Spiele in einer Saison in der DDR-Oberliga kannst du nicht verschieben. Wir hatten zu dieser Zeit die fußballerisch beste Mannschaft.
- ^ Krause, Thomas (19 January 2022). ""Der BFC Dynamo wird immer mein Club sein"". Nordkurier (in German). Neubrandenburg: Nordkurier Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ "Bernd Heynemann: Momente der Entscheidung". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
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- ^ Schäfer, Guido (11 October 2017). "Bernd Heynemann im Interview: "Wir brauchen kein Big Brother"". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
Der BFC ist nicht x-mal Meister geworden, weil die Schiris nur für Dynamo gepfiffen haben. Die waren schon bärenstark.
- ^ Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75. ISBN 3-360-01227-5.
- ^ Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). "Berlins große Mannschaften: Der FC Bayern des Ostens - Mit zehn Titeln in Folge stellte der BFC Dynamo in der früheren DDR einen Europa-Rekord auf". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ a b Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin. "Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR" (PDF) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida: 37–38. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
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(help) - ^ Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). "Interview mit Jürgen Bogs". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Glaser, Joakim (2015). Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland [Football from Mielke to Merkel] (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Malmö: Arx Förlag AB. p. 153. ISBN 978-91-87043-61-1.
- ^ Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005). "Willkommen in der Zone". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ Schoen, Herbert (1 April 1999). "Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
Herbert Schoen: Wo sind denn in dem Artikel von Herrn Wieczorek die vielen Namen von Oberligaklubs und fertigen Oberligaspielern, die in den letzten 10 BFC-Meisterjahren einen »Marschbefehl« erhielten? Selbstverständlich wurden in jungen Jahren auch viele Talente aus der Sportvereinigung Dynamo sowie kleinen Vereinen frühzeitig in den Klub delegiert. Aber außer Lauck und Doll sind keine Spieler aus anderen Oberligavereinen im Kader gewesen.
- ^ Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (2010). Written at Hamburg. "Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990" (PDF) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida: 34–35. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
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(help) - ^ Gartenschläger, Lars (14 January 2016). "50 Jahre BFC Dynamo: "Das ganze Stadion brüllte. Doll, du Schwein"". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ Thiemann, Klaus (August 1988). "Visitenkarte" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (de) (in German). Vol. 1988, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 4. ISSN 0323-6420.
- ^ a b c d MacDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-107-05203-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Goldmann, Sven (10 October 2008). "Fußball-Historie: Die Wunde von der Weser". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH.
- ^ a b c d e f "BFC-Legenden Jürgen Bogs und Frank Rohde erinnern sich – Dynamos Albtraum an der Weser: "Unvergessen"". DeichStube (www.deichstube.de) (in German). Syke: Kreiszeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KGK. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ a b Stier, Sebastian (13 April 2011). "Europapokal-Geschichte: Dann brannte die Tribüne". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ "Mythos Weserstadion und seine Wunder: Die legendärsten Spiele im Stadion von Werder Bremen". Kreiszeitung (in German). Syke: Kreiszeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ "Das zweite Wunder von der Weser – 5:0 gegen Dynamo Berlin 1988: Der Wahnsinn geht weiter". DeichStube (www.deichstube.de) (in German). Syke: Kreiszeitung Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KGK. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Das zweite Wunder von der Weser". Weser-Kurier (in German). Bremen: WESER-KURIER Mediengruppe Bremer Tageszeitungen AG. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ Bellinger, Andreas (11 October 2018). "Werder und das "Wunder von der Weser"". ndr.de (in German). Hamburg: Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Leske, Hanns (2012). "Von der Stasi in Besitz genommen, vom Fußballvolk missachtet, in der Republik verhasst". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN 978-3-937967-91-2.
- ^ a b Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). "Interview mit Jürgen Bogs". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ Feuerherm, Klaus (17 January 1990). "Dynamos bleiben grün". Junge Welt (in German). Verlag Junge Welt GmbH. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
"Wir haben darunter gelitten, daß wir praktisch eine Dreier-Leitung hatten, den DFV, die Zentrale Dynamo-Leitung und das MfS, wobei eine Minderheit über uns herrschte und uns vereinnahmte bzw. sich mit uns schmückte", formulierte Ex-Nationalspieler Noack.
- Berliner FC Dynamo
- History of association football by club
- History of football in Germany