History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1989–2004)
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The history of Berliner FC Dynamo (1989–2004) comprises the events associated with Berliner FC Dynamo from 1989 to 2004.
FC Berlin and decline (1989–2001)[]
The Peaceful Revolution (1989–1990)[]
The 1989–90 season began tumultuously. Frank Pastor would be transferred to BSG Aktivist Schwarze Pumpe at the season's beginning. BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1989-90 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup as winners of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team defeated Valur in the first round, but was eliminated by AS Monaco in the second round. Coach Helmut Jäschke decided to place young goalkeeper Oskar Kosche in the upcoming match against HFC Chemie in the 1989-90 FDGB-Pokal on 4 November 1989. The club's long-time goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit had then announced that he was retiring from football, and would no longer play.[1]
The East German regime faltered under pressure from events in neighbouring countries, thousands of East Germans leaving or applying to leave the country, and political mass demonstrations. Erich Honecker was forced to resign on 18 October 1989 and parts of the Berlin Wall opened on 9 November 1989. People in East Berlin could now travel freely to West Berlin. The Stasi was transformed into the Office for National Security (German: Amt für Nationale Sicherheit) (AfNS) on 17 November 1989.[2] The transformation also ended the tenure of Erich Mielke as Minister of State Security.[3] Mielke would soon be dismissed as First chairman of SV Dynamo as well.[4][5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1216-015%2C_Transfer_Andreas_Thom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1216-015%2C_Transfer_Andreas_Thom.jpg)
Bayer Leverkusen manager Reiner Calmund saw the opportunity to recruit top players in East Germany as soon as the Berlin Wall fell.[6][7] Calmund managed to obtain the contact details of Andreas Thom in connection with the match between East Germany and Austria in Vienna in the qualifiers for the 1990 FIFA World Cup on 15 November 1989. He immediately contacted Thom in East Berlin and eventually managed to convince him to come to Bayer Leverkusen.[6] Calmund then reached an agreement with East German officials on a transfer. Cosch Jäschke was not asked about the transfer and presented with a fait accomplit.[8] The transfer became official on 12 December 1989. Thom thus became the first player in the Oberliga to be transferred to the Bundesliga.[6] The transfer fee amounted to 2.5 million D-Marks.[6] Sources in West Germany speculated that DFV would take 15 percent of the sum.[9][10][11] Club President Herbert Krafft announced that a larger sum would also be made available to the Ministry of Health to be used to promote the next generation.[9]
BFC Dynamo was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 1989-90 FDGB-Pokal after losing 0–2 to FC Vorwärts Frankfurt at the Stadion der Freundschaft on 1 December 1989. Bodo Rudwaleit then withdrew his decision to retire from football.[12] He was instead transferred BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt on 1 January 1990.[13][14][15] Rainer Ernst began negotiations with Borussia Dortmund.[9] But the negotiations were stopped by Club President Krafft, who claimed that Ernst was not in good enough shape for a transfer.[13] The club was also contacted by MSV Duisburg who was interested in Marco Köller.[12] The AfNS was completely dissolved on 13 January 1990 after further attempts at reorganization.[2] The dissolution of the Stasi meant that BFC Dynamo lost a major sponsor.[13] The organization of the club was still extensive. The club had 14 coaches and 30 full-time employees.[5] The club would now have to look for new sources of income.[13] Krafft had recommended himself for the post, as head of a unit within the Volkspolizei. Krafft's football knowledge was limited.[5] Krafft was now torn between the fear of losing his job and the realization that he probably did not have the managerial skills required to market BFC Dynamo in the capitalist West.[5] Krafft and manager (German: Cheftrainer) Jürgen Bogs travelled to Bremen for a course in free market economy with Werder Bremen manager Willi Lemke.[5][13]
FC Berlin (1990)[]
Coach Jäschke was dismissed during the winter break 1989–1990. Peter Rohde became the new coach.[16][8] SV Dynamo was dissolved in the early 1990.[17][18][2] The East German Ministry of the Interior announced that it was only prepared to support the club financially until the end of the 1989–90 season.[19][17][20] The fate of the club was uncertain and the sports management in East Germany considered dissolving the club.[13] Another option that was allegedly considered was a merger with Union Berlin.[13][19] The club was under a lot of pressure due to its former proximity to the Stasi.[19] BFC Dynamo fought for its existence and club management planned to launch a concept for the preservation of the club before the end of the 1989–90 season. Abandoning the name "Dynamo" and a civil restructuring of the club was predicted to certainly be part of such a concept.[17] BFC Dynamo was eventually rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 in an attempt distance the club from the Stasi.[21][22][23] The name change was made after a meeting between players, coaches, parents and supporters.[21] Krafft was also dismissed at the same time.[21] He was replaced by Bogs as interim president.[21] New elections were planned to be held as soon as possible in May 1990.[21]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0223-013%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_FC_Berlin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0223-013%2C_Mannschaftsfoto_FC_Berlin.jpg)
BFC Dynamo played friendly matches against West German teams during the winter break. The team lost 2–0 to Werder Bremen at the Sportplatz Kampfbahn in Rühen on 10 February 1990 and then 4–0 to Dortmund at the Kampfbahn Schwansbell in Lünen on 17 February 1990.[24][25] The club then participated in the first edition of the indoor tournament "Internationales Berliner Hallenfußballturnier" in the Werner-Seelenbinder-Halle on 18–20 February 1990 together with Union Berlin, Hertha, Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin, Pogoń Szczecin and Bohemians 1905 among others clubs.[26][27] Legendary Hamburger SV striker Uwe Seeler was guest of honour at the tournament.[27] The team was met by a fiercely hostile audience.[27] The players were insulted and spat at.[27] Demonstrators had stormed the Stasi headquarters in the locality of Lichtenberg only days before the tournament. Many spectators in the audience shouted "Stasi pigs!".[27][26] FC Berlin reached the final, but lost 4–5 in extra time against Union Berlin in front of 4,400 spectators.[26] Thomas Doll scored a total of twelve goals and became the best goal scorer in the tournament.[26] The tournament marked the beginning of the demise of the former East German champions. The Peaceful revolution and the hatred against club made many players want to leave as soon as possible and distance themselves.[27]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0407-027%2C_FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena_-_FC_Berlin_1-1%2C_Ausschreitungen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0407-027%2C_FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena_-_FC_Berlin_1-1%2C_Ausschreitungen.jpg)
Coach Peter Rohde had a hard time finding a replacement for Thom. He was also worried that he would soon lose Doll as well.[8] Hooligans of FC Berlin rioted in Jena before the match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 4 April 1990. They looted shops and left a trail of destruction in the city centre.[28][29] Frank Rohde signed for Hamburger SV, which had been looking for a replacement to the injured Dietmar Jakobs.[30] Doll received many offers and initially began negotiations with Borussia Dortmund. However, Seeler was a fan of Doll. Frank Rohde told his contacts at Hamburger SV that Doll was interested and soon also Doll signed for Hamburger SV.[30] The average attendance fell sharply in 1990. The average attendance had been 7,271 in the autumn of 1989 and was only 3,383 in the spring.[31][32] FC Berlin finished the 1989–90 Oberliga in fourth place and failed for the first time in a long time to qualify for a European tournament. The team lost Doll and Rohde to Hamburger SV and Rainer Ernst to 1. FC Kaiserslautern after the season.[33][34]
Failed promotion (1990–1994)[]
FC Berlin had sold off almost all its offensive during the 1989–90 season.[35] The club recruited striker Mikhail Pronichev from FC Lokomotiv Moscow and midfielder Dirk Rehbein from SC Fortuna Köln for the 1990–91 season. Pronichev was one of the first players from then still existing Soviet Union who went to play in Germany and Rehbein was the first player from West Germany to join the club.[36][37] FC Berlin participated in the 1990 Intertoto Cup. The team was drawn into the same group as FC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, NK Olimpija Ljubljana and Grasshopper Club Zürich. The team won two matches and finished the group on third place. FC Berlin started the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga season with four straight defeats. The team was defeated 4–0 away by FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt in the opening match, 1–2 home to FC Energie Cottbus in the second match day, 4–1 away to 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in the third match day and 0–3 home to F.C. Hansa Rostock in the fourth match day. The team was in last place in the league after the fourth match day. Coach Peter Rohde was dismissed and Jürgen Bogs returned as coach.[38]
FC Berlin achieved a 3–3 draw away against 1. FC Magdeburg in the first match under Bogs in the fifth match day on 15 September 1990.[39] Dr. Dieter Fuchs became new manager of the club. He had a long background in BFC Dynamo and had been a manager at the DFV.[40][nb 1] FC Berlin met Union Berlin in the second round of the 1990–91 FDGB Cup at Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 21 September 1990. The team lost 1–2 after a late goal in extra time for Union Berlin.[41] FC Berlin finally captured its first win of the league season in the sixth match day against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 28 September 1990. Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich became the new club president of FC Berlin on 15 October 1990. He had a background as a club doctor for Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo.[42] FC Berlin was in last place in the league during almost the entire first half of the season. The team defeated FC Vorwärts Frankfurt 2–1 at home in the last match before the winter break. FC Berlin thereby surpassed FC Sachsen Leipzig on goal difference and finished the first half of the season in 13th place. The team then went for a training camp in Malaysia during the winter break.[43]
A wave of hooliganism swept across East Germany in 1990.[44] A total of 230,000 young people in East Germany had been dismissed from their apprenticeships.[45] One of the largest hooligan scenes in Germany was formed around FC Berlin.[34] The situation peaked during the match between FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Berlin on 3 November 1990. Hundreds of supporters of FC Berlin had traveled to the match. Riots broke out near the Georg-Schwarz-Sportpark and the 18-year-old supporter of FC Berlin Mike Polley was shot dead with several shots by the police.[34] Riots then continued in central Leipzig with great devastation.[46] The friendly match between East Germany and West Germany that was planned to be held on the Zentralstadion in Leipzig on 21 November 1990 was cancelled following the events.[47] Riots then also broke out in connection with the match between F.C. Hansa Rostock and FC Berlin in Rostock on 16 March 1991. Hooligans of FC Berlin smashed shop windows and attacked people in central Rostock. Fighting broke out with supporters of F.C. Hansa Rostock around the Ostseestadion. The devastation was once again extensive and two police officers were injured in clashes.[48] The hooligans of FC Berlin came to shape the entire 1990–91 season.[46]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-013%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1110-013%2C_FC_Berlin_-_HFC_Chemie_0-0.jpg)
FC Berlin recruited Icelandic striker Tómas Ingi Tómasson from ÍBV during the winter break. The team won 2–1 at home against Chemnitzer FC and 1–2 away against FC Victoria 91 Frankfurt in the last two matches of the league season. FC Berlin eventually finished the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga in 11th place and qualified for the play-off for the 2. Bundesliga. FC Berlin was drawn into the same group as Union Berlin, 1. FC Magdeburg and BSV Stahl Brandenburg. The team defeated BSV Stahl Brandenburg 3–0 home in the opening round on 5 June 1991. Then followed a 1–0 defeat away to 1. FC Union Berlin, a 0–0 draw home against 1. FC Magdeburg and a 0–0 draw away against BSV Stahl Brandenburg. FC Berlin then defeated Union Berlin 2–0 in the fifth round in front of 9,475 spectators at the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion on 18 June 1991. Heiko Bonan scored the first goal and Thorsten Boer scored the second goal for FC Berlin.[49] FC Berlin was in second place before the sixth and final round of the play-offs. The team was just one point behind leading BSV Stahl Brandenburg. FC Berlin managed to win 3–5 away against Magdeburg in the final round. Tómas Ingi Tómasson scored two goals. However, BSV Stahl Brandenburg won 0–2 away against Union Berlin. FC Berlin thus finished in second place and had just narrowly missed promotion to the 2. Bundesliga.[50][51][35] The team lost several key players after the 1990–91 season. Heiko Bonan left for VfL Bochum, Burkard Reich for Karlsruher SC, Waldermar Ksienzyk and Eike Küttner for Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin, Hendrik Herzog for Schalke 04 and Thorsten Boer for Chemnitzer FC.[51] FC Berlin would lose two complete teams during the first one of two years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[33]
FC Berlin recruited defender Heiko Brestrich from BSV Rotation Berlin and midfielder Ralf Rambow from Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl for the 1991–92 season. Heiko Brestrich had originally been brought up in the youth department of BFC Dynamo and had made a number of appearances for the club in the DDR-Oberliga. 1991–92 was the first season where teams from former East Germany and teams from former West Germany played in the same leagues. NOFV-Oberliga was now at the third tier in the German football league system. FC Berlin was qualified for the 1991-92 DFB-Pokal, by having qualified for the play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. FC Berlin was drawn against SC Freiburg from the 2. Bundesliga Süd in the first round. The match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 27 July 1991. The starting eleven included players such as Oskar Kosche, Christian Backs, Mario Maek, Jens-Uwe Zöphel, Jörg Fügner, Mario Tolkmitt and Mikhail Pronichev. SC Freiburg won the match 0–2.[52] FC Berlin met Tennis Borussia Berlin in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 20 September 1991. The goalkeeper of Tennis Borussia Berlin was Bodo Rudwaleit at the time.[53] FC Berlin defeated Tennis Borussia Berlin 1–0 after a goal by Ralf Rambow.[54]
FC Berlin would dominate the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team lost just two matches and finished the season in first place. The team scored a total of 97 goals during the regular league season. Rehbein and Tolkmitt scored 16 goals each, Rambow scored 15 goals and Pronichev scored 13 goals.[55] FC Berlin once again qualified for the play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The team would meet Union Berlin from NOFV-Oberliga Mitte, FSV Zwickau from NOFV-Oberliga Süd and VfL Wolfsburg from the Oberliga Nord. FC Berlin lost 0–2 against VfL Wolfsburg in front of 2,495 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the opening round on 24 May 1992.[56][57] The bad start continued with a 2–0 loss away against FSV Zwickau in the second round. FC Berlin then defeated Union Berlin 3–0 at home and 0–4 away. However, the team would lose their remaining matches against VfL Wolfsburg and FSV Zwickau. FC Berlin finished in third place and had for the second season in a row missed promotion to 2. Bundesliga. VfL Wolfsburg won the play-offs, which meant that no team from the former East Germany would be able to advance.[55] FC Berlin would have to continue at amateur level. The team lost 11 players after the 1991–92 season.[58] Christian Backs left for Reinickendorfer Füchse, Jörn Lenz for Tennis Borussia Berlin, Jörg Fügner for SpVgg Bayreuth, Mario Tolkmitt for Bayer Leverkusen, Andreas Nofz for VfL Oldenburg and Oskar Kosche for FC Sachsen Leipzig.[58]
FC Berlin returned to the Sportforum for the 1992–93 season.[34] Coach Bogs would once again have to build a new team.[58] FC Berlin recruited forward Bernd Jopek from SG Bergmann-Borsig, midfielder Stefan Oesker from Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin and goalkeeper Markus Oster from Tennis Borussia Berlin for the season.[58] Bernd Jopek also had a background in 1. FC Union Berlin and SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde. The team was also strengthened by a number of junior players.[58] The club relied heavily on its youth products.[59] The main competitors in the league were Tennis Borussia Berlin, BSV Stahl Brandenburg and Eisenhütterstädter FC Stahl. The team lost 2–7 to Tennis Borussia Berlin at the Sportforum on 22 March 1993. It was the biggest defeat so far for Bogs at the club.[60] FC Berlin finished the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in fourth place. Coach Bogs left for 1. FC Schwedt, Dirk Rehbein for Union Berlin and Bernd Jopek for Spandauer SV after the season.[61]
Helmut Koch was the new coach for the 1993–94 season. He had a background as a youth coach at BFC Dynamo.[61] Mikhail Pronochev and Stefan Oesker would be key players in the team.[62] FC Berlin was no longer the absolute treasure trove among the former East German clubs, but continued to produce talented young players thanks to its excellent academy system.[61] Stahl Brandenburg and Eisenhütterstädter FC Stahl would once again be among the top competitors in the league. Jörn Lenz briefly joined the team during the second half of the season. FC Berlin was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 1993–94 Berlin Cup by Union Berlin after a penalty shootout at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 13 April 1994.[63] The team defeated 1. FSV Schwerin 0–7 away in the last match day on 15 May 1994.[64] FC Berlin finished the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in fourth place and qualified for the re-introduced Regionalliga. The Regionalliga would now form the new third tier in the German football league system. Jörn Lenz returned to Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.
Regionalliga (1994–1998)[]
The 1994–95 Regionalliga Nordost would mean new meetings with well-known opponents such as FC Carl Zeiss Jena, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Energie Cottbus, FC Erzgebirge Aue and Tennis Borussia Berlin. It would also mean new derby matches against 1. FC Union Berlin.[65] FC Berlin recruited defender Mario Kallnik from the reserve team of Stuttgart for the season. Both Mikhail Pronichev and Stefan Oesker were out due to injuries and rehabilitation at the beginning of the season.[62] The team of Helmut Koch included many young players. Seven players were under 22 years old and five players were only 18 or 19 years old.[62] FC Berlin struggled and managed to win only nine matches during the league season. Attendance numbers also remained low. The average attendance was only a couple of hundred spectators at the time.[40] FC Berlin reached the semi-finals of the 1994–95 Berlin Cup, but was eliminated after a 2–1 loss to Türkiyemspor Berlin at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 8 May 1995.[66] The team finished the 1994–95 Regionalliga Nordost in 11th place and retained its place in the league. Jens-Uwe Zöphel left the team for FC Energie Cottbus after the season
The goal of FC Berlin for the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost season was a solid middle position.[67] FC Berlin recruited goalkeeper Ingo Rentzsch from FSV Lok Altmark Stendal and attacking midfielder Niels Macken from Tennis Borussia Berlin for the season. FC Berlin would face its old rival 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in the league. The first meeting ended 3–4 to 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in front of 2,002 spectators at the Stadion im Sportforum on 8 September 1995. It was the first match between the two teams since the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga season.[68][65] Volkmar Wanski became the new club president in September 1995. He was a building contractor from the western part of Berlin.[69][70] FC Berlin lost 0–2 at home to FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt at the Stadion im Sportforum in the 12th match day on 15 October 1995. Coach Helmut Koch was dismissed two days later. FC Berlin had only managed to capture eight points during the first 12 matches in the league.[67] Werner Voigt became the new coach.[71] He had a long background in the club. FC Berlin lost 1–3 at home to arch rival 1. FC Union Berlin in front of 2,170 spectators at the Stadion im Sportforum in the 13th match day on 21 October 1995. The team was temporarily led by managing director Dr. Dieter Fuchs in the match as Voigt had not yet arrived.[72] Experienced defender Mario Maek now also returned to the club. He made his debut after returning against FC Hertha 03 Berlin-Zehlendorf at Stadion im Sportforum in the 15th match day on 11 November 1995.[73][67] Mario Maek had been brought up in the youth department of BFC Dynamo and had played matches for BFC Dynamo in the European Cup. FC Berlin defeated FSV Lok Altmark Stendal 2–1 at home in the 20th match day on 10 February 1996. The team had thus been undefeated in five consecutive matches under Voigt.[74] The results in the league would be mixed during the spring. FC Berlin finally finished the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost in 13th place.
The millions the club had earned on player transfers in the early 1990s had now been used up.[75] President Wanski would make financial contributions to the club every year.[76] However, the club's youth work remained successful. FC Berlin would have to put together a primarily young team every season with the help of its youth department.[75] But the new team would hardly have had time get together, before the young players were recruited by larger clubs.[75] Experienced players such as Heiko Brestrich, Mario Maek and Jens Reckmann would form the backbone of the team during the 1996–97 season.[77] FC Berlin played 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in the opening match of the 1996–97 Regionalliga Nordost on 3 August 1996. The team won the match 2–0 in front of 2,300 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Both goals were scored by Timo Lesch.[78] However, FC Berlin suffered a major 6–0 defeat at home to its other rival Union Berlin in the ninth match day of the 1996-97 Regionalliga Nordost on 28 September 1994. Former FC Berlin player Thorsten Boer scored two goals for Union Berlin.[79] Wolfgang Levin (de) became new managing director in November 1996.[80] He replaced Dr. Dieter Fuchs and would eventually serve as both manager and managing director.[80][81] President Wanski became the shirt sponsor with his own company Regio Bautenschutz GmbH during the 1996–97 season.[77] The shirts had not had a sponsor in almost seven years. FC Berlin signed a two-year contract with the Italian sportswear manufacturer Fila in May 1997. Fila became the club's equipment sponsor. FC Berlin had until then had to pay for all equipment for its 19 teams itself, due to the club not having any equipment sponsor. Fila had reportedly been impressed by the youth development at FC Berlin.[81] FC Berlin finished also the 1996–97 Regionalliga Nordost in a 13th place. Mikhail Pronichev left the team for TuS Makkabi Berlin and Jens Reckmann for Dynamo Dresden after the season.
FC Berlin sought a cooperation in youth football with Bundesliga club Werder Bremen, in order to give its 360 youth players a perspective.[80] The club eventually began a cooperation with the 2. Bundesliga club KFC Uerdingen in July 1997.[82] FC Berlin was forced to reduce its budget for the 1997–98 season from 1,2 million D-Marks to 900,000 D-Marks.[80] Young forward Sven Ohly returned from 1. FSV Schwerin and Berndt Jopek returned from Spandauer SV. The club also recruited Croatian midfielder Davor Krznarić from the reserve team of Borussia Mönchengladbach. The team won only five matches and lost 10 matches during the first half of the 1997–98 Regonalliga Nordost. Managing director Wolfgang Levin left for KFC Uerdingen. Former banker Dr. Volker Steinke became new managing director on 1 December 1997.[83] Defender Jörn Lenz once again returned to the club during the winter break.[84] He would be a key player for several seasons to come. The club still received New Year's greetings from Real Madrid and Liverpool F.C. during the winter of 1997–1998.[85] Coach Voigt was dismissed in the spring. Ingo Rentzsch took over as interim coach. FC Berlin played a 5–5 draw away against 1. FC Magdeburg in the penultimate match day of the league season on 5 May 1998. The team then ended the league season with 2–2 at home against local rival 1. FC Union Berlin on the last match day on 9 May 1998. FC Berlin finished the 1997–98 Regionalliga Nordost in ninth place.
Renaming and Berlin Cup victory (1998–1999)[]
Henry Häusler was the new coach for the 1998–99 season. He was largely able to continue with the team from last season and did not have to build a completely new team.[86] FC Berlin recruited Martino Gatti from FC Homburg for the season.[86] Central players in the team were Heiko Brestrich, Jörn Lenz, Mario Maek, Mario Kallnik and Davor Krznarić. Jörn Lenz was the team captain. FC Berlin would get difficult start of the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost season with matches against Carl Zeiss Jena, Erzgebirge Aue and FSV Zwickau.[86] But the team was still undefeated after the nine match days, including a 2–1 win home against VfB Leipzig in the 9th match day on 26 September 1998. The first loss came against 1. FC Dynamo Dresden away in the 10th match day on 10 October 1998.[87] President Wanski came up with idea of taking back the old club name BFC Dynamo in the autumn of 1998. He said: "We stand by Dynamo's sporting tradition, we reject the club's political past."[88][76] Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk conducted a survey among its viewers which showed that 67 percent were in favor of taking back to the name BFC Dynamo.[76][75] The club received 150 new membership applications after that.[76] An overwhelming majority voted to take back the old club name at the general meeting on 3 May 1999.[89] The club also reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to fan souvenir dealer Pepe Mager.[75][90] Coach Häusler was dismissed on 29 April 1999. He was replaced by Ingo Rentzsch. BFC Dynamo met Union Berlin in the 33rd match day of the 1998-99 Regionalliga Nordost on 8 May 1999. Coach Rentzsch threw in the towel at half break and left the stadium, allegedly because President Wanski had wanted to dictate the line-up.[91][70] Youth trainer Norbert Paepke took over as coach in the second half of the match.[91] BFC Dynamo won the derby 0-2 after two goals by Marcel Solomo in front of 2,543 spectators at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei.
BFC Dynamo had success in the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Berlin Türkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. Supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch after the final whistle to celebrate the title. Some supporters also attacked players to Berlin Türkspor 1965. Club President Wanski immediately apologized for the behavior at the press conference after the match.[92] The Turkish association in Berlin-Brandenburg (TBB) demanded that BFC Dynamo be excluded from the coming DFB-Pokal and that the chairman of the Berlin Football Association (BFV) Otto Höhn resign. However, Otto Höhne announced that the victory for BFC Dynamo could not be questioned. BFC Dynamo and Berlin Türkspor 1965 then agreed to meet in a friendly match in the coming season and to organize a joint meal for players and responsible.[93] Klaus Goldbach took over as coach before the last match day of the league season.[94] BFC Dynamo defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 2–0 in the last match day and finished the 1998–99 Regionaliga Nordost in eighth place. Davor Krznaric left for SV Babelsberg 03 and Berndt Jopek left for FSV Fortuna Pankow after the season.
Relegation to the Oberliga and new sponsor (1999-2000)[]
The 1999–2000 Regonalliga Nordost would be decisive.[70] The Regionalliga Nordost was going to be dissolved after the season. The third tier in the German football league system would then be reduced to two divisions. The seven best teams in the 1999–2000 Regionaliga Nordost would be allowed to continue in the two remaining divisions and the winner would have the opportunity to participate in play-offs to the 2. Bundesliga.[70] But the remaining teams would be relegated to the fourth tier NOFV-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo recruited goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski and striker Thorsten Boer from Union Berlin for the season.[95][96] Dirk Rehbein returned from Tennis Borussia Berlin and Jens Reckmann returned from Dynamo Dresden.[96] The team was also joined by forward Marcel Riediger from the BFC Dynamo U19 team. Marcel Riediger was the son of Hans-Jürgen Riediger and had played in BFC Dynamo since the age of eight.[97][98]
The goal for the 1999–2000 season was to qualify for the new third tier in the German football league system.[95] However, BFC Dynamo continued to have financial difficulties. The number of sponsors was too few.[70] The club was financially dependent on President Volkmar Wanski and the need for money increased.[70] The player budget amounted to approximately 2,3 million D-Marks for the 1999–2000 season and was almost doubled compared to the previous season.[70] But there was a lack of coverage for 800,000 D-Marks in the draft budget and the club would have difficulty paying salaries already at the beginning of the season.[70] The number of spectators was low and new sponsors were deterred by hooliganism.[70]
BFC Dynamo was drawn against DSC Arminia Bielefeld from the Bundesliga in the second round of the 1999-2000 DFB-Pokal. The team lost the match 0–2 in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999. The league season started well, with a 6–1 win home against FSV Zwickau in the second match day and a 1–0 win home against Dynamo Dresden in the sixth match day. BFC Dynamo was in second place in the league after the eight match day.[96] However, then would follow mostly matches without a win.[99] Heiko Brestrich was transferred to VfB Leipzig in November 1999. Differences with coach Klaus Goldbach was allegedly the reason for his abrupt departure.[100] The team was joined by Russian striker Denis Kozlov from FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt at the same time. Brestrich had amassed a total of 301 matcher for BFC Dynamo during his career, according to club statistics.[100] Coach Goldbach was dismissed after a 3–0 loss to VfB Leipzig away in the 16th match day on 4 December 1999. He was replaced by Bogs, who returned to the club for his third stint as coach.[101] Norbert Paepke became assistant coach of Jürgen Bogs.
BFC Dynamo finally received a new promosing main sponsor through the computer software company Lipro AG in the beginning of 2000. Lipro AG explained that BFC Dynamo had been chosen because the club pursues ambitious sporting plans based on excellent youth work.[102] The new sponsor had been won through sports director Hans Reker.[103] It was stated that the sponsorship would amount to a seven-digit sum over the next one or two years. A special bonus would also be awarded if the club reached the third tier.[102] However, the difficulties in the league continued and the club had debts of around 500,000 D-Marks for the season.[103][99] BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost in 17th place and was relegated to NOFV-Oberliga Nord. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the Berlin Cup for the second season in a row. The team lost 2–0 to the reserve team of Tennis Borussia Berlin in the final of the 1999-2000 Berlin Cup on 31 May 2000. Club President Volkmar Wanski, Vice President Ralf Rose and treasurer Günter Mattkies resigned on 29 June 2000.[104][105] The reason for the resignation President Wanski was allegedly that sponsor Lipro AG demanded decisive influence in the club.[104][105] Lipro AG accounted for 80 percent of the budget at the time.[106] The sponsor was closely associated with sports director Hans Reker.[107] Reker was appointed acting president by the Economic Council and was now temporarily in full control of the club.[104]
Near promotion and crash (2000–2001)[]
The team lost several players after the 1999–2000 season. Mario Maek retired as a player. He would instead take on the role of managing director of the club.[104][105] Thorsten Boer returned to Union Berlin, Martino Gatti left for SV Babelsberg 03, Marcel Solomo for FC Erzgebige Aue, Tolga Günes for Tennis Borussia Berlin and Norman Struck for VfL Halle 96. The budget for the season was once again about 2.3 million D-Marks.[105] It was a new record for NOFV-Oberliga Nord.[105] A new team was put together. BFC Dynamo recruited striker Dirk Vollmar from Kickers Offenbach, midfielder Sebastian Hahn from the reserve team of F.C. Hansa Rostock and midfielder Aka Adek Mba from 1. FC Magdeburg as well as the Romanian players Aurel Panait, Silvian Cristescu and Danut Oprea.[105] Jörn Lenz was again team captain.[105] Puma became the club's new equipment sponsor for the 2000–01 season.[105] The new team was even ten percent more expensive than the Regionalliga team of the previous season according to Hans Reker.[105] BFC Dynamo played 1–1 against Eintracht Frankfurt in a training match on 4 July 2000.[105] The goal of the season was to advance to Regionalliga Nord. To win promotion, the team would also have to defeat the winner of NOFV Oberliga-Süd in a play-off.
Karin Halsch was elected new club president on 27 September 2000. Halsch had earlier been a member of the Economic Council and was an active politician within the social democratic SPD.[108][109][110] BFC Dynamo had started the league season with mixed results. The team defeated Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl 3–0 home in the ninth match day on 14 October 2000. The match was a turning point in the league. The team defeated FC Anker Wismar 4–0 away, SV Schwarz-Rot Neustadt 3–0 home, FV Motor Eberswalde 4–0 away and Türkiyemspor Berlin 3–0 home in the following four match days. The legal dispute with Peter Mager over the rights to the club's East German crest was not yet resolved. Vice President René Lau announced that the club considered itself the sole owner of the crest. BFC Dynamo initiated legal proceedings against Mager on 20 November 2000 to regain the rights to its former crest.[111] BFC Dynamo came to dominate the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team had won the last seven matches before the winter break and finished the first haslf of the season as Herbstmeister.[112]
Former elite sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Doris Maletzki became new managing director on 15 February 2001.[113] Bodo Rudwaleit returned to the club as goalkeeping coach. He joined the coaching staff of Jürgen Bogs. The other two members of the coaching staff were Mario Maek and assistant coach Norbert Paepke.[91] BFC Dynamo met Union Berlin in the quarterfinals of the 2000–01 Berlin Cup. Union won the match 3–0 in front of 4,427 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 March 2001.[114] Riots broke out among supporters of BFC Dynamo after the match. Police deploy water cannons against supporters on Eberswalder Straße and Schönhauser Allee.[115] Club President Halsch expressed sadness that the riots destroyed a lot of reconstruction work in the club and announced that there would be many stadium bans.[114][116] BFC Dynamo lost only three matches during the league season and finished the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in first place.[117] Denis Kozlov had scored a total of 29 goals for BFC Dynamo during the league season. The team would now face Magdeburg in a play-off to the Regionalliga Nord. Promotion to Regionalliga Nord would mean 750,000 D-Marks in guaranteed television money.[117]
It had become apparent that the club had financial problems two weeks before the play-offs. Players and coaches had received their January salaries in March and had not received any salaries since.[107][118][119] The club was also behind with insurance payments.[107] Halsch explained that the payments could not be made due to unexpected results from Lipro AG.[107] Sports director Hans Reker countered that Lipro AG had fulfilled all commitments.[107] The club also had remaining debt from the era of Volkmar Wanski. Wanski himself demanded the club for 450,000 D-Marks.[107] It was clear even before the first meeting with Magdeburg that BFC Dynamo would have difficulty meeting the requirements from DFB in the event of promotion. BFC Dynamo would need to provide a bank guarantee of 4,2 million D-Marks to secure the budget for the 2001–02 Regionalliga Nord.[117][120] A similar requirement was also placed on Magdeburg.[120]
The first leg of the play-offs ended 0–0 in front of 8,282 spectators at the Sportforum on 2 June 2001.[121] The second leg was played at the Ernst-Grube-Stadion in Magdeburg on 9 June 2001. About 2,000 supporters of BFC Dynamo had traveled to the match.[122] The score was 2–2 in the second half, with a goal by Silvian Cristescu and a goal by Denis Kozlov.[121] BFC Dynamo was practically promoted at this point, but then followed three goals for Magdeburg.[121] BFC Dynamo lost the match 5–2 and Magdeburg won promotion to Regionalliga Nord.[122][121] However, also Magdeburg had financial problems.[107] It was unclear whether Magdeburg would be able to provide the seven digit bank guarantee required by DFB.[120] However, BFC Dynamo announced on 11 June 2001 that the club would refrain from seeking promotion in the event that Magdeburg failed to obtain a license.[120] The club would simply not be able to collect the amount required in such a short time.[120][123]
It was now also unclear how the planned budget for next season would be financed.[124] The main sponsor Lipro AG was also in financial trouble.[124] The club's debts allegedly amounted to approximately 1,5 million D-Marks.[125] President Karin Halsch announced that the club had set a deadline. The current liabilities would be paid before the end of the month. Otherwise, the club will file for insolvency.[125] The new season would formally begin in July 2001. If insolvency proceedings were opened after that, the club would be automatically relegated to the fifth tier Verbandsliga Berlin.[117][124] The club was allegedly behind with 500,000 D-Marks in salaries and insurance payments since the beginning of the year.[125] In addition, there was another 500,000 D-Marks in old debts.[126] Marcel Riediger could not be held and left for FC Erzgebirge Aue.[117] Also other top players started to leave the club.[125] Striker Denis Kozlov was about to move to Dynamo Dresden.[125][126] Florin Batrinu left for K.V. Mechelen and Dorel Zegrean for ACF Gloria Bistrița.[126][125] Halsch pleaded for insolvency.[118] But Hans Reker and main sponsor Lipro AG decided against an urgent initiation of insolvency proceedings.[127] Hans Reker claimed he had obtained 39 new sponsors.[126] Halsch finally announced her resignation on 25 June 2001.[128] She stated that she had been denied access to documents and could not lead the club under such conditions.[129] Halsch claimed she only new of an advertising contract with Lipro AG. Others documents had allegedly not been shown to her.[118] The club's total debts were now allegedly estimated to 4 million D-Marks.[129][128] The insurance company Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK) filed for insolvency against the club on 21 June 2001.[128] AOK demanded 126,000 D-Marks in overdue insurance payments.[128]
Insolvency (2001–2004)[]
Financial crisis (2001)[]
The insurance company AOK demanded 126,000 D-Marks. BFC Dynamo did not have the money.[128] Supporters of BFC Dynamo started a fundraiser under the name "Save the BFC" to save the club from insolvency. The fundraiser quickly collected 50,000 D-Marks.[130] The planned budget for the coming season was reduced from 2,5 million D-Marks to 1,3 million D-Marks. Only five regular players were planned to be retained. These were Nico Thomaschewski, Jörn Lenz, Sebastinan Hahn, Aurel Panait and Danuts Oprea.[131] Jürgen Bogs and the team went to training camp in Karlovy Vary on 8 July 2001. Silvan Christu and Aka Adeck Mba were not on board for the training camp.[132] The club management now decided to postpone the ongoing dispute with Pepe Mager over the rights to the East German crest.[132] BFC Dynamo held an extraordinary general meeting on 10 July 2001.[131] Hans Reker had accompanied the team to training camp and did not attend the meeting.[133] Vice President Günter Haake admitted that the budget for the coming season was only partially covered, but claimed that a new sponsorship agreement with Lipro AG was ready to be signed.[133] Demands for resignation and criminal prosecution of the presidium were raised during the meeting.[133] Former Club President Halsch again criticized her former colleagues in the presidium and reiterated that she had been denied access to contracts. She received applauses at her farewell. Halsch also handed over a check for 10,000 D-Marks to the youth department.[133]
BFC Dynamo lost more players during the summer. Sebastian Hahn left for FC Rot-Weiss Essen and Mario Kallnik and Aka Adeck Mba for 1. FC Magdeburg. The totalt debt were now estimated at 5,5 million D-Marks, of which 4,2 million D-Marks were alleged to be loans from Lipro AG and 1,3 million D-Marks were alleged to be current liabilities.[133] The club founded the spinoff company BFC Marketing GmbH to facilitate collaborations.[133][134] The professional team could possibly be outsourced to the spin-off company.[133] AOK could accept payment in installments. The company demanded an initial installment of 50,000 D-Marks on 16 July 2001.[133] But some of the money raised by the supporters had been used to make payments to players and coaches. No payment to AOK had yet been made by the end of July 2001.[135] Sports director Reker traveled to Moscow in early August 2001 to discuss a partnership with FC Dynamo Moscow.[134] The plan was for FC Dynamo Moscow to invest in BFC Marketing GmbH and for BFC Dynamo to serve as a farm team to FC Dynamo Moscow in Europe.[134] The purpose was a collaboration in transfers and sponsors between the two clubs.[136][137] The club had support from the former State Secretary of the Russian Embassy in its contacts with FC Dynamo Moscow.[138] Vice President Günter Haake was a functionary in EHC Dynamo Berlin during the German reunification and had had good contacts in Russia since the East German era.[136] Günter Haake had recently served as managing director of Eisbären Berlin.[139][140]
Former goalkeeper and ten-time East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit agreed to help the team as the reserve goalkeeper behind Nico Tomaschewski in the match against VfB Lichterfelde in NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 15 August 2001. Rudwaleit was 44 years old at the time. The new reserve goalkeeper Lubomir Padalik had not yet received his permission to play.[141] A preliminary insolvency administrator was appointed for the club. All expenses would now need to be approved by the preliminary insolvency administrator.[142] The remaining three Romanian players did not participate in the team from mid-August. Silvan Christu and Danuts Oprea had traveled to Romania because they did not receive any salaries despite a request.[143] Reker stated that Lipro AG has signed a contract for the current season and was still the club's sponsor. He pointed out that Lipro AG had taken over most of the club's old debts and that it was thanks to Lipro AG that the club had been able to avoid a crisis already last season.[144] BFC Dynamo defeated Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl 0–4 away with two goals by Tomasz Suwary on 29 August 2001.[145]
No signal came from FC Dynamo Moscow.[146] An agreement was reached with the employment office and a bank through the preliminary insolvency administrator.[142] The bank would pay for the next three salaries and then receive compensation from the employment service in the event of insolvency.[142][147][138] The first salary payment was planned to take place on 15 September 2001.[142][146] BFC Dynamo was now also the subject of an insolvency application from the insurance provider Barmer. The two insurance companies AOK and Barmer demanded approximately 250,000 D-Marks together.[148][149][140] In addition, the club had debts of about 250,000 D-Marks in unpaid salaries.[149][140] Preliminary insolvency administrator Philipp Hackländer estimated that the insolvency proceedings against BFC Dynamo could open on 1 November 2001.[148][149] The club would be automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga and would have to play the rest of the season as mandatory friendly matches if insolvency proceedings are opened.[149][150] The squad had dropped to just 17 players, with several injuries, before the match against MSV Neuruppin on 17 September 2001.[151] Insolvency proceedings were opened against main sponsor Lipro AG on 5 October 2001.[152] Sports director Reker became a scapegoat for the club's financial problems because he had put together a very expensive team for the previous season and had promised rescue for several months without results.[149]
Preliminary insolvency administrator Hackländer estimateded that the club's total debts may amount to 6 million D-Marks.[153] In order to commence insolvency proceedings, BFC Dynamo would need approximately 30,000 D-Marks by 31 October 2001.[154] If the insolvency proceedings could not be opened due to lack of funds, the club risked bankruptcy and dissolution. BFC Dynamo would then have to restart in the Kreisliga under a new name.[149][155][154] Press spokesman Holger Zimmerman confirmed that the 30,000 D-Marks required to commence insolvency proceedings were not yet available.[156] Supporters of BFC Dynamo organized a demonstration to save the club on 26 October 2001. Also former professional players such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Waldemar Ksienzyk, Rainer Troppa and Heiko Brestrich as well as many of the club's youth players intended to participate.[156][157] The demonstration marched from the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen to the Rotes Rathaus, where it was received by former club president and SPD politician Karin Halsch.[156][154][106] During the demonstration, the Senator for Sports of Berlin and SPD politician Klaus Böger appealed to the business community in Berlin to help the club.[158]
Insolvency (2001–2002)[]
Discussions with new sponsors failed.[147] It was uncertain whether BFC Dynamo would succeed in raising the amount of money required to commence insolvency proceedings and avoid bankruptcy.[106] The money had not yet been transferred to the preliminary insolvency administrator as of 26 October 2001.[156] Preliminary insolvency administrator Wolfgang Schröder now estimated the club's total debts could amount to as much as 7 million D-Marks.[159] 7 million D-Marks corresponded to approximately 3,57 million Euros at the time.[160] A sponsor group around former Club President Volkmar Wanski eventually stepped forward and offered the 30,000 D-Marks required to commence insolvency proceedings.[161][159][162][163][106][164] BFC Dynamo defeated SV Nord Wedding 1893 3–1 at home in the 2001-02 Berlin Cup on 27 October 2001. It was the team's last match before insolvency.[162] The club competed with a rump team. Goalkeeper Thomaschewski even had to play libero.[165] The entire presidium of Hans Reker, Günter Haake and Emil Lindemann resigned on 31 October 2001.[163][164][147] An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Zimmermann was appointed by the Economic Council.[163][164][147] The emergency board was intended to serve until the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. No new president was appointed for the emergency board.[163]
Wanski explained that BFC Dynamo had a long sports tradition and must not go under. More than 400 children and young people still played football in the club.[106] Therefore, he and other sponsors had decided to help. FC Berlin is said to have made several millions on player sales during the German reunification.[138][140][165] The club was for a time considered the richest amateur club in Germany.[75] However, not all money from player sales went to the club. Some of the money also went to SV Dynamo, the DFV and advisors.[11] The DFV allegedly took 15 percent of the transfer fee for Andreas Thom.[9][11] A larger sum will also have been made available to the East German Ministry of Health.[9][11] Advisor Michael Prawitz will then have received 10 percent of the transfer fee for his assistance during the negotiations.[9] Managing director Dr. Dieter Fuchs claimed that the club had between 3 and 4 million D-Marks in its bank accounts in June 1991.[51] But the club's reputation as the former Stasi club made it hard to find new sponsors.[80][69][138][40][166] The club was also plagued by hooliganism.[27][89] Riots among supporters repeatedly caused negative headlines.[109][40] Club management allowed themselves to be lured into dubious business deals.[40][33] The club is alleged to have invested in scooters, which were intended to later be sold at a profit. At one point, about 250 scooters are said to have been standing in the air dome in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. It later turned out that they were not adapted to the European market and had to be retrofitted.[40][33][nb 2] The total loss in this unsuccessful business outside of football should have amounted to 300,000 D-Marks.[40][33] FC Berlin never managed to get past the play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga and never made it beyond the third tier.[166][27] The club had just a couple of hundred spectators per match on average during the 1990s and the income from membership fees was marginal.[40][27] Former Club President Wolfgang Hösrich said: "For a long time we lived off the sales of our best people. But at some point this money became less, because we too needed new players".[168] FC Berlin also maintained a large youth department that cost about 400,000 D-Marks per year.[40] When Wolfgang Levin became managing director in November 1996, the club had no debts, but also no longer any money in its bank accounts.[80] President Wanski would then need to support the club with personal financial contributions every year.[80][127]
BFC Dynamo finally received a promising main sponsor in the form of Lipro AG in the beginning of 2000. Millions of D-marks would now be available.[127] At the same time, the club's current liabilities had started to become significant and Club President Wanski granted the club a loan of 500,000 D-Marks. Sports director Hans Reker now started to sign new players and the club made an effort to reach the third tier Regionalliga.[127] However, the millions from Lipro AG later turned out to be loans.[127] Wanski repeatedly spoke out against the old presidium and accused former sports director Reker of mismanagement.[40][169][170] Wanski estimated that the club's debts were 380,000 D-Marks when he resigned in June 2000. The debts were then estimated at more than 6 million D-Marks a season later.[169] About 3 million Euros in debt had allegedly accumulated under sports director Reker, according to German newspaper Die Tageszeitung.[171] Wanski accused the old presidium of doing too little to prevent bankruptcy during the financial crisis and speculated that the old presidium might have preferred it the club was dissolved. The books would then be closed for good.[40][169] Wanski wanted to take legal action against Reker and the CEO of Lipro AG Dieter Küchler.[169][170]
The emergency board with Sommer, Bernt and Zimmermann was considered to represent the interests of the sponsor group around Wanski.[164] The emergency board announced that it would bear the costs of the insolvency proceedings.[172] The two members Sommer and Bernt were controversial because of their membership in motorcycle club Hells Angels.[172] However, Sommer and Bernt were long-time fans of the club. Sommer had been a member of the hooligan scene during the 1980s.[173][174] But when the hooligan scene drifted towards the political right in the late 1980s, he appeared less and less.[172] So far, Sommer and Bernt had mainly taken care of a beer stand for VIP guests at the stadium.[172] Wanski protested against the claim that Sommer and Bernt were his confidants and distanced himself from the crimes associated with Hells Anges.[170] However, he also stated that the duo had in fact saved the club from bankruptcy, because they alone had contacted him only hours before the deadline for payment of the money for the opening of the insolvency proceedings.[170] Press spokesman Zimmermann left the emergency board on 23 November 2001 because he thought that Sommer and Bernt had given the club an image he could not identify with.[175][176] A new presidium was intended to be elected at the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001.[106] However, the meeting was transformed into an information event with the votes 89 to 87, at the insistence of the emergency board.[176][170] Some members felt that they had been blackmailed and incapacitated.[170] Sommer and Bernt continued to lead the club during the opening of the insolvency proceedings. But the legitimacy of their presidium was questioned.[176] Sommer emphasized that they were only a transitional presidency and that there will be a general election next year when a new presidium will be elected. First the insolvency proceedings should be awaited.[176]
Insolvency proceedings were opened on 1 November 2001.[177][160][178] All contracts with professionals and employees were terminated when the insolvency proceedings were opened.[157][160][162] The club had to continue under amateur conditions and the players could only be offered 300 Euros per month.[156][106] Only three players from the previous squad remained for the first mandatory friendly match after the opening of the insolvency proceedings, including the new captain Piotr Rowicki.[106][179] The rest of the squad came from the club's reserve teams.[179] Jörn Lenz left for VfB Leipzig, Nico Thomaschewski for SV Babelsberg 03 and Marcel Niespodziany for Füchse Berlin Reinickendorf.[106] Danuts Oprea returned to Romania. Jürgen Bogs also announced that he would not continue.[159][180][40] Former assistant coach Mario Maek became the new coach.[180] He was assisted by goalkeeping coach Bodo Rudwaleit.[180] Norbert Paepke took on the role as office manager (German: Geschäftsstellenleiter) at BFC Dynamo.[171] Maek and Rudwaleit were now given the task of building a new team for the 2002-03 Verbandsliga Berlin as coaches.[176] It would allegedly require 300,000-500,000 D-Marks to resurge the club. However, the club's bank accounts were empty.[176] The youth department had also dropped from 400 members to less than 300 members in a short time.[175][176]
Mario Maek led the team on a volunteer basis. BFC Dynamo participated in the annual indoor tournament for all Berlin clubs in the NOFV-Oberliga in the Sporthalle Charlottenburg in early January 2002.[171] The team reached the playoffs after equalizing against Türkiyemspor Berlin twelve seconds before the final whistle.[171][181] BFC Dynamo drew 1,500 spectators during the tournament.[182] The club once again had to rely on its youth players. Several U19 players had been integrated into the team.[171] It was still unclear whether the insolvency proceedings could be brought to a positive conclusion.[182] The club was estimated to have about 144 different creditors. Insolvency administrator Hackländer estimated that 220,000 Euros would be required to succeed in the insolvency proceedings. Most of the money would need to be used to pay the club's debts for salaries to players and employees. The remaining creditors would have to share about 20,000 Euros.[183][184] The club was contacted by the Swiss businessman Albert Koller. Albert Koller could be interested in assisting the club. He had experience in insolvency proceedings. Albert Koller had helped FC Luzern and Young Boys Bern out of similar situations.[183][184] He traveled to Berlin and visited the club in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.[184]
Sommer and Bernt met with great resistance due to their membership in Hells Angels.[183] The duo had a deterrent effect and failed to win any new sponsors.[185][186] Members had collected signatures with the aim of electing a new presidium.[185][187] But the signatures were ignored by Sommer and Bernt. The duo claimed to have had no knowledge.[185][187] The emergency board was finally overthrown by supporters and the former coach of the women's team Volkmar Lucius through an application to the Charlottenburg District Court.[185][187][186] The Charlottenburg District Court appointed Lucius as emergency board member on 30 April 2002.[188] Nevertheless, Sommer and Bernt had after all helped made sure that the insolvency proceedings could be opened with their own personal financial contributions.[187][189][173] Supporter representative Rainer Lüdtke would later say that Sommer and Bernt actually saved the club as emergency directors in the autumn of 2001.[190] Bernt acquired the rights to the former crest from Pepe Mager in June 2002.[186][191] Sommer and Bernt also ran the sports pub Berliner Fußball-Café in Lichtenberg at the time. The sports pub was popular in some parts of the supporter scene. But the duo would no longer have much to say in the club by 2003.[192] However, Sommer had his own child in the club and would continue to sponsor the club for a few years, with personal financial contributions and through his various establishments.[193] The club was in urgent need of money and would come to receive sponsor money from companies with alleged links to the Hells Angels.[193][190] BFC Dynamo ended these sponsorship contracts in 2006.[190]
Restart in the Verbandsliga (2002–2003)[]
The interest group IG BFC’er had been looking for a new suitable board member.[189] Mike Peters was finally persuaded to run for president.[186][189] Mike Peters was the owner of a staffing company with 50 employees in Höhenschönhausen. The company had a turnover of 2,5 million Euros per year at the time.[186][194] Mike Peters was elected new president of BFC Dynamo at the general meeting on 31 May 2002.[194] Dirk Fischer and Axel Kusch were elected vice presidents. Sven Radicke was elected treasurer.[194] The preferential claims of 204,000 Euros had seemed insurmountable.[186] But supporters had negotiated with creditors and received numerous waivers.[186] Supporters also set up a donations account and collected at least 13,800 Euros themselves.[188][195][194][186] The new presidium would finally provide around 100,000 Euros for the insolvency plan.[194][186][195] The former BFC Dynamo player Dirk Vollmar would become the new coach on a voluntary basis for the coming season.[194] Bodo Rudwaleit continued as assistant coach.[194] However, the club did not yet have a complete team for the coming season.[186] President Mike Peters would fund a large portion of the budget for of the 2002-03 Verbandsliga Berlin season. The planned budget for the club amounted to about 125,000 Euros.[194][196]
The supporters installed bucket seats at Stadion im Sportforum during the summer.[197] They would also come to build a new clubhouse next to the grandstand during the season.[197][198] The new clubhouse was intended to be run independently by the supporters.[197] Goalkeeper Nico Tomasheweki returned from SV Babelsberg 03 and Aka Adeck Mba returned from 1. FC Magdeburg for the 2002-03 Verbandsliga Berlin season.[197][199] The team was also joined by defender Robert Rudwaleit from the reserve team of BFC Dynamo, Philipp Wanski from the reserve team of Hannover 96, Uwe Lehmann from FSV Optik Rathenow and Michael Dehnert from SV Germania Schöneiche.[200] Robert Rudwaleit was the son of the former goalkeeper of Bodo Rudwaleit.[196] Philipp Wanski was the son of former Club President Volkmar Wanski and had a background in the youth department of BFC Dynamo.[201] The average age of the young team was 21,7 years.[202] BFC Dynamo defeated the reserve team of 1. FC Union Berlin 1–2 away in the third match day on 28 August 2002.[203] Jens Reckmann returned from SG Eintracht Oranienburg after the winter break. Jens Reckmann had begun playing football for BFC Dynamo at the age of six. He was part of the team of FC Berlin under Jürgen Bogs who just missed the promotion to the 2. Bundesliga against VfL Wolfsburg in 1992 as a 19-year-old.[204] BFC Dynamo would also win the return match against reserve team of 1. FC Union Berlin 2–1 at home in the 19th match day on 29 March 2003.[205] The return match was attended by 1,178 spectators at the Stadion im Sportforum.[198] BFC Dynamo started its day care project in the spring of 2003. The project would later be called "Kita-Projekt". The idea was that small children would be picked up at their preschools and given the opportunity to participate in physical activities in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. BFC Dynamo player Michael Dehnert became the first head of the day care project.[206] Around 300 children from 45 day care centers in Berlin would come to take part in the project during its first 12 months.[207] BFC Dynamo finished 2002-04 Verbandsliga Berlin in third place. Aka Adeck Mba left for Türkiyemspor Berlin and Jens Reckman for MSV Neuruppin after the season.[208]
Promotion to the Oberliga and end of insolvency (2003–2004)[]
Jörn Lenz returned from VfB Leipig before the 2003-04 Verbandsliga Berlin season. The team was also joined by midfielder Jörg Schwanke from Dresdner SC, defender Falk Jarling from the reserve team by Hansa Rostock and forward Danny Kukulies from SC Pfullendorf.[208][209] Kukulies had a long background in the youth department of BFC Dynamo.[209] The club decided to form a new Economic Council at an extraordinary general meeting on 20 June 2003. Dieter Burghaus and Detlef Schlimper as well as Enrico Schinzel from IG BFC were elected to the Economic Council. The budget for the coming season was about 125,000 Euros.[208] The insolvency situation was complex. The club had about 170 creditors. It was still unclear whether the insolvency proceedings could be successful.[210] Bodo Rudwaleit resigned as assistant coach on 28 September 2003. He would be replaced by Sven Orbanke.[211] Supporters of BFC Dyname arranged the first edition of the fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley in Sportforum Hohenschönhausen during the autumn of 2003. 28 teams participated in the tournament.[212] BFC Dynamo was in fourth place in the table after the eleventh round, nine points behind leading SV Tasmania Gropiusstadt 73. However, the goal for the season had been promotion to NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Dirk Vollmark was dismissed and assistant coach Sven Orbanke took over as the new coach. Rajko Fijalek became the new assistant coach.[213] President Peters tried to reach agreements with the last remaining preferential creditors. One of them was Mario Maek, who decided to waive his claim for unpaid salary in support of the club.[214] Mario Maek was coach of SV Sparta Lichtenberg at the time.[215] BFC Dynamo managed to reach an agreement with the last preferential creditors at the end of November 2003. The club hoped to be able to settle the 192 creditors with 0,5 percent of their claims.[216]
BFC Dynamo was in third place in the league after the winter break. The team was nine points behind leading BFC Preussen and six points behind second placed SV Tasmania Gropiusstadt 73.[217] The team defeated SV Tasmania Gropiusstadt 73 2–1 at home with a goal by Jörn Lenz and a goal by Robert Rudwaleit on 24 January 2004.[218] The team would also come win the next matches. Supporters of BFC Dynamo managed to buy back the lost champion trophy from 1984 on eBay for 800 Euros. The trophy was handed over to players from the former champions team before the match against BFC Preussen in the quarter-finals of the 2003-04 Berlin Cup on 28 February 2004.[219] BFC Dynamo defeated BFC Preussen 1-0 and reached the semi-finals. The team lost the semi-final against SV Yeşilyurt 1–2 in front of more than 2,000 spectators at the Stadion im Sportforum on 11 May 2004.[220] SV Yeşilyurt had ties to the Turkish community in Berlin. Some supporters of BFC Dynamo had brought about 50 flatbreads to the stadium which they waved and then threw onto the running track as a provocation.[221][222] The action drew criticism in Turkish media.[223] The president of BFC Dynamo Peters publicly apologized for the action.[224] BFC Dynamo was in first place in the league with six matches left to play. The team was now six points ahead of both SV Tasmania Gropiusstadt 73 and BFC Preussen.[225][226] The insolvency proceedings now also looked to come to a positive conclusion.[227] BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2003-04 Verbandsliga Berlin in first place and won promotion to NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team had won all 17 matches during the second half of the season, which was a new record for the Verbandsliga Berlin.[228] Kukulies became the league top goal scorer with 32 goals.[229] Suwary came second with 22 goals.[229] The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Christian Backs became the new coach on 1 June 2004.[225][226] The insolvency proceedings came to a conclucion after a meeting with the creditors at the Charlottenburg District Court on 8 June 2004.[227][229] The 192 creditors received an insolvency rate of 0,25 percent from the recognized debts of 1,789 million Euros.[229] The insolvency proceedings were then declared closed by the Charlottenburg District Court on 16 June 2004.[230] The decision was finally confirmed by the Berlin Regional Court at the end of October 2004 after one complaint was dismissed.[230]
See also[]
Explanatory notes[]
- ^ Dr. Dieter Fuchs would serve as manager and managing director (German: Geschäftsführer) until June 1995. He then worked for the club on voluntary basis for another year.[40]
- ^ Author Alan MacDougall writes that the general manager of Bayer Leverkusen Reiner Calmund is alleged to have arranged to repay part of the transfer fee for Andreas Thom by delivering 300 motorbikes to the BFC Dynamo headquarters in Hohenschönhausen.[7] However, Calmund claims that the management of BFC Dynamo rejected his offer.[167]
References[]
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Hösrich: 'Wir hatten kaum Sponsoren, nur wenige Zuschauer und Mitglieder. Und wir unterhielten eine große Nachwuchsabteilung. So kam kaum Geld in die Kasse. Wir zehrten lange von den Verkäufen unserer besten Leute. Aber irgendwann wurde dieses Geld weniger, weil wir ja auch neue Spieler brauchten.'
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- Berliner FC Dynamo
- History of association football by club
- History of football in Germany