Indian states ranking by prevalence of open defecation

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This is a list of Indian states and territories by the percentage of households which are open defecation free, that is those that have access to sanitation facilities, in both urban and rural areas along with data from the Swachh Bharat Mission (under the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation), National Family Health Survey, and the National Sample Survey (under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation).[1] The reliability of this information can be questioned, as it has been observed that there is still open defecation in some states claimed "ODF".[2][3]

The Swachh Bhara Missiont, a two-phase program managed by the Indian government, India has constructed around 100 million additional household toilets which would benefit 500 million people in India according to the statistics provided by Indian government (Phase 1: 2014–2019, Phase 2: 2020 to 2025).[4] A campaign to build toilets in urban and rural areas achieved a significant reduction in open defecation between 2014 and 2019. In September 2019, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Indian leader Narendra Modi for his efforts in improving sanitation in the country.[5] According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million.[6][7] There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according to the world bank 96% of Indians used the toilets they had.[8][9] In October 2019, Modi declared India to be "open defecation free", though this announcement was met with skepticism by experts who cited slowly changing behaviors, maintenance issues, and water access issues as obstacles that continued to block India's goal of being 100% open defecation free.[10][11]

Although open defecation still continues, it has been reduced by a large amount. With the success of the Swachh Bharat Mission, Modi has to launch Phase 2 from 2020 to 2025.[12] During phase 2 the government will focus on segregation of waste and further eliminating open defecation in the country.[13]

Open defecation has been an issue in India. A report published by WaterAid stated that India had the highest number of people without access to basic sanitation despite efforts made by the Government of India under the Swachh Bharat Mission.[14][15] About 522 million people practiced open defecation in India in 2014, despite having access to a toilet.[16][17] Many factors contributed to this, ranging from poverty to government corruption.[18]

Since then, through Swachh Bharat, a two-phase program managed by the Indian government, India has constructed around 100 million additional household toilets which would benefit 500 million people in India according to the statistics provided by Indian government (Phase 1: 2014–2019, Phase 2: 2020 to 2025).[19] A campaign to build toilets in urban and rural areas achieved a significant reduction in open defecation between 2014 and 2019. In September 2019, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Indian leader Narendra Modi for his efforts in improving sanitation in the country.[20] According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million.[21][22] There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according to the world bank 96% of Indians used the toilets they had.[23][24] In October 2019, Modi declared India to be "open defecation free", though this announcement was met with skepticism by experts who cited slowly changing behaviors, maintenance issues, and water access issues as obstacles that continued to block India's goal of being 100% open defecation free.[25][26]

Although open defecation still continues, it has been reduced by a large amount. With the success of the Swachh Bharat Mission, Modi has to launch Phase 2 from 2020 to 2025.[27] During phase 2 the government will focus on segregation of waste and further eliminating open defecation in the country.[28]

By 2016, three states/UTs namely Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala had been declared ODF.[29]

Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, two states that had declared themselves open defecation-free, are yet to achieve that goal. In Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh 63% and 35% respectively were estimated to be defecating in the open.[30]

Household toilet construction increased from 43.79% in 2014, to 65.74% in 2016, to 98.53 in 2018.[1] On 2 October 2019, all 35 states and union territories were declared defecation free.[31]

List[]

No. State/ Union Territory % Rural households with access to

basic sanitation facility

(Swachh Bharat Mission, Sept 2021)[1][a]

% Rural of households with improved

sanitation facility (NFHS 2019-2020)[32]

1 A & N Islands 100.0 88
2 Andhra Pradesh 99.99 72.1
3 Arunachal Pradesh 100.0 –
4 Assam 100.0 68.4
5 Bihar 99.54 45.7
6 Chandigarh 100.0 –
7 Chhattisgarh 100.0 –
8 D & N Haveli 100.0 –
9 Daman and Diu 100.0 –
10 Goa 100.0 86.4
11 Gujarat 100.0 63.3
12 Haryana 100.0
13 Himachal Pradesh 100.0 81.3
14 Jammu and Kashmir 100.0 72.3
15 Jharkhand 100.0 –
16 Karnataka 100.0 68.5
17 Kerala 100.0 98.5
18 Laskhadweep 100.0 100
19 Madhya Pradesh 100.0 –
20 Maharashtra 99.91 69.4
21 Manipur 99.97 67.5
22 Meghalaya 100.0 83.3
23 Mizoram 100.0 93.2
24 Nagaland 100.0 90.4
25 Odisha 100.0 –
26 Puducherry 100.0 –
27 Punjab 99.72 –
28 Rajasthan 100.0 –
29 Sikkim 100.0 89.3
30 Tamil Nadu 100.0 –
31 Telangana 100.0 72.9
32 Tripura 100.0 71.6
33 Uttar Pradesh 70.0 –
34 Uttarakhand 99.99 –
35 West Bengal 99.98 64.7
India 98.53 –
Notes
  1. ^ Individual Household Latrine Application

References[]

  1. ^ a b c "Swachh Bharat Mission dashboard". Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ Agarwal, Shivangi (13 July 2021). "Is India really open-defecation-free? Here's what numbers say". Down To Earth. Retrieved 2021-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Is rural India 100% open defecation-free like Swachh Bharat data concludes?". The Hindu. 2020-01-02. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  4. ^ "An open defecation free India". unicef.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. According to the national statistics, over 100 million household toilets were constructed by the deadline benefiting 500 million people across 630,000 villages, but the government acknowledged that more had to be done.
  5. ^ "Gates Foundation award seen as boost to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan". Mint. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  6. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  7. ^ "93 Percent Households In Rural India Have Access To Toilets, Says Government Survey | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  8. ^ Helen Regan and Manveena Suri (2019-10-06). "Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them?". CNN. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  9. ^ Sharma, Aman. "96% usage of toilets under Swachh Bharat, shows a survey by an independent verification agency". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  10. ^ Kuchay B (2 October 2019). "Modi declares India open defecation free, claim questioned". Al Jazeera.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  11. ^ Santosh Mehrotra (January 2019). "Is India Really 96% Open Defecation Free?". The Wire (India).
  12. ^ "Second phase of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) launched". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 2020-03-04. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-07-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ "Phase 2 of Swachh Bharat Mission to focus on waste segregation at source". The Indian Express. 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  14. ^ "India has highest number of people without basic sanitation: Report". Times of India. 7 November 2017.
  15. ^ "India Has Highest Number Of People Without Basic Sanitation: Report". NDTV. 7 November 2017.
  16. ^ Zakaria R (11 April 2019). "India's Futile War on Open Defecation". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  17. ^ Dinnoo S (17 June 2014). "Why do millions of Indians defecate in the open?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  18. ^ Coffey D (2017). Where India goes : abandoned toilets, stunted development and the costs of caste. Spears, Dean E. Noida, Uttar Pradesh. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-93-5264-565-7. OCLC 994315306.
  19. ^ "An open defecation free India". unicef.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. According to the national statistics, over 100 million household toilets were constructed by the deadline benefiting 500 million people across 630,000 villages, but the government acknowledged that more had to be done.
  20. ^ "Gates Foundation award seen as boost to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan". Mint. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  21. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  22. ^ "93 Percent Households In Rural India Have Access To Toilets, Says Government Survey | News". NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  23. ^ Helen Regan and Manveena Suri (2019-10-06). "Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them?". CNN. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  24. ^ Sharma, Aman. "96% usage of toilets under Swachh Bharat, shows a survey by an independent verification agency". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  25. ^ Kuchay B (2 October 2019). "Modi declares India open defecation free, claim questioned". Al Jazeera.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  26. ^ Santosh Mehrotra (January 2019). "Is India Really 96% Open Defecation Free?". The Wire (India).
  27. ^ "Second phase of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) launched". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 2020-03-04. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-07-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  28. ^ "Phase 2 of Swachh Bharat Mission to focus on waste segregation at source". The Indian Express. 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  29. ^ PTI (2016-11-04). "After Sikkim, Kerala, Himachal, These 4 States To Be Open Defecation Free". NDTV Swachh India. Retrieved 2021-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  30. ^ Dutta, Saptarshi (2018-09-24). "Four Years Of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Rajasthan Is ODF But 100 Per Cent Toilet Usage Remains A Challenge". NDTV Swachh India. Retrieved 2021-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ Kuchay, Bilal (2 October 2019). "Modi declares India open defecation free, claim questioned". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2021-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ S, Rukmini (2021-01-13). "Survey data again casts doubt over reality of open defecation-free India". mint. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
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