Intercontinental Cup (football)

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For other uses, see Intercontinental Cup.

Intercontinental Cup
European/South American Cup Toyota Cup
Intercontinental cup.png
The trophy given to the winners
Organising bodyUEFA
CONMEBOL
Founded1960
Abolished2004
RegionEurope
South America
Number of teams2
Related competitionsUEFA Champions League
Copa Libertadores
International cup(s)13
Last championsPortugal Porto
(2nd title)
Most successful club(s)Argentina Boca Juniors
Italy AC Milan
Uruguay Nacional
Uruguay Peñarol
Spain Real Madrid
(3 titles each)

The Intercontinental Cup, rebranded as Toyota European/South American Cup from 1980 to 2004 after a sponsorship agreement with the automaker, was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL),[1][2] contested between representative clubs from these confederations (representatives of most developed continents in the football world), usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores. It ran from 1960 to 2004, when it was succeeded by the FIFA Club World Cup, although they both ran concurrently in 1999–2000.

From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was as a two-legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final,[3] and some European Cup-winning teams withdrew.[4] From 1980, the competition was contested as a single match played in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.[5] At that point, the Japan Football Association was involved at logistic level as host,[6] though it continued to be endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL.[7][8]

The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, who beat Peñarol of Uruguay in 1960. The last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004. The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005.[9]

History[]

Beginnings[]

According to Brazilian newspaper Tribuna de Imprensa in 1958, the idea for the Intercontinental Cup rose in 1958 in a conversation between the then president of the Brazilian FA João Havelange and French journalist Jacques Goddet.[10] The first mention of the creation of the Intercontinental and Libertadores Cups was published by Brazilian and Spanish newspapers on 9 October 1958, referring to Havelange's announcement of the project to create such competitions, which he uttered during a UEFA meeting he attended as an invitee.[11][12][13][14] Prior to this announcement, the reigning European champions Real Madrid C.F. played just one intercontinental club competition, the 1957 Tournoi de Paris (they played also the 1956 Pequeña Copa, but they scheduled their participation in it before becoming European champions).[15] According to a French video record of the highlights of the 1957 Tournoi final match, between Real Madrid C.F. and CR Vasco da Gama, this was the first match ever dubbed as "the best team of Europe vs. the best team of South America", as Madrid was the European champions and Vasco was the "Brazilian" (in fact, Rio de Janeiro) champions,[16][17] having this match been held at Parc des Princes, then managed by the aforementioned Jacques Goddet, and for these reasons CR Vasco da Gama executives have claimed that the 1957 match and the 1958 FIFA World Cup Brazilian victory have influenced the Europeans on the importance of South American football, and thus the idea in 1958 for the creation of the Intercontinental Cup[18] (the Madrid team declined to participate in the 1958 Paris Tournoi for it was held just 5 days before the final of the 1957/1958 European Cup).[19] The Madrid-Vasco 1957 match was described as "being like a club world cup match" by the Brazilian press,[20][21] as was a June 1959 friendly between Real Madrid and Torneio Rio – S��o Paulo champions Santos FC, which Real Madrid won 5–3.[22]

Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs' Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. The competition was not endorsed by FIFA,[23] and in 1961 FIFA refused to allow it to take place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status.[24] However, the competition went on regardless, with the endorsement of UEFA and CONMEBOL, both of whom include every edition of the competition in their records.[25][26][27] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realisation of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.[28][29] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition were Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0–0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5–1 in Madrid to win.[30][31][32]

After the victory of Real Madrid in the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper El Mundo Deportivo hailed the Madrid team as the First World Champion Club, on the one hand pointing out that the competition "did not include Africans, Asians and other countries part to FIFA", on the other hand expressing doubt that these regions might present football of the same high quality of Europe and South America.[33] The Spaniards titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected; citing that the competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations, FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two organisations.[34] Peñarol would appear again the following year and come out victorious after beating Portuguese club Benfica on the playoff; after a 1–0 win by the Europeans in Lisboa and a 5–0 trashing by the South Americans, a playoff at the Estadio Centenario saw the home side squeeze a 2–1 win to become the first South American side to win the competition.[35][36][37]

In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all times.[38] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco (or white ballet), which dazzled the world during that time and containing stars such as Gilmar, Mauro, Mengálvio, Coutinho, and Pepe, won the title after defeating Benfica 3–2 in Rio de Janeiro and thrashing the Europeans 2–5 in their Estádio da Luz.[39][40][41] Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan. After each side won 4–2 at their respective home legs, a playoff match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1–0 victory.[39][42] The competition attracted the interest of other continents. The North and Central America confederation, CONCACAF, was created, among other reasons, to attempt the participation of North-Central-American clubs in Copa Libertadores, and thus in the Intercontinental Cup.[41][43] Milan's fierce rivals, Internazionale, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 editions, beating Argentine club Independiente on both occasions.[44][45][46][47][48] Peñarol gained revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4–0 in aggregate in 1966.[37][49][50]

Rioplatense violence[]

However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,[51] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football—including its club sides—declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.[52] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organising it at all.

The 1967 game between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic was a violent affair, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two from the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed near the end of the game, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.[53][54][55][56]

A.C. Milan's Néstor Combin was left bloodied and unconscious after a brutal series against Estudiantes de La Plata

The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced England's Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series.[57][58][59] But it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competition's integrity.[60] After a 3–0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera.[61][62][63] Estudiantes' players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes' fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them. Pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion. Estudiantes goalkeeper Alberto Poletti also punched Gianni Rivera, but the most vicious treatment was reserved for Néstor Combin, an Argentinean-born striker, who had faced accusations of being a traitor as he was on the opposite side of the intercontinental match.[60][64][65]

Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.[60] Estudiantes won the game 2–1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.[60][63][64][65]

Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport dubbed it "Ninety minutes of a man-hunt". The Argentinean press responded with "The English were right" – a reference to Alf Ramsey's famous description of the Argentina national football team as "animals" during the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[60][64][65] The Argentinean Football Association (AFA), under heavy international pressure, took stern action. Argentina's President, military dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, summoned Estudiantes delegate Oscar Ferrari and demanded "the severest appropriate measures in defence of the good name of the national sport. [It was a] lamentable spectacle which breached most norms of sporting ethics".[60][64][65] Poletti was banned from the sport for life, Suárez was banned for 30 games, and Eduardo Manera for 20 with the former and latter serving a month in jail.[60]

Degradation[]

Due to the brutality in the 1967 edition, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organise. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote an article shortly afterwards (1967) stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".[66] Courte's statement was endorsed by then–FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.[67][68][69][70] After these controversial statements, Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.[71] However, with the Asian and North-Central-American/Caribbean club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the Intercontinental Cup if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Stanley Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested, in 1967, their participation in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL. In 1970, the FIFA Executive Committee gathering put forward, unsuccessfully, a proposal for the expansion of the Intercontinental Cup into a Club World Cup with representative clubs of every existing continental confederation.[72][73][74][75][76][77] Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[78]

Estudiantes would face Dutch side Feyenoord the following season, which saw the Europeans victorious. Oscar Malbernat ripped off Joop van Daele's glasses and trampled on them claiming that he was "not allowed to play with glasses".[79][80][81][82] Dutch side Ajax, European champions of 1971, would decline to face Uruguay's Nacional due to violence in previous editions, which resulted in European Cup runners-up, Greek side Panathinaikos, participating.[83][84][85] Ajax fears about Nacional's brutal game were confirmed. In the first game in Athens, Uruguayian striker Julio Morales broke the leg of Yiannis Tomaras with a brutal blow. According to the Greek press of the time, the sound of the fracture was heard up to the stands. The Greek defender collapsed on the ground and was transported unconscious out of the field. The medical diagnosis was a fracture of the tibia and fibula, an injury that effectively ended his career.[86] Nacional won the series 3–2 on aggregate.[83][84][85][87]

Dutch team Ajax won the 1972 series v. Argentine club Independiente

Ajax participated in 1972 against Independiente.[88][89][90] The team's arrival at Buenos Aires was extremely hostile: Johan Cruyff received several death threats from Independiente's local fan firms.[91] Due to the indifference from the Argentine police, Ajax manager Ştefan Kovács appointed an organised emergency security detail for the Nederlandse meester, headed by himself and team member Barry Hulshoff, described as a big and burly man.[91] In the first leg, Cruyff opened the scoring in Avellaneda at the 5th minute. As a result, Dante Mircoli retaliated with a vicious tackle a couple of minutes later; Cruyff was too injured to continue and the Dutch team found themselves being assaulted with tackles and punches.[88][89][90] Kovács had to convince his team to play on during half-time as his players wanted to withdraw.[88][89][90] Ajax squeezed a 1–1 tie and followed up with a 3–0 trounce in Amsterdam to win the Cup.[88][89][90][92] Although Ajax were the defending champions, they again declined to participate a year later after Independiente won the Libertadores again, leaving it to Juventus, European Cup runners-up, to play a single-match final won by the Argentines.[89][90][93][94]

Also in 1973, French newspaper L'Équipe, which helped to bring about the birth of the European Cup, volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, Central and North America and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes.[78][95][96][97] The proposal, supported by the South Americans,[78] was dismissed due to the negativity of the Europeans.[97] In 1974, João Havelange was elected FIFA president, having made the proposal, among others, of creating a multicontinental Club World Cup. In 1975, L'Équipe once again made its 1973 proposal, again to no avail.

West German club Bayern Munich also declined to play in 1974 as Independiente again qualified to participate.[98][99][100][101] European Cup runners-up Atlético Madrid from Spain won the competition 2–1 on aggregate.[98][99] Once again, Independiente qualified to participate in 1975; this time, both finalists of the European Cup declined to participate and the competition was not played.[102] That same year, L'Équipe tried, once again, to create a Club World Cup, in which the participants would have been: the four semifinalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions. However, UEFA declined once again and the proposal failed.[103]

In 1976, when Brazilian side Cruzeiro won the Copa Libertadores, the European champions Bayern Munich willingly participated, with the Bavarians winning 2–0 on aggregate. In an interview with Jornal do Brasil, Bayern's manager Dettmar Cramer denied that Bayern's refusal to dispute the 1974 and 1975 Intercontinental Cups were a result of the rivals being Argentine teams. He claimed it was a scheduling impossibility, rather, which kept the Germans from participating. He also stated that the competition was not economically rewarding due to the team's fan base's disinterest in the Cup. To cover the costs of playing the first leg in Munich's Olympiastadion, the organizers needed to have a minimum of 25,000 spectators. However, due to heavy snow and cold weather, only 18,000 showed up. Because of this deficit, Cramer stated that if Bayern were to win the European Cup again, they would decline to participate as it held no assurances of income.[104]

Argentine Boca Juniors played West German Borussia Mönchengladbach after European champions Liverpool declined to participate in the 1977 edition

Argentine side Boca Juniors qualified for the 1977 and 1978 editions, for which the European champions, English club Liverpool, declined to participate on both occasions. In 1977, Boca Juniors defeated European Cup runners-up, German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, 5–2 on aggregate.[105][106][107][108] Boca Juniors declined to face Belgian club Brugge in 1978 leaving that edition undisputed.[102] Paraguay's Olimpia won the 1979 edition against European Cup runners-up, Swedish side Malmö FF, after winning both legs.[109][110][111][112] However, the competition had greatly declined in prestige. After the 0–1 win of the South Americans in the first leg at Malmö, which saw fewer than 5,000 Swedish fans turn up, Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo called the Cup "a dog without an owner".[78]

The truth is that the Intercontinental Cup is an adventitious competition without foundation.[clarification needed] It has no known owner, it depends on a strange consensus and the interested clubs are not tempted to risk much for so little money, as evidenced by the attendance at the game in Malmö, played, of course, in absence of this year's champion, Nottingham Forest, by the Swedish team, finalist in one of the most boring and worst games played to cap off the European Cup since 1956.

Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo[78]

According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup.[113] According to the Mexican newspapers, after winning the 1977 and 1980 editions of the Interamerican Cup, Mexican clubs América and PUMAS Unam, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded, unsuccessfully, to participate in the Intercontinental Cup, either by representing the American continent against the European champions or by creating a UEFA-CONMEBOL-CONCACAF tournament.[114][115][116]

Rebirth in Japan[]

Uruguayan club Nacional won the first edition held in Japan, 1980

Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing. It created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year in which every club participating were obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.

The Toyota Cup (delivered together with the Intercontinental Cup) in the FC Porto museum

In order to protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the Intercontinental Cup—as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in the European Cup—or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota.[117]

The first Toyota Cup was held in 1980 which saw Uruguay's Nacional triumph over Nottingham Forest. The 1980s saw a domination by South American sides as Brazil's Flamengo and Grêmio, Uruguay's Nacional and Peñarol, Argentina's Independiente and River Plate take the spoils once each after Nacional's victory in 1980. Only Juventus, Porto and Milan managed to bring the trophy to the European continent.

In that decade, the English Football Association tried organising a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally only to be shot down by UEFA.[118]

The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams, as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and newcomers Borussia Dortmund of Germany were fuelled to victory by their economic powers and heavy poaching of South American stars. Only three titles went to South America, as São Paulo and Argentina's Vélez Sársfield came out the winners, each of them defeating Milan, with São Paulo's inaugural win being over Barcelona.

The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America, while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, and Porto. The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last edition, as the competition was merged with the FIFA Club World Cup.

International participation[]

All the winning teams from Intercontinental Cup were regarded as de facto "world club champions".[119][120][121][122] According to some texts on FIFA.com, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams, the winning clubs of the Intercontinental Cup were named world champions and can claim to be symbolic World champions,[123][124] in a "symbolic" club world championship,[125] while the FIFA Club World Cup would have another dimension,[126] as the "true" world club showdown,[127][128][129] created because, with the passage of time and the development of football outside Europe and South America, it had become "unrealistic" to continue to confer the symbolic title of world champion upon the winners of the Intercontinental Cup,[130] the idea to expand it being mentioned for the first time in 1967 by Stanley Rous as CONCACAF and the AFC had established their continental club competitions and requested the participation,[70][72][73][74][75][76][77] an expansion that was to occur only in 2000 through the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[78] Though "symbolic" or de facto as a club world championship,[27] the Intercontinental Cup has always been an official title at interconfederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL having always considered all editions of the competition as part of their honours.[7][8]

FIFA recognition[]

See also: List of world champion football clubs

Throughout the history of football, various attempts have been made to organise a tournament that identifies "the best club team in the world" – such as the Football World Championship, the Lipton Trophy, the Copa Rio, the Pequeña Copa del Mundo and the International Soccer League– due to FIFA's lack of interest or inability to organise club competitions,[131] – the Intercontinental Cup is considered by FIFA as the predecessor[132] to the FIFA Club World Cup, which was held for the first time in 2000.

On 27 October 2017, the FIFA Council, while not promoting statistical unification between the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup, in respect to the history of the two tournaments[133] (which merged in 2005),[9] has made official (de jure) the world title of the Intercontinental Cup, recognising all the winners as club world champions,[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] with the same title of the FIFA Club World Cup winners, or "FIFA Club World Champions".[143][137][144][140][145][146][142][147][141]

FIFA recognises the Intercontinental Cup as the sole direct predecessor of the Club World Cup, and the champions of both aforementioned competitions are the only ones uncontroversially officially recognised by FIFA as Club World Champions, as seen in the FIFA Club World Cup Statistical Kit, the official document of FIFA's club competition.

Trophy[]

The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.

During the sponsorship by Toyota, the competition awarded an additional trophy, entitled "Toyota Cup", usually given to the winning team's vice-captain.

Cup format[]

From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.

Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the Yokohama International Stadium, also the venue of the 2002 FIFA World Cup final.

Results[]

See also: List of Intercontinental Cup (football) matches
Key
Match was won during extra time
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
‡ Play-off match where teams were tied on points (1 win and 1 defeat each)
# European runner-up contested in place of European champion
Year Country Winners Score Runners-up Country Venue Location Refs
1960  ESP Real Madrid 0–0 Peñarol  URU Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay [148]
5–1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid, Spain
1961  URU Peñarol 0–1 Benfica  POR Estádio da Luz Lisbon, Portugal [149]
5–0 Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
‡2–1‡ Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
1962  BRA Santos 3–2 Benfica  POR Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [150]
5–2 Estádio da Luz Lisbon, Portugal
1963  BRA Santos 2–4 AC Milan  ITA San Siro Milan, Italy [151]
4–2 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
‡1–0‡ Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1964  ITA Internazionale 0–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [152]
2–0 San Siro Milan, Italy
‡1–0 (a.e.t.)‡ Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid, Spain
1965  ITA Internazionale 3–0 Independiente  ARG San Siro Milan, Italy [153]
0–0 La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina
1966  URU Peñarol 2–0 Real Madrid  ESP Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay [154]
2–0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid, Spain
1967  ARG Racing 0–1 Celtic  SCO Hampden Park Glasgow, Scotland [155]
2–1 El Cilindro Avellaneda, Argentina
‡1–0‡ Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
1968  ARG Estudiantes 1–0 Manchester United  ENG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [156]
1–1 Old Trafford Manchester, England
1969  ITA AC Milan 3–0 Estudiantes  ARG San Siro Milan, Italy [157]
1–2 Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina
1970  NED Feyenoord 2–2 Estudiantes  ARG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [158]
1–0 De Kuip Rotterdam, Netherlands
1971  URU Nacional 1–1 Panathinaikos#1[159]  GRE Karaiskakis Stadium Piraeus, Greece [160]
2–1 Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
1972  NED Ajax 1–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [161]
3–0 Olympic Stadium Amsterdam, Netherlands
1973  ARG Independiente 1–0 Juventus#2[162]  ITA Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy [163]
1974  ESP Atlético Madrid#3[164] 0–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [165]
2–0 Estadio Vicente Calderón Madrid, Spain
1975 Germany Bayern Munich and Argentina Independiente could not arrange for the game to be played. [166]
1976  FRG Bayern Munich 2–0 Cruzeiro  BRA Olympiastadion Munich, West Germany [167]
0–0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte, Brazil
1977  ARG Boca Juniors 2–2 Borussia Mönchengladbach#4[168]  FRG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [169]
3–0 Wildparkstadion Karlsruhe, West Germany
1978 England Liverpool and Argentina Boca Juniors declined to play each other. [166]
1979  PAR Olimpia 1–0 Malmö FF#5[170]  SWE Malmö Stadion Malmö, Sweden [171]
2–1 Defensores del Chaco Asunción, Paraguay
1980  URU Nacional 1–0 Nottingham Forest  ENG National Stadium Tokyo, Japan [172]
1981  BRA Flamengo 3–0 Liverpool  ENG [173]
1982  URU Peñarol 2–0 Aston Villa  ENG [174]
1983  BRA Grêmio 2–1 (a.e.t.) Hamburger SV  FRG [175]
1984  ARG Independiente 1–0 Liverpool  ENG [176]
1985  ITA Juventus 2–2 (a.e.t.) (4–2 p) Argentinos Juniors  ARG [177]
1986  ARG River Plate 1–0 Steaua București  ROU [178]
1987  POR Porto 2–1 (a.e.t.) Peñarol  URU [179]
1988  URU Nacional 2–2 (a.e.t.) (7–6 p) PSV Eindhoven  NED [180]
1989  ITA AC Milan 1–0 (a.e.t.) Atlético Nacional  COL [181]
1990  ITA AC Milan 3–0 Olimpia  PAR [182]
1991  YUG Red Star Belgrade 3–0 Colo-Colo  CHI [183]
1992  BRA São Paulo 2–1 Barcelona  ESP [184]
1993  BRA São Paulo 3–2 AC Milan#6[185]  ITA [186]
1994  ARG Vélez Sársfield 2–0 AC Milan  ITA [187]
1995  NED Ajax 0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p) Grêmio  BRA [188]
1996  ITA Juventus 1–0 River Plate  ARG [189]
1997  GER Borussia Dortmund 2–0 Cruzeiro  BRA [190]
1998  ESP Real Madrid 2–1 Vasco da Gama  BRA [191]
1999  ENG Manchester United 1–0 Palmeiras  BRA [192]
2000  ARG Boca Juniors 2–1 Real Madrid  ESP [193]
2001  GER Bayern Munich 1–0 (a.e.t.) Boca Juniors  ARG [194]
2002  ESP Real Madrid 2–0 Olimpia  PAR International Stadium Yokohama, Japan [195]
2003  ARG Boca Juniors 1–1 (a.e.t.) (3–1 p) AC Milan  ITA [196]
2004  POR Porto 0–0 (a.e.t.) (8–7 p) Once Caldas  COL [197]

Notes[]

Performances[]

The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:[166][200]

Performance by club[]

Club Winners Runners-up Winning years Runner-up years
Italy AC Milan 3 4 1969, 1989, 1990 1963, 1993, 1994, 2003
Uruguay Peñarol 3 2 1961, 1966, 1982 1960, 1987
Spain Real Madrid 3 2 1960, 1998, 2002 1966, 2000
Argentina Boca Juniors 3 1 1977, 2000, 2003 2001
Uruguay Nacional 3 — 1971, 1980, 1988 —
Argentina Independiente 2 4 1973, 1984 1964, 1965, 1972, 1974
Italy Juventus 2 1 1985, 1996 1973
Brazil Santos 2 — 1962, 1963 —
Italy Internazionale 2 — 1964, 1965 —
Brazil São Paulo 2 — 1992, 1993 —
Netherlands Ajax 2 — 1972, 1995 —
Germany Bayern Munich 2 — 1976, 2001 —
Portugal Porto 2 — 1987, 2004 —
Argentina Estudiantes 1 2 1968 1969, 1970
Paraguay Olimpia 1 2 1979 1990, 2002
Brazil Grêmio 1 1 1983 1995
Argentina River Plate 1 1 1986 1996
England Manchester United 1 1 1999 1968
Argentina Racing 1 — 1967 —
Netherlands Feyenoord 1 — 1970 —
Spain Atlético Madrid 1 — 1974 —
Brazil Flamengo 1 — 1981 —
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1 — 1991 —
Argentina Vélez Sarsfield 1 — 1994 —
Germany Borussia Dortmund 1 — 1997 —
Portugal Benfica — 2 — 1961, 1962
England Liverpool — 2 — 1981, 1984
Brazil Cruzeiro — 2 — 1976, 1997
Scotland Celtic — 1 — 1967
Greece Panathinaikos — 1 — 1971
Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach — 1 — 1977
Sweden Malmö FF — 1 — 1979
England Nottingham Forest — 1 — 1980
England Aston Villa — 1 — 1982
Germany Hamburger SV — 1 — 1983
Argentina Argentinos Juniors — 1 — 1985
Romania Steaua București — 1 — 1986
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven — 1 — 1988
Colombia Atlético Nacional — 1 — 1989
Chile Colo-Colo — 1 — 1991
Spain Barcelona — 1 — 1992
Brazil Vasco da Gama — 1 — 1998
Brazil Palmeiras — 1 — 1999
Colombia Once Caldas — 1 — 2004

Performance by country[]

Country Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning years
 Argentina 9 9 Boca Juniors, Independiente, Estudiantes, River Plate, Racing Club, Vélez Sarsfield 1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003
 Italy 7 5 AC Milan, Juventus, Internazionale 1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996
 Brazil 6 5 Santos, São Paulo, Grêmio, Flamengo 1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993
 Uruguay 6 2 Peñarol, Nacional 1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988
 Spain 4 3 Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid 1960, 1974, 1998, 2002
 Germany 3 2 Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund 1976, 1997, 2001
 Netherlands 3 1 Ajax, Feyenoord 1970, 1972, 1995
 Portugal 2 2 Porto 1987, 2004
 England 1 5 Manchester United 1999
 Paraguay 1 2 Olimpia 1979
 Yugoslavia 1 — Red Star Belgrade 1991
 Colombia — 2 — —
 Scotland — 1 — —
 Greece — 1 — —
 Sweden — 1 — —
 Romania — 1 — —
 Chile — 1 — —

Performance by confederation[]

Confederation Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning countries
CONMEBOL 22 21 13 4
UEFA 21 22 12 7

Notes[]

  • After the events of the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, many European Cup champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup. On five occasions, they were replaced by the tournaments' runners-up. Additionally, two Intercontinental Cups were called off after runners-up, too, declined to participate.[201]

Coaches[]

Main article: List of Intercontinental Cup winning managers
  • Carlos Bianchi won three editions as coach: one with Argentina Vélez Sársfield in 1994, and two with Argentina Boca Juniors in 2000 and 2003.
  • Luis Cubilla and Juan Mujica won cups both as players and coaches:
    • Luis Cubilla (played for Uruguay Peñarol in 1961 and for Uruguay Nacional in 1971, then coached Paraguay Olimpia in 1979)
    • Juan Mujica (played for Uruguay Nacional in 1971, and coached it in 1980)

Players[]

  • Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini played five times in the competition, all with Italy AC Milan (1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003).
  • Argentina Estudiantes (1968, 1969 and 1970) and Argentina Independiente (1972, 1973 and 1974) played in three consecutive years. A few players in those teams participated in all three, including Carlos Bilardo and Juan Ramón Verón.

All-time top scorers[]

Pelé is the all-time top goalscorer in Intercontinental Cup's history with 7 goals in 3 matches
  • Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored seven goals in three matches.
    • In 1962, he scored five goals in two matches against Portugal Benfica, including a hat-trick in the second leg played in Lisbon (the only hat trick in competition's history).[202]
    • In 1963, he scored two goals in one match (vs AC Milan).[203][204][205]
  • Only six players scored at least three goals in the Intercontinental Cup.[206]
Player Club Goals Apps Years
Brazil Pelé Brazil Santos 7 3 1962, 1963
Ecuador Alberto Spencer Uruguay Peñarol 6 6 1960, 1961, 1966
Argentina Luis Artime Uruguay Nacional 3 2 1971
Uruguay José Sasía Uruguay Peñarol 3 3 1961
Portugal Santana Portugal Benfica 3 4 1961, 1962
Italy Sandro Mazzola Italy Internazionale 3 4 1964, 1965

Hat-tricks[]

  • Pelé is the only player in the history of the competition to have scored a hat-trick (Lisbon, 1962, second leg, against Benfica).
Player Nation Club Opponent Goals Goal times Score Tournament Round Date
Pelé Brazil Brazil Brazil Santos Portugal Benfica 3 Goal 15', 25', 64' 5–2 1962 Intercontinental Cup Second leg 11 October 1962

Man of the Match[]

Martín Palermo, the Man of the Match in 2000

The man of the match was selected since 1980. Here is the list of the winners.[207]

Year Player Club
1980 Uruguay Waldemar Victorino Uruguay Nacional
1981 Brazil Zico Brazil Flamengo
1982 Brazil Jair Uruguay Peñarol
1983 Brazil Renato Gaúcho Brazil Grêmio
1984 Argentina José Percudani Argentina Independiente
1985 France Michel Platini Italy Juventus
1986 Uruguay Antonio Alzamendi Argentina River Plate
1987 Algeria Rabah Madjer Portugal Porto
1988 Uruguay Santiago Ostolaza Uruguay Nacional
1989 Italy Alberigo Evani Italy AC Milan
1990 Netherlands Frank Rijkaard Italy AC Milan
1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Vladimir Jugović Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade
1992 Brazil Raí Brazil São Paulo
1993 Brazil Toninho Cerezo Brazil São Paulo
1994 Argentina Omar Asad Argentina Vélez Sársfield
1995 Netherlands Danny Blind Netherlands Ajax
1996 Italy Alessandro Del Piero Italy Juventus
1997 Germany Andreas Möller Germany Borussia Dortmund
1998 Spain Raúl Spain Real Madrid
1999 Wales Ryan Giggs England Manchester United
2000 Argentina Martín Palermo Argentina Boca Juniors
2001 Ghana Samuel Kuffour Germany Bayern Munich
2002 Brazil Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid
2003 Argentina Matías Donnet Argentina Boca Juniors
2004 Portugal Maniche Portugal Porto

See also[]

References[]

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  151. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1963".
  152. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1964".
  153. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1965".
  154. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1966".
  155. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1967".
  156. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1968".
  157. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1969".
  158. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1970".
  159. ^ Panathinaikos played in place of Ajax
  160. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1971".
  161. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1972".
  162. ^ Juventus played in place of Ajax
  163. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1973".
  164. ^ Atlético Madrid played in place of Bayern Munich
  165. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1974".
  166. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Intercontinental Club Cup".
  167. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1976".
  168. ^ Borussia Mönchengladbach played in place of Liverpool
  169. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1977".
  170. ^ Malmö FF played in place of Nottingham Forest
  171. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1979".
  172. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1980".
  173. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1981".
  174. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1982".
  175. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1983".
  176. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1984".
  177. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1985".
  178. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1986".
  179. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1987".
  180. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1988".
  181. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1989".
  182. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1990".
  183. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1991".
  184. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1992".
  185. ^ AC Milan played in place of Marseille
  186. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intercontinental Club Cup 1993".
  187. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1994".
  188. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1995".
  189. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1996".
  190. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1997".
  191. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1998".
  192. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1999".
  193. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2000".
  194. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2001".
  195. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2002".
  196. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2003".
  197. ^ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2004".
  198. ^ "THE DECLINE, FALL AND REBIRTH OF THE INTERCONTINENTAL CUP".
  199. ^ "Intercontinental Cup 1973". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  200. ^ "Hall of Honour".
  201. ^ "THE DECLINE, FALL AND REBIRTH OF THE INTERCONTINENTAL CUP".
  202. ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/intconclub62.html
  203. ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/intconclub63.html
  204. ^ "Extraordinary Pele crowns Santos in Lisbon". FIFA. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  205. ^ "King-less Santos retain throne in style". FIFA. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  206. ^ "Trivia on Intercontinental (Toyota) Cup".
  207. ^ "Toyota Cup – Most Valuable Player of the Match Award". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008.

Bibliography[]

  • Amorim, Luís (1 December 2005). Intercontinental Cup 1960-2004. LuísAmorimEditions. ISBN 978-989-95672-5-2.
  • Amorim, Luís (1 September 2005). Taça Intercontinental 1960-2004. Multinova. ISBN 989-551-040-3.

External links[]

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