Istanbul Airport

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Istanbul Atatürk Airport or Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport.

Istanbul Airport

İstanbul Havalimanı
İGA Havalimanı İşletmesi A.Ş. logo.svg
İstanbul Yeni Havalimanı airport Dec 2019.jpg
  • IATA: IST
  • ICAO: LTFM
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerGeneral Directorate of State Airports (DHMİ)
OperatorIGA (Istanbul Grand Airport) Havalimanı İşletmesi A.Ş.
ServesIstanbul, Turkey
LocationArnavutköy, Istanbul
Opened
  • 29 October 2018 (2018-10-29) (ceremony)[1]
  • 6 April 2019 (2019-04-06) (all passenger services)
Hub for
  • Turkish Airlines
  • Turkish Cargo
Focus city forFreebird Airlines
Built2011 – 2019
Time zoneTRT (UTC+03:00)
Elevation AMSL99 m / 325 ft
Coordinates41°15′44″N 28°43′40″E / 41.26222°N 28.72778°E / 41.26222; 28.72778Coordinates: 41°15′44″N 28°43′40″E / 41.26222°N 28.72778°E / 41.26222; 28.72778
Websitewww.istairport.com Edit this at Wikidata
Map
Istanbul Airport is located in Istanbul
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport
Location of airport
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
16L/34R 3,750 12,303 Asphalt
16R/34L 3,750 12,303 Asphalt
17L/35R 4,100 13,451 Asphalt
17R/35L 4,100 13,451 Asphalt
18/36 3,060 10,039 Asphalt & Concrete
Statistics (2020)
Total passengers23,409,132
International passengers15,994,695
Aircraft Operations185,642
Cargo tonnage869,289
Source: (Turkish AIP at Eurocontrol) Turkey[2]

Istanbul Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTFM) (Turkish: İstanbul Havalimanı)[3] is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in the Arnavutköy district on the European side of the city.

All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from Istanbul Atatürk Airport to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights.[4] The IATA airport code IST was also transferred to the new airport.[5][6]

History[]

Terminal building exterior
Entrance area
Terminal building interior
Airside area interior

Background[]

Problems relating to less space at Istanbul Atatürk Airport made it difficult to build an additional runway. This limited the growth of the airport as well as its city. As a result of this, the Turkish Airport Authority was unable to let charter flights, extra cargo, etc., be available at Istanbul Atatürk Airport. This increased the issues of congestion relating to air traffic. Hence, the decision to build another airport was taken. This airport aimed to function for Istanbul.

The aircraft of Turkish Airlines was shifted to Sabiha Gökçen Airport as not much space was available for parking at Istanbul Atatürk Airport. Sabiha Gökçen Airport was found to have reached its maximum capacity for the terminal. This terminal could serve 25 million flyers. In addition, in 2015, it had already served flyers equivalent to a number as big as 28 million. This was observed when the growth rate of traffic was at an average of 20 percent in one year, 2013 onward.

Atatürk Airport was one of the busiest airports in Europe. Since 2013, it has ranked among the five busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic. In 2017, the two Istanbul airports handled over 100 million passengers.[7] In terms of area airports, the six London-area airports serve more than 150 million passengers a year, while the three Paris-area airports serve around 100 million passengers a year.

Location[]

It was decided to construct the new airport at the intersection of roads to Arnavutköy, Göktürk, and Çatalca, north of central Istanbul and between the Black Sea coast towns of  [tr], Tayakadın and Akpınar. The area is a 7,600-hectare (19,000-acre) region near Lake Terkos. Some 6,172 hectares (15,250 acres) of this area was state-owned forest. The distance between Istanbul Airport and Atatürk Airport is approximately 35 km (22 mi). The area encompassed old open-pit coal mines, which were later filled with soil.[8]

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (ÇED) report published in April 2013, there were a total of 2,513,341 trees in the area and 657,950 of them would need to be cut indispensably, while 1,855,391 trees would be moved to new places. However, the Ministry of Forest and Water Management claimed the exact number of trees cut and moved would only be revealed after construction was complete.[8]

Construction[]

For Istanbul Atatürk Airport, a tender was made for its construction as well as its functioning. The same was held on May 3, 2013. 4 stages of construction were decided for this project. It is said that with the completion of these stages, the airport being constructed could serve many passengers. Their number was estimated to be around 200 million. Considering the time when the airport was being planned, this serving capacity could be the biggest across the globe. It was decided that in a duration of 42 months, stage 1 would be complete. Also, the handing over of land would get over. The project aimed at utilizing around €7 billion. This sum did not include any financing cost.

The government assured a consortium for both construction purposes and operation. Further, passengers in a number of 342 million were assured over a period of 12 years. Grimshaw, based in London, headed this design team. The team had the Nordic Office of Architecture from Norway. In addition, Haptic, based in London, was also a part of the team.

At the bidding session on 3 May 2013, only four out of fifteen Turkish and two foreign companies that were qualified as bidders showed up. The Turkish joint venture consortium of Cengiz-Kolin-Limak-Mapa-Kalyon won the tender and were obliged to pay the government €26.142 billion including value-added tax for a 25-year lease starting from 2018. The completion date of the construction's first stage was officially set for 2018 – 42 months after the finalization of the tender's approval.[8]

The groundbreaking ceremony took place on 7 June 2014,[9] though construction only started in May 2015 after the land was officially handed over.[10]

The inauguration of the airport took place on the planned date of 29 October 2018. It was reported that the first test landing at the airport would take place on 26 February 2018; however, the first landing took place on 20 June 2018.[11] Testing of navigational and electronic systems with DHMİ aircraft had begun on 15 May 2018.[12]

The control tower is in the shape of the Turkish national flower, the tulip.[13]

Project stages[]

The construction of the airport is taking place in several stages, expanding the airport and its facilities over time.[14][15][16][17]

The first stage consists of the main terminal, with an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and an area of 1,440,000 m2 (15,500,000 sq ft) – making it the world's largest airport terminal building under a single roof,[18] despite Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 having a larger floor area at 1,713,000 m2 (18,440,000 sq ft) due to tunnels connecting its two concourses. There will also be two pairs of parallel runways connected to eight parallel taxiways to the west of the main terminal, approximately 4,000,000 m2 (43,000,000 sq ft) of apron space, and an indoor car-park with a capacity of 12,000 vehicles. In addition, the airport will feature three technical blocks for repairs, maintenance, and fueling, as well as an air traffic control tower, eight ramp control towers, and hangars for cargo and general aviation aircraft.[19] Several other services are also to be in operation, including hospitals, frequent-flyer and VIP lounges, prayer rooms, convention centers, and hotels; some of these are expected to form part of the Istanbul Airport City project.[20]

The second stage will add a third independent runway to the east of the main terminal, as well as a fourth remote runway with an east–west heading and additional taxiways and apron areas. The third stage is planned to add a second passenger terminal with a capacity of 60 million annual passengers and an estimated area of around 960,000 m2 (10,300,000 sq ft), as well as an additional runway and new support facilities area. The final and fourth stage of expansion will, along with adding another runway, allow for the construction of satellite terminals with a combined capacity of 50 million passengers and area of up to 800,000 m2 (8,600,000 sq ft) if needed.[19]

Once fully completed by 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and a total annual passenger capacity of 150 million passengers.[18][21] If fully expanded to a capacity of 200 million, the airport will exhibit four terminal buildings with interconnecting rail access that combine for a total indoor area of 3,200,000 m2 (34,000,000 sq ft). The airport will also have a 6,500,000 m2 (70,000,000 sq ft) apron with a parking capacity of 500 aircraft, VIP lounges, cargo and general aviation facilities, a state palace, and indoor and outdoor parking that can accommodate up to 70,000 cars. A medical center, aircraft rescue and firefighting stations, hotels, convention centers, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities will also be built.

Controversies[]

The Turkish Chamber of Environmental Engineers (ÇMO) took the project tender to court on grounds that the project violated the existing legislation for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (ÇED) report.[8] In February 2014, an Istanbul administrative court ordered construction of the airport to be suspended.[22] However, the groundbreaking ceremony still took place a few months later, on 7 June 2014.[9]

A report published in Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet in February 2018 claimed that more than 400 workers had been killed during the construction of the airport, with accidents killing three to four workers every week, and families of the killed workers being paid to remain silent about the incidents.[23][24] Turkish daily Evrensel also alleged that fatal accidents continued to occur.[24] This prompted opposition MP Veli Ağbaba to submit a written questionnaire to the Turkish parliament on 13 February 2018. In response, the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security claimed that there were only 27 fatalities during the construction of the airport.[25] In October 2019, UK publications Construction News and Architects' Journal published a joint investigation into fatalities at the airport, nicknamed by workers "the cemetery" as so many have died.[26] By this point, the official death toll had risen to 55, but unofficial estimates suggested that the figure could be "higher than 400". Four architects worked on the airport's design, three of them being UK-based: Grimshaw Architects, Scott Brownrigg, and Haptic Architects.[26]

Mass worker protests broke out on 14 September 2018 after a bus carrying workers crashed, injuring 17. Complaints by workers included poor living conditions in "vermin-infested dormitories", issues in transportation that had left them stranded under the rain or on site during holidays, and long delays in payments, among others.[27][28] Police and gendarmerie forces were called in and workers eventually returned to work under alleged threats of arrest or further withholding of wages.[27]

On 19 December 2018, part of the airport construction site was flooded after heavy rainfall.[29]

In January 2020, MP Meral Danış Bestaş demanded an explanation for why the new translation service of 36 languages at Istanbul Airport did not include Kurdish, a language spoken by a large minority within Turkey.[30]

Operations[]

The opening ceremony took place on 29 October 2018, scheduled so as to coincide with the 95th anniversary of the proclamation of the Turkish Republic.[31] The airport had been unofficially known as 'Istanbul New Airport' during construction - the new official name of 'Istanbul Airport' was announced at the opening ceremony. The first flight from the airport was Turkish Airlines flight TK2124 to the Turkish capital Ankara on 31 October 2018.[32] On 1 November 2018, five daily flights began to arrive and depart from the airport: from Ankara, Antalya, Baku, North Nicosia, and İzmir,[33] followed by Adana and Trabzon starting in December.

Before the full transfer, all flights were operated exclusively by Turkish Airlines. Regularly scheduled flights to all of the new airport's destinations continued to depart from Atatürk and Sabiha Gökçen airports alongside these trial flights. It was originally planned that on 31 December 2018, all equipment from Atatürk Airport would be transferred to the new airport via the O-7 Motorway.[34][35] As of 17 January 2019, the transfer phase was set to start 1 March 2019.[36] However, on 25 February, the transfer phase was moved a fourth time to 5 April 2019.[37]

The full transfer of all scheduled commercial passenger flights from Istanbul Atatürk Airport to the new Istanbul Airport took place on 6 April 2019 between 02:00 and 14:00. Hundreds of trucks carried more than 10,000 pieces of equipment, each weighing about 44 tons were moved to the new airport over 41 hours.[38] Istanbul Atatürk Airport's IATA code IST was also transferred to the new airport.

Facilities[]

Airport Layout (as of December 2020)

The airport currently has one terminal in service for domestic and international flights and four runways that are currently in operation. The two 17/35 runways are both 4,100 metres (13,451 feet) long, while the 16/34 runways are both 3,750 metres (12,303 feet) long. Runways 17L/35R and 16R/34L are 60 metres (197 feet) wide, while 17R/35L and 16L/34R are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. All runway surfaces are asphalt.[39]

Concourses[]

The airport features a total of five concourses lettered A, B, D, F, and G with a total of 143 passenger boarding bridges. Concourse G, which is located in the southeast, is reserved solely for domestic flights. Three passenger boarding bridges of Concourse F which is directly to the north of Concourse G have also been allocated for domestic flights. Concourses A, B, D, and F are used for international flights. The C and E concourses connect directly to the main terminal and are therefore not independent concourses.[40]

Security[]

3,500 security personnel and a total of 1,850 police, including 750 immigration officers, provide the airport's security.[41] The site's perimeter is protected using ground radar, fixed CCTV cameras every 60 meters, pan–tilt–zoom cameras every 360 meters, thermal cameras and fiber optic sensors every 720 meters. The active terminal building uses up to 9,000 CCTV cameras.[42]

Airlines and destinations[]

Passenger[]

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Istanbul Airport:

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
Afriqiyah Airways Bayda, Tripoli–Mitiga
Air Albania Tirana
Air Algérie Algiers, Annaba, Constantine, Oran
Air Astana Almaty, Atyrau, Nur-Sultan
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Moldova Chişinău
Air Serbia Belgrade
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda[43]
Ariana Afghan Airlines Kabul (suspended), Mazar-i-Sharif (suspended)
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Avia Traffic Company Bishkek
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku
Badr Airlines Khartoum
Belavia Minsk
British Airways London–Heathrow
Buraq Air Tripoli–Mitiga
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Wuhan
Corendon Airlines Casablanca
EgyptAir Cairo
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
Fly Baghdad Baghdad, Erbil
Gulf Air Bahrain
HiSky Chișinău[44]
IndiGo Delhi
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Iran Air Tours Isfahan,Mashhad,Shiraz,Tabriz,Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Iran Aseman Airlines Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Iraqi Airways Baghdad, Basra, Erbil, Sulaimaniyah
Jazeera Airways Kuwait
Jordan Aviation Amman–Queen Alia
Kam Air Kabul (suspended)
KLM Amsterdam
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Kuwait Airways Kuwait
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa Frankfurt
Libyan Airlines Bayda, Tripoli–Mitiga
Libyan Wings Tripoli–Mitiga
Mahan Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Meraj Airlines Mashhad, Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Middle East Airlines Beirut
Nordwind Airlines[45] Kaliningrad, Kazan, Moscow–Sheremetyevo,[46] Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Samara
Nouvelair Tunis
Oman Air Muscat
Onur Air Kuwait
Pegasus Airlines Izmir,Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Pobeda Kazan, Mineralnye Vody, Moscow–Sheremetyevo,[47] Moscow–Vnukovo, Ufa, Yekaterinburg[48]
Qatar Airways Doha
Qeshm Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Red Wings Airlines Kazan, Moscow–Domodedovo, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Ufa, Yekaterinburg
Rossiya Airlines Saint Petersburg
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia
Saudia Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh
SCAT Airlines Aktau, Shymkent
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu–Shuangliu
Singapore Airlines Singapore
SkyUp Kyiv–Boryspil, Lviv, Odessa
Seasonal: Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia[49]
Somon Air Dushanbe
TAROM Bucharest
Transavia Nantes
Tunisair Tunis
Turkish Airlines Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Accra, Adana, Addis Ababa, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Aktau, Alexandria, Algiers, Almaty, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Ankara, Antalya, Antananarivo, Aqaba, Ashgabat, Asmara, Athens, Atlanta, Baghdad, Bahrain, Baku, Bamako, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Banjul, Barcelona, Bari, Basel/Mulhouse, Basra, Batman, Batumi, Beijing–Capital, Beirut, Belgrade, Berlin, Bilbao, Billund, Bingöl, Birmingham, Bishkek, Bodrum, Bogotá, Bologna, Bordeaux, Boston, Bremen, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cairo, Çanakkale, Cancún, Cape Town, Caracas, Casablanca, Catania, Chicago–O'Hare, Chișinău, Cluj-Napoca, Cologne/Bonn, Colombo–Bandaranaike, Conakry, Constanța, Constantine, Copenhagen, Cotonou, Dakar–Diass, Dalaman, Dallas/Fort Worth (begins 24 September 2021),[50] Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Denizli, Denpasar/Bali, Dhaka, Diyarbakir, Djibouti, Doha, Douala, Dubai–International, Dublin, Dubrovnik, Durban, Dushanbe, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Edremit, Elazığ, Entebbe, Erbil, Erzincan, Erzurum, Frankfurt, Freetown, Ganja, Gassim, Gaziantep, Gazipaşa, Geneva, Gothenburg, Graz, Guangzhou, Hakkari, Hamburg, Hannover, Hanoi, Hatay, Havana, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hurghada, Iğdır, Isfahan, Islamabad, İzmir, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Kabul (suspended), Kahramanmaraş, Karachi, Kars, Kastamonu, Kathmandu, Kayseri, Kazan, Kharkiv, Khartoum, Kherson, Kigali, Kilimanjaro, Kinshasa–N'djili, Konya, Krasnodar, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kütahya–Zafer, Kuwait, Kyiv–Boryspil, Lagos, Lahore, Lefkoşa-Ercan, Leipzig/Halle, Libreville, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Luanda (begins 27 October 2021),[51] Lusaka, Luxembourg, Luxor, Lviv, Lyon, Madrid, Mahé, Malabo, Málaga, Malatya, Malé, Malta, Manchester, Manila, Maputo, Mardin, Marrakech, Marseille, Mashhad, Mauritius, Mazar-i-Sharif (suspended), Medina, Merzifon, Mexico City, Miami, Milan–Malpensa, Minsk, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Montréal–Trudeau, Moscow–Vnukovo, Mumbai, Munich, Muş, Muscat, Mykolaiv (begins 23 September 2021),[52] Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Najaf, Nakhchivan, Naples, N'Djamena, Nevşehir, Newark,[53] New York–JFK, Niamey, Nice, Nouakchott, Nuremberg, Nur-Sultan, Odessa, Oran, Ordu–Giresun, Osaka–Kansai,[54] Oslo, Ouagadougou, Panama City–Tocumen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Phuket, Podgorica, Pointe Noire, Port Harcourt, Porto, Port Sudan, Prague, Pristina, Riga, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Salzburg, Samara, Samarkand, Samsun, San Francisco, Şanlıurfa, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Sarajevo, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Sharjah, Sharm El Sheikh, Shiraz, Singapore, Sinop, Şırnak, Sivas, Skopje, Sochi, Sofia, Stockholm–Arlanda, Strasbourg, Stuttgart, Sulaymaniyah, Tabriz, Ta'if, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tallinn, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tehran–Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Trabzon, Tunis, Turkistan, Ufa, Ulaanbaatar, Urgench, Uşak, Valencia, Van, Vancouver, Varna, Venice, Vienna, Vilnius, Voronezh, Warsaw–Chopin, Washington–Dulles, Xi'an, Yanbu, Yaoundé, Yekaterinburg, Zagreb, Zanzibar, Zaporizhzhia, Zonguldak, Zürich
Seasonal: Friedrichshafen, Moroni, Pisa, Rovaniemi
Turkmenistan Airlines Ashgabat
Ukraine International Airlines Kyiv–Boryspil, Odessa
Utair Grozny[55]
Uzbekistan Airways Samarkand, Tashkent

Cargo[]

AirlinesDestinations
Emirates SkyCargoDubai–International,[56] London–Heathrow[56]

Statistics[]

Below is the passenger data and development for Istanbul Airport for the years 2018–2020:[57]


See source Wikidata query and sources.

Passenger statistics at Istanbul Airport[58]
Year Domestic
passengers 		Passenger
% change 		International
passenger 		Passenger
% change 		Total
passenger 		Passenger
% change
20181 65,006 Steady 30,199 Steady 95,205 Steady
2019 12,574,641 Increase 19243.9% 39,434,579 Increase 130482.4% 52,009,220 Increase 54528.7%
2020
 7,414,437 Decrease 41% 15,994,695 Decrease 59.6% 23,409,132 Decrease 55%
2021 (Jan-May) 2,465,678 Decrease 21% 9,951,081 Decrease 24% 9,416,756 Decrease 24%

^1 : 2018 statistics correspond to the last 3 months of 2018 since the opening of the airport.

Ground transport[]

Although currently the airport is only serviced from the city by affordable private Havaist and public İETT buses,[59] it will eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro. The new M11 line starting from Gayrettepe station is scheduled to open in late 2021. Another from Halkalı on the Marmaray rail line is expected to be completed in 2022.[60]

Mainline railway will connect the airport to Halkalı, and via outer city bypass running over the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge across the Bosporus and connecting with the Asian rail network at Gebze.[61]

See also[]

References[]

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External links[]

Media related to Istanbul Airport at Wikimedia Commons

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