Italian settlers in Libya

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Italian settlers in Libya
Barqa2.jpg
An image showing an Italian colonist couple in Libya
Total population
119,139[1] (in 1939)
Regions with significant populations
Tripoli, Benghazi, Khoms
Languages
Italian, Sicilian, other languages of Italy, Libyan Arabic
Religion
Christianity, mostly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Italians (Italian diaspora)
The modernist Catholic Church of Massah (formerly Villaggio Luigi Razza in 1940

Italian settlers in Libya (Italian: Italo-libici, also called Italian Libyans) typically refers to Italians, and their descendants, who resided or were born in Libya during the Italian colonial period.

History[]

Italian heritage in Libya can be dated back to Ancient Rome, when the Romans controlled and colonized Libya for a period of more than five centuries prior to the fall of the Roman Empire and its takeover by Arab and Turkish civilizations. But predominantly Italian heritage in Libya refers to modern-day Italians.

In 1911, the Kingdom of Italy waged war on the Ottoman Empire and captured Libya as a colony. Italian settlers were encouraged to come to Libya and did so from 1911 until the outbreak of World War II.

Developments[]

An idealized image of the take over of Ottoman Tripolitania by Italy in 1911.

In less than thirty years (1911–1940), the Italians in Libya built a significant amount of public works (roads, railways, buildings, ports, etc.) and the Libyan economy flourished. They even created the Tripoli Grand Prix, an international motor racing event first held in 1925 on a racing circuit outside Tripoli (it lasted until 1940).[2]

Italian farmers cultivated lands that had returned to native desert for many centuries, and improved Italian Libya's agriculture to international standards (even with the creation of new farm villages).[3]

Catholicism experienced a huge growth in those years, with many new churches built for the growing Italian community: in the late 1920s the two catholic Cathedrals of Tripoli and Benghazi were built. The one in Benghazi was considered the biggest in north Africa.

The governor Italo Balbo is attributed with the creation of modern Libya in 1934, when he convinced Italian leader Benito Mussolini to unite the Italian colonies of Tripolitania, Cirenaica and the Fezzan into one single country named "Libia" in Italian.[4]

Emigrants[]

Italians leaving Genoa for Libya

Libya was considered the new "America" for the Italian emigrants in the 1930s, substituting the United States.[5]

The Italians in Libya numbered 108,419 (12.37% of the total population) at the time of the 1939 census. They were concentrated in the coast around the city of Tripoli (they constituted 37% of the city's population) and Benghazi (31%).

In 1938, Governor Balbo brought 20,000 Italian farmers to colonize Libya, and 26 new villages were founded for them, mainly in Cyrenaica.[6]

On January 9, 1939, the colony of Libya was incorporated into metropolitan Italy and thereafter considered an integral part of the Italian state. Libya, as the Fourth Shore, was to be part of the Imperial Italy, desired by the Italian irredentists.

By 1939 the Libyan Italians had built 400 km of new railroads and 4,000 km of new roads (the largest and most important was the one from Tripoli to Tobruk, on the coast) in Libya.

World War II[]

Italian soldiers with colonialists in Libya, 1942.

In 1940 World War II broke out between Italy and Great Britain. The defeat of the Axis forces in the North African Campaigns of World War II meant Italy lost Libya to British and French control. After these Western Desert Campaign defeats in 1943, Italy was forced to abandon its colonial intentions and projects, but most of the Italian settlers remained in Libya.

After World War II[]

From 1947 to 1951, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were under British administration, while the French controlled Fezzan. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty with the Allies, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya. On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya, a constitutional and hereditary monarchy. The Italian population virtually disappeared after the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi ordered the expulsion of remaining Italians (about 20,000) in 1970. After the nationalization of Italian companies, only a small number of Italians remained in Libya. In 1986, after the political crisis between the United States and Libya, the number of Italians decreased even further, reaching an all-time low of 1 500 people, that is, less than 0.1% of the population. In the 1990s and 2000s, with the end of the economic embargo, some Colonial-era Italians (a few dozen pensioners) returned to Libya. In 2004 there were 22 530 Italians in Libya, almost the same number as in 1962, mainly skilled workers in the oil industries (first of allENI, present Libya since 1953)arrived at the end of the nineties. [5]

Further information: Day of Revenge (Libya)

Only a few hundred of them have been allowed to return to Libya in the 2000s.

On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation treaty in Benghazi. Under its terms, Italy would pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies. The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi. Co-operation ended in February 2011 as a result of the Libyan Civil War which overthrew Gaddafi. At the signing ceremony of the document, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi recognized historic atrocities and repression committed by the state of Italy against the Libyan people during colonial rule, stating: In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule." and went on to say that this was a "complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era".[7]

21st century[]

Only a few hundred Italians have been allowed to return to Libya in the 2000s (decade). In 2006 the Italian embassy in Tripoli calculated that there were approximately 1,000 original Libyan Italians in Libya, mostly elderly people living in Tripoli and Benghazi. After the National Transitional Council (NTC) has been responsible for the transition of the administration of the governing of Libya in 2011, some Italo-Libyan refugees in Italy who were expelled by Gaddafi returned to Libya. After the nationalization of Italian companies, only a small number of Italians remained in Libya. In 1986,after the political crisis between the United States and Libya, the number of Italians decreased even further, reaching an all-time low of 1 500 people, that is, less than 0.1% of the population. In the 1990s and 2000s, with the end of the economicembargo, some Colonial-era Italians (a few dozen pensioners) returned to Libya. In 2004 there were 22 530 Italians in Libya, almost the same number as in 1962,mainly skilled workers in the oil industries (first of allENI,present libya since 1953)arrived at the end of the nineties. [5]

On 16 February 2006, the Italian consulate in Benghazi was closed following protests after Minister Roberto Calderoli showed live on television that he was wearing a T-shirt depicting one of the caricatures of Muhammad. The protests resulted in the deaths of 11 Libyans and the wounding of 60 others, as well as damage to the Italian consulate. [6][7]

According toAIRE in 2007 there were officially only 598 Italians in Libya. There are over twenty thousand Italian exiles and are currently represented by theItalian Association of Returnees from Libya. [8]

The state of civil war that has been created since February 2011,has almost zeroed the presence of Italians. Following the civil war of 2011, Italians in Libya were repatriated with special flights of Alitalia from Leonardo da Vinci International Airport to Tripoli[9]. On February 25, the ship San Giorgio docked in Misurata and evacuated 245 people, including 121 Italians[10], including 25 Italian tourists left without food in Fezzan[11] Few Italians (mainly humanitarian and diplomatic workers, in addition to oil technicians) have returned to Libya since 2012, but the majority of them have started again with the resurgence of the second civil war in Libya.

There are also many descendants (probably 10,000, according to estimates of Italian historian Vidali) of Italian settlers who married Arabs and/or Berbers, and Libyans of mixed Italian and Arab/Berber blood may be considered Arabs or Berbers in the Libyan census.

At present, the Libyan Italians are organized in the Associazione Italiani Rimpatriati dalla Libia.[8] They are involved in a struggle to have their confiscated properties returned.[9]

Libyan Italians chart[]

Year Italians Percentage Total population of Libya Source
1927 26,000 [1]
1931 44,600 [1]
1936 66,525 7.84% 848,600 [1]Enciclopedia Geografica Mondiale K-Z, De Agostini,1996
1939 119,139 13.33% 893,774 [1]
1962 35,000 2.1% 1,681,739 Enciclopedia Motta, Vol.VIII, Motta Editore, 1969
1982 1,500 0.05% 2,856,000 Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori, 1988
2004 22,530 0.4% 5,631,585 L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde

Notable people[]

Location of Italy (orange) and Libya (teal)
Well-known Italian Libyans born in Libya (according to their place of birth)

Tripoli[]

  • Claudio Gentile (born 1953), international football player and coach
  • Rossana Podestà (1934-2013), international actress
  • Franco Califano (1938-2013), singer and music composer
  • Don Coscarelli (born 1954), movie director and writer
  • Herbert Pagani (1944–1988), singer
  • Adriano Visconti (1915–1945), fighter pilot and flying ace
  • Nicolò D'Alessandro (born 1944), artist and writer
  • Emanuele Caracciolo (1912–1944), movie producer
  • Robert Haggiag (1913–2009), film producer
  • Nicola Conte (1920–1976), navy officer
  • Victor Magiar (born 1957), writer
  • Valentino Parlato (born 1930), journalist and newspaper editor
  • Gianni Pilo (born 1939), writer
  • Ottavio Macaione (Born 1925–2016), favorite local football player in Tripoli.
  • Valeria Rossi (born 1969), singer

Benghazi[]

  • Maurizio Seymandi (born 1939), TV anchor
  •  [it] (1924–1984), Italian Army General

Tarhuna[]

  • Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli (1942–2019), Libyan-Italian Roman Catholic prelate

Al Khums[]

  • Mario Schifano (1934–1998), painter

Marj[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Istat (December 2010). "I censimenti nell'Italia unita I censimenti nell'Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo" (PDF). Annali di Statistica. XII. 2: 269. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Tripoli Grand Prix 1937 سباق الملاحة" – via www.youtube.com.
  3. ^ "New villages in coastal Libya (in Italian)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011.
  4. ^ Italo Balbo, called "Father of Libya" in Taylor, Blaine. Fascist Eagle: Italy's Air Marshal Italo Balbo.
  5. ^ Favero, Luigi e Tassello, Graziano. Cent'anni di emigrazione italiana (1876-1976). Cser. Roma, 1978.
  6. ^ In 1938 20,000 Italian colonists settled in coastal Libya. Italian authorities created 26 new agricultural villages for them: Olivetti, Bianchi, Giordani, Micca, Tazzoli, Breviglieri, Marconi, Garabulli, Crispi, Corradini, Garibaldi, Littoriano, Castel Benito, Filzi, Baracca, Maddalena, Aro, Oberdan, D’Annunzio, Razza, Mameli, Battisti, Berta, Luigi di Savoia and Gioda.
  7. ^ The Report: Libya 2008. Oxford Business Group, 2008.Pp. 17.
  8. ^ "Home". AIRL.
  9. ^ "History of the Italian refugees from Gheddafi Libya (in Italian)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2013-05-24.

Bibliography[]

  • Metz, Helen Chapin (1989). Libya : a country study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 88600480.
  • Sarti, Roland. The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action. Modern Viewpoints. New York, 1974.
  • Smeaton Munro, Ion. Through Fascism to World Power: A History of the Revolution in Italy. Ayer Publishing. Manchester (New Hampshire), 1971. ISBN 0-8369-5912-4
  • Taylor, Blaine. Fascist Eagle: Italy's Air Marshal Italo Balbo. Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 1-57510-012-6

External links[]

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