Italian Canadians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Italian Canadians
Italo-canadesi  (Italian)
Italo-canadiens  (French)
Italy Canada
Italian Canadian population by province.svg
Italian Canadians as percent of population by province/territory
Total population
1,587,970 (total population)
236,635 (by birth)
1,351,335 (by ancestry)
2016 Census[1]
4.6% of Canada's population.
Regions with significant populations
Greater Toronto Area, Hamilton, Niagara Region, London, Guelph, Windsor, Ottawa–Gatineau, Barrie, Sault Ste. Marie, Greater Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Greater Montreal, Greater Vancouver
Languages
Religion
Predominately Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Americans, Italian Argentines, Italian Brazilians, Italian Uruguayans, Italian Chileans, Italian Mexicans, Italian South Africans, Italian Australians, British Italian, Sicilian Americans, Corsican Americans

Italian Canadians (Italian: italo-canadesi, French: italo-canadiens) comprise Canadians who have full or partial Italian heritage and Italians who migrated from Italy or reside in Canada. According to the 2016 Census of Canada, 1,587,970 Canadians (4.6% of the total population) claimed full or partial Italian ancestry.[1] The census enumerates the entire Canadian population, which consists of Canadian citizens (by birth and by naturalization), landed immigrants and non-permanent residents and their families living with them in Canada.[2] Residing mainly in central urban industrial metropolitan areas, Italian Canadians are the seventh largest self-identified ethnic group in Canada behind French, English, Irish, Scottish, German and Chinese Canadians.

Italian immigration to Canada started as early as the mid 19th century. A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century, primarily from rural southern Italy, with immigrants primarily settling in Toronto and Montreal. In the interwar period after World War I, new immigration laws in the 1920s limited Italian immigration. During World War II, approximately 600 to 700 Italian Canadian men were interned between 1940 and 1943 as potentially dangerous enemy aliens with alleged fascist connections.

A second wave of immigration occurred after the World War II, and between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year, many of the men working in the construction industry upon settling. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities. In 2010, the Government of Ontario proclaimed the month of June as Italian Heritage Month, and in 2017, the Government of Canada also declared the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada.

History[]

Italian immigrants lay cobblestones on King Street in Toronto, 1903
A grocery store owned by an Italian family in Little Italy, Montreal, 1910
Sign of Mirador, a restaurant in Montreal owned by an Italian immigrant, 1948

The first explorer to coastal North America was the Venetian John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), making landfall in Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1497.[3] His voyage to Canada and other parts of the Americas was followed by his son Sebastian Cabot (Sebastiano Caboto) and Giovanni da Verrazzano. The first Canadian census enumerating the population was not conducted until 1871. At this time, there were only 1,035 people of Italian origin that lived in Canada.[4] A number of Italians were imported, often as "soldiers of fortune" and "men of letters", to work as navvies in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[5] In 1904, 3,144 of the 8,576 seasonal Canadian Pacific Railway workforce were Italian men.[6]

A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century when over 60,000 Italians moved to Canada between 1900 and 1913.[7] These were largely peasants from southern Italy and agrarian parts of the north-east (Veneto and Friuli).[6] In 1905, the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Immigration of Italian Labourers to Montreal and alleged Fraudulent Practices of Employment Agencies was launched into deceptive tactics used by padroni, labour brokers that recruited Italian workers for Canadian employers.[8] These numbers were dwarfed in comparison to those of the United States, however, where about four million Italians immigrated between 1880 and 1920.[6] Italian Canadians primarily immigrated to Toronto and Montreal.[9] In Toronto, the Italian population increased from 4,900 in 1911, to 9,000 in 1921, constituting almost two percent of Toronto's population.[10] Italians in Toronto and in Montreal soon established ethnic enclaves, especially Little Italies in Toronto and in Montreal. Smaller communities also arose in Vancouver, Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Guelph, Windsor, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa and Sherbrooke. Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia (Trail),[11] Alberta (Crowsnest Pass),[12] Cape Breton Island (Inverness),[13] and Northern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William).[14]

This migration was largely halted after World War I, new immigration laws in the 1920s, and the Great Depression limited Italian immigration. Approximately 40,000 Italians came to Canada during the interwar period, predominantly from southern Italy where an economic depression and overpopulation had left many families in poverty.[7] During World War II, Italian Canadians were regarded with suspicion and faced a great deal of discrimination. As part of the War Measures Act, 31,000 Italian Canadians were labelled as "enemy aliens" with alleged fascist connections, and between 1940 and 1943, approximately 600 to 700 of these Italian Canadian men were arrested and sent to internment camps, such as Camp Petawawa—in what was the period of Italian Canadian internment. While many Italian-Canadians had initially supported fascism and Benito Mussolini's regime for its role in enhancing Italy's presence on the world stage, most Italians in Canada did not harbour any ill will against Canada and few remained committed followers of the fascist ideology.[15][7] In 1990, former prime minister Brian Mulroney apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians to a Toronto meeting of the National Congress of Italian Canadians.[16] In May 2009, Massimo Pacetti introduced bill C-302, an "Act to recognize the injustice that was done to persons of Italian origin through their "enemy alien" designation and internment during the Second World War, and to provide for restitution and promote education on Italian Canadian history [worth $2.5 million]", which was passed by the House of Commons on April 28, 2010;[17] Canada Post was also to issue a commemorative postage stamp commemorating the internment of Italian Canadian citizens,[18] however, Bill C-302 did not pass through the necessary stages to become law.[19] In 2021, prime minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians, in the House of Commons.[20]

A second wave occurred after World War II when Italians, especially from the Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Campania, Calabria, and Sicily regions, left the war-impoverished country for opportunities in a young and growing country.[6] Between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year.[7] Between 1946 and 1967, more than 90 percent of Italian immigrants took advantage of the sponsorship system whereby they were admitted into Canada if sponsored by relatives residing in Canada that would assume the financial responsibility for them during their settlement period.[6] In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.[7] In 1967, the sponsorship system was restricted, instead basing immigrant selection on labour-market considerations, also decreasing the influx of Italian immigration.[6] 90 percent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period, the community still had fluency in the Italian language.[21]

Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period.[22]

The rapid growth of the metropolitan areas that had attracted Italian immigrants, created a strong demand for construction work, and by the 1960s, more than 15,000 Italian men worked in Toronto's construction industry, representing one third of all construction workers in the city at that time.[7] Others started small businesses such as barber shops, grocery stores and bakeries that created Italian ethnic enclaves.[6] Italian women who entered the workforce often worked in the garment and clothing industry.[6] The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities.[6] A mid-1960s study conducted in Montreal found that two in three Canadian-born Italians had their nearest relative living in the same building as them or within a five-minute walking distance, and that more than half of those sampled had chosen to buy a house in a given area due to familiarity and because relatives and other Italian Canadians lived in the vicinity.[6] 75 percent of Italians that immigrated after World War II were employed in low-income occupations, but by the mid-1980s, the children of immigrants had achieved a level of higher education comparable to the national average.[5] By the 1980s, 86 percent of Italian Canadians owned a home, compared to 70 percent of the general population.[5]

In 2010, the Government of Ontario passed Bill 103 with royal assent proclaiming the month of June as Italian Heritage Month.[23] On May 17, 2017, the Minister of Canadian Heritage Mélanie Joly passed a unanimous motion, Motion 64, in the House of Commons to recognize the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada — a time to recognize, celebrate and raise awareness of the Italian community in Canada, one of the largest outside of Italy.[24]

Demographics[]

Ethnicity[]

As of the 2016 census 1,587,970 Canadian residents stated they had Italian ancestry — 4.6 percent of Canada's population, and a six percent increase from 1,488,425 population of the 2011 census.[1] From the 1,587,970, 695,420 were single ethnic origin responses, while the remaining 892,550 were multiple ethnic origin responses. The majority live in Ontario, over 900,000, (seven percent of the population), while over 300,000 live in Quebec (four percent of the population) — constituting for almost 80 percent of the national population.

Canadians of Italian ethnicity
Year Population (single and multiple
ethnic origin responses) 		% of total ethnic
population 		Population (single ethnic
origin responses) 		Population (multiple ethnic
origin responses)
1871[4] 1,035 0.03% N/A N/A
[4] 1,849 0.04% N/A N/A
[4] 10,834 0.20% N/A N/A
1911[25] 45,411 0.64% N/A N/A
1921[4] 66,769 0.76% N/A N/A
1931[4] 98,173 0.95% N/A N/A
1941[4] 112,625 0.98% N/A N/A
1951[4] 152,245 1.1% N/A N/A
[26] 459,351 2.5% N/A N/A
[4] 730,820 3.4% N/A N/A
[6] 747,970 3.1% N/A N/A
[27] 1,147,780 4.1% 750,055 397,725
1996[28] 1,207,475 4.2% 729,455 478,025
2001[29] 1,270,370 4.3% 726,275 544,090
2006[30] 1,445,335 4.6% 741,045 704,285
2011[31] 1,488,425 4.5% 700,845 787,580
2016[32] 1,587,970 4.6% 695,420 892,550
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (1991–2006)
Province/territory Population (1991)[27] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[28] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[29] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[30] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Ontario 701,430 7.0% 743,425 7.0% 781,345 6.9% 867,980 7.2%
Quebec 226,645 3.3% 244,740 3.5% 249,205 3.5% 299,655 4.0%
British Columbia 111,990 3.4% 117,895 3.2% 126,420 3.3% 143,160 3.5%
Alberta 61,245 2.4% 58,140 2.2% 67,655 2.3% 82,015 2.5%
Manitoba 17,900 1.6% 17,205 1.6% 18,550 1.7% 21,405 1.9%
Nova Scotia 11,915 1.3% 11,200 1.2% 11,240 1.3% 13,505 1.5%
Saskatchewan 8,290 0.84% 7,145 0.73% 7,565 0.79% 7,970 0.80%
New Brunswick 4,995 0.69% 4,645 0.64% 5,610 0.78% 5,900 0.80%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,740 0.31% 1,505 0.28% 1,180 0.23% 1,375 0.27%
Prince Edward Island 665 0.51% 515 0.39% 605 0.45% 1,005 0.75%
Yukon 440 1.6% 545 1.8% 500 1.8% 620 2.0%
Northwest Territories 510 0.88% 525 0.82% 400 1.1% 610 1.5%
Nunavut N/A[note 1] N/A N/A N/A 95 0.36% 125 0.40%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (2011–2016)
Province/territory Population (2011)[31] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[32] % of total ethnic population (2016)
Ontario 883,990 7.0% 931,805 7.0%
Quebec 307,810 4.0% 326,700 4.1%
British Columbia 150,660 3.5% 166,090 3.6%
Alberta 88,705 2.5% 101,260 2.5%
Manitoba 21,960 1.9% 23,205 1.9%
Nova Scotia 14,305 1.6% 15,625 1.7%
Saskatchewan 9,530 1.0% 11,310 1.1%
New Brunswick 7,195 1.0% 7,460 1.0%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,825 0.36% 1,710 0.33%
Prince Edward Island 955 0.70% 1,200 0.86%
Yukon 725 2.2% 915 2.6%
Northwest Territories 545 1.3% 505 1.2%
Nunavut 215 0.70% 175 0.49%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by metropolitan area and census agglomeration (1991–2006)
Metropolitan area Population (1991)[27] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[28][34] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[35] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[36] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Toronto CMA[note 2] N/A N/A 414,310 9.8% 429,380 9.2% 466,155 9.2%
Montreal CMA N/A N/A 220,935 6.7% 224,460 6.6% 260,345 7.3%
Greater Vancouver N/A N/A 64,285 3.5% 69,000 3.5% 76,345 3.6%
Hamilton CMA 58,785[note 3] 9.8% 62,035[note 4] 10.0% 67,685[note 5] 10.3% 72,440[note 6] 10.6%
Niagara Region 43,040 10.9% 44,515 11.0% 44,645 12.0% 48,850 12.7%
National Capital Region N/A N/A 34,350 3.4% 37,435 3.6% 45,005 4.0%
Windsor N/A N/A 29,270 10.6% 30,680 10.1% 33,725 10.5%
Greater Calgary N/A N/A 23,885 2.9% 29,120 3.1% 33,645 3.1%
Greater Edmonton N/A N/A 20,020 2.3% 22,385 2.4% 28,805 2.8%
London N/A N/A 15,570 4.0% 17,290 4.1% 20,380 4.5%
Greater Winnipeg N/A N/A 15,245 2.3% 16,105 2.4% 18,580 2.7%
Oshawa CMA[note 7] N/A N/A 11,675 4.4% 13,990 4.8% 18,225 5.6%
Sault Ste. Marie N/A N/A 16,480 20.0% 16,315 21.0% 17,720 22.4%
Thunder Bay N/A N/A 15,095 12.1% 15,395 12.8% 17,290 14.3%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo N/A N/A 10,240 2.5% 11,365 2.8% 13,675 3.1%
Guelph N/A N/A N/A N/A 11,135 9.6% 12,110 9.6%
Greater Sudbury N/A N/A 11,990 7.5% 12,030 7.8% 13,415 8.6%
Barrie N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10,330 5.9%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by metropolitan area and census agglomeration (2011–2016)
Metropolitan area Population (2011)[37] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[38] % of total ethnic population (2016)
Toronto CMA[note 2] 475,090 8.6% 484,360 8.3%
Montreal CMA 263,565 7.0% 279,795 7.0%
Greater Vancouver 82,435 3.6% 87,875 3.6%
Hamilton CMA 75,900[note 8] 10.7% 79,725[note 9] 10.8%
National Capital Region 47,975 4.0% 53,825 4.1%
Niagara Region 48,530 12.6% 49,345 12.4%
Greater Calgary 36,875 3.1% 42,940 3.1%
Greater Edmonton 29,580 2.6% 33,800 2.6%
Windsor 30,880 9.8% 33,175 10.2%
Oshawa CMA[note 7] 20,265 5.8% 22,870 6.1%
London 20,210 4.3% 22,625 4.6%
Greater Winnipeg 18,405 2.6% 19,435 2.6%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 14,860 3.2% 18,650 3.6%
Thunder Bay 15,575 13.1% 16,610 14.0%
Sault Ste. Marie 16,005 20.4% 16,025 20.9%
Barrie 11,415 6.2% 14,460 7.4%
Guelph 12,915 9.3% 14,430 9.6%
Greater Sudbury 13,115 8.3% 13,500 8.3%
Victoria 10,535 3.1% 11,665 3.3%

Language and immigration[]

As of 2016, of the 1,587,970 population, 236,635 are Italian born immigrants,[39] with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue.[40]

Italian mother tongue speakers in Canada
Year Population % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada
1991[41] 449,660 12.7% 1.7%
1996[42] 484,500 10.5% 1.7%
2001[43] 469,485 9.0% 1.6%
2006[44] 455,040 7.4% 1.5%
2011[45] 407,485 6.2% 1.2%
2016[46] 375,645 5.1% 1.1%
Italian immigrant population to Canada
Period Population % of total
Canadian immigration
1901–1910[6] 58,104 3.5%
1911–1920[6] 62,663 3.7%
1921–1930[6] 26,183 2.1%
1931–1940[6] 3,898 2.4%
1941–1950[6] 20,682 4.2%
1951–1960[6] 250,812 15.9%
1961–1970[6] 190,760 13.5%
1971–1978[6] 37,087 3.1%
Italian immigrant population in Canada
Year Population % of immigrants
in Canada 		% of Canadian
population
1986[47] 366,820 9.4% 1.5%
1991[47] 351,615 8.1% 1.3%
1996[47] 332,110 6.7% 1.2%
2001[48] 315,455 5.8% 1.1%
2006[49] 296,850 4.8% 0.94%
2011[50] 260,250 3.6% 0.78%
2016[39] 236,635 3.1% 0.67%

Italian Canadian culture[]

Radio and television[]

Son to Italian immigrants, Johnny Lombardi was born in The Ward in 1915, and went on to found one of the first multilingual radio stations in Canada, CHIN in 1966, in Palmerston–Little Italy.[51][52]

Dan Iannuzzi founded the first multicultural television station in Canada (CFMT-TV), which began operations in Toronto in 1979. Now owned by Rogers Sports & Media, it is one of the flagship stations of the Canadian multilingual network Omni Television.[53]

Montreal's CJNT dubbed some of E!'s programming, including documentary-based shows such as E! True Hollywood Story, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, to help partially fulfill CJNT's ethnic programming requirements.[54]

Telelatino (TLN) is a Canadian English-language specialty channel that primarily broadcasts lifestyle programming surrounding the Latin American and Italian cultures, including cooking and travel-related programs, as well as coverage of international soccer, and mainstream television series and films. Telebimbi is an Italian language specialty channel owned by TLN Media Group that broadcasts programming primarily aimed at children.

Rai Italia, Mediaset Italia and Mediaset TGCOM 24 are also popular Italian-made channels that can be purchased.

Newspapers and magazines[]

The first Italian-language newspaper in Canada was Il Lavoratore, an anti-Fascist publication which was founded in Toronto in 1936 and active for two years. Then came , founded in Toronto (1938-1940) and Il Cittadino Canadese, founded in Montreal in 1941, followed by of Toronto, in 1942-1943. After WWII came Il Corriere Italiano, founded by in Montreal in the early 1950s. Corriere Canadese, founded by Dan Iannuzzi in 1954, is Canada's only Italian-language daily today and is published in Toronto; its weekend (English-language) edition is published as Tandem.

Other newspapers include (Vancouver), founded in 1974, Insieme (Montreal), (Toronto), (Ottawa) and Il Postino (Ottawa). Il Postino was established in 2000, by a young group of local Ottawa Italian Canadians to convey the history of the Italian community in Ottawa.[55] Insieme was founded by the Italian Catholic parishes of Montreal but has since been put under private ownership. It nevertheless retains an emphasis on religious articles.

magazine was launched in 1993 as a challenging, independent magazine of Italian-Canadian culture. It encountered commercial difficulty, and leaned towards a general lifestyle magazine format before concluding publication later in the 1990s. of Montreal is published sporadically and is written in Italian, with some articles in French and English, dealing with current affairs and community news. , while an older publication, was taken over by the youth wing of the National Congress of Italian Canadians (Québec chapter) in the late 1990s. It experimented with different formats but was later cancelled due to lack of funding. In the 1970s the trilingual arts magazine flourished in Montreal. In, 2003 Domenic Cusmano founded , the magazine which focused on culture and Italian-Canadian authors.

Literature[]

Italian Canadian literature emerged in the 1970s as young Italian immigrants began to complete university degrees across Canada. This creative writing exists in English, French, or Italian. Some writers like Antonio D'Alfonso, Marco Micone, Alexandre Amprimoz and Filippo Salvatore are bilingual and publish in two languages. The older generation of authors like Maria Ardizzi, Romano Perticarini, Giovanni Costa and Tonino Caticchio publish in Italian or in bilingual volumes. In English the most notable names are novelists Frank G. Paci, Nino Ricci, Caterina Edwards, Michael Mirolla and Darlene Madott. Poets who write in English include Mary di Michele, Pier Giorgio Di Cicco and . In 1986 these authors established the Association of Italian-Canadian Writers,[56] and by 2001 there were over 100 active writers publishing books of poetry, fiction, drama and anthologies. With the 1985 publication of by Joseph Pivato, the academic study of this literature started, leading to the exploration of other ethnic minority writing in Canada and inspiring other scholars such as Licia Canton, Pasquale Verdicchio and George Elliott Clarke. The important collections of literary works are: The Anthology of Italian-Canadian Writing (1998) edited by Joseph Pivato and Pillars of Lace: The Anthology of Italian-Canadian Women Writers (1998) edited by Marisa De Franceschi. See also Writing Cultural Difference: Italian-Canadian Creative and Critical Works (2015) editors Giulia De Gasperi, Maria Cristina Seccia, Licia Canton and Michael Mirolla.

Education[]

On October 25, 2012, the Government of Canada announced its support of a project highlighting Italian-Canadian contribution to Canada. Funding aimed at raising awareness of the contributions of Canadians of Italian heritage in the development and settlement of Canada was announced by Julian Fantino, Minister of International Cooperation and Member of Parliament for Vaughan, on behalf of Citizenship and Immigration Canada.[57]

Citizenship and Immigration Canada is providing $248,397 in funding under the Inter-Action Program to the Toronto district of the (NCIC) to develop a curriculum intended for both primary and secondary level classes. The project is entitled "Italian Heritage in Canada Curriculum."[57]

"The Inter-Action program aims to create opportunities for different cultural and faith communities to build bridges and promote intercultural understanding," said Minister Fantino. "This project will help promote a greater awareness of the many contributions of the Italian Canadian community to the building of Canada."[57]

The curriculum will start with the Discovery of North America on June 24, 1497, and then turn to the various waves of immigrants that came to Canada from the 1800s to the present time. It will showcase Italian immigration to urban and rural areas across Canada and their contributions to the settlement of the west, then the building of railways, cities and infrastructure. The curriculum will recount the work of earlier generations of Italians, their plight during World War II when many were interned, and the contributions of more recent generations of Canadians of Italian heritage. It will also explore the wartime internment experiences of other cultural communities as well as their contributions to the building of Canada.[57]

Notable Italian Canadians[]

Main article: List of Italian Canadians

Italian districts in Canada[]

Alberta[]

  • Little Italy, Edmonton

Greater Montreal area[]

Ottawa[]

Hamilton[]

Greater Toronto Area[]

Windsor, Ontario[]

  • Via Italia, Erie St.

British Columbia[]

  • Burnaby, British Columbia
  • Little Italy, Vancouver
  • Trail, British Columbia

Manitoba[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Before it separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act.[33]
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b See Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area for more detailed information. Unlike the Greater Toronto Area, the Toronto CMA does not include the Halton municipality of Burlington, and some Durham municipalities, those being Scugog and Brock, as well as those within the Oshawa CMA (Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington). It does, however, include some municipalities outside the Greater Toronto Area, those being the Dufferin County municipalities of Mono and Orangeville, and the Simcoe County municipalities of Bradford West Gwillimbury and New Tecumseth. The Greater Toronto Area, comprises the whole of the Regional Municipality of York, Regional Municipality of Durham, Regional Municipality of Halton, Regional Municipality of Peel and the City of Toronto.
  3. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality (Hamilton (36,145, 11.4% of total population), Stoney Creek (10,150, 20.3% of total population), Glanbrook (630, 6.5% of total population), Ancaster (2,175, 9.9% of total population), Dundas (900, 4.1% of total population), Flamborough (1,320, 4.5% of total population)), Burlington (6,325, 4.9% of total population) and Grimsby (1,140, 6.2% of total population)
  4. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality (Hamilton (35,635, 11.1% of total population), Stoney Creek (10,705, 19.7% of total population), Glanbrook (1,040, 9.9% of total population), Ancaster (2,475, 10.6% of total population), Dundas (1,155, 5.0% of total population), Flamborough (1,815, 5.3% of total population)), Burlington (7,715, 5.6% of total population) and Grimsby (1,495, 7.6% of total population)
  5. ^ Includes post-amalgamated Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality into Hamilton (56,265, 11.6% of total population), Burlington (9,520, 6.4% of total population) and Grimsby (1,905, 9.1% of total population)
  6. ^ Includes Hamilton (58,800, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (11,430, 7.0% of total population) and Grimsby (2,215, 9.4% of total population)
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Includes the municipalities of Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington. See Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area for more detailed information.
  8. ^ Includes Hamilton (60,535, 11.9% of total population), Burlington (12,755, 7.4% of total population) and Grimsby (2,610, 10.4% of total population)
  9. ^ Includes Hamilton (62,335, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (14,235, 7.9% of total population) and Grimsby (3,155 11.8% of total population)

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Statistics Canada (2017-10-25). "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
  2. ^ "Census of Population". Statistics Canada. February 2019. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  3. ^ Derek Croxton (2007). "The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Elspeth Cameron (2004). Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader. Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 9781551302492.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Italian Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bruno Ramirez (1989). The Italians in Canada (PDF). Canadian Historical Association.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History - Pier 21". www.pier21.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  8. ^ "Royal Commission on Italian Immigration, 1904-1905". pier21.ca.
  9. ^ Johanne Sloan (2007). Urban Enigmas: Montreal, Toronto, and the Problem of Comparing Cities. ISBN 9780773577077.
  10. ^ Sturino, Franc (1990). Forging the chain: a case study of Italian migration to North America, 2000-1930. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 168. ISBN 0-919045-45-6.
  11. ^ "Trail B.C.'s Italian community celebrates decades of memories through photo project". cbc.ca. October 15, 2017.
  12. ^ "Crowsnest Pass". archive.nationaltrustcanada.ca.
  13. ^ Scotia, Communications Nova (October 20, 2014). "Government of Nova Scotia". archives.novascotia.ca.
  14. ^ Pucci, Antonio (1977). The Italian community in Fort William's East End in the early twentieth century (Thesis). lakeheadu.ca.
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Further reading[]

  • Colantonio, Frank (1997). From the Ground up: an Italian Immigrant's Story. Toronto, Ont.: Between the Lines. 174 p., ill. with b&w photos.
  • Fanella, Antonella (1999), With heart and soul: Calgary's Italian community, University of Calgary Press, ISBN 1-55238-020-3

External links[]

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