Jarosław

Jarosław
Town Hall and market square
Flag Coat of arms
Jarosław Jarosław Show map of Subcarpathian VoivodeshipShow map of PolandShow all
Coordinates: 50°1′7″N 22°40′47″E / 50.01861°N 22.67972°E / 50.01861; 22.67972Coordinates: 50°1′7″N 22°40′47″E / 50.01861°N 22.67972°E / 50.01861; 22.67972
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Subcarpathian
County	Jarosław County
Gmina	Jarosław (urban gmina)
First mentioned	1152
Town rights	1375
Government
• Mayor	Waldemar Paluch
Area
• Total	34.46 km2 (13.31 sq mi)
Population  (2014)
• Total	38,970
• Density	1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	37-500
Car plates	RJA
Website	http://www.jaroslaw.pl

Jarosław (Polish: [jaˈrɔswaf] (listen); Ukrainian: Ярослав, romanized: Yaroslav, IPA: [jɐroˈslɑu̯]; Yiddish: יאַרעסלאָוו‎, romanized: Yareslov; German: Jaroslau) is a town in south-eastern Poland, with 38,970 inhabitants, as of 30 June 2014.^[1] Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Przemyśl Voivodeship (1975–1998), it is the capital of Jarosław County.

History[]

A historical view of Jarosław on a mural in the town center

Jarosław is located in the territory of the old Polish tribe of Lendians. According to tradition, the town was established in 1031 by Yaroslav the Wise, after the area was annexed from Poland by the Kievan Rus', although the first confirmed mention of the town comes from 1152. The region was eventually regained by Poland, and the settlement was granted Magdeburg town rights by Polish Duke Władysław Opolczyk in 1375.

The city quickly developed as important trade centre and a port on the San river, reaching the period of its greatest prosperity in 16th and 17th century, with trade routes linking Silesia with Ruthenia and Gdańsk with Hungary coming through it and merchants from such distant countries as Spain, England, Finland, Armenia and Persia arriving at the annual three-week-long fair on the feast of the Assumption. In 1574 a Jesuit college was established in Jarosław. Jarosław was a private town of Polish nobility, including the Tarnowski, Jarosławski, Odrowąż, Kostka, Sieniawski, Zamoyski, Wiśniowiecki, Koniecpolski, Sobieski, Sanguszko and Czartoryski families. The Jarosławski family of Leliwa coat of arms hailed from the town.

In the 1590s Tatars from the Ottoman Empire pillaged the surrounding countryside. (See Moldavian Magnate Wars, The Magnate Wars (1593–1617), Causes.) They were unable to overcome the city's fortifications, but their raids started to diminish the city's economic strength and importance. Outbreaks of bubonic plague in the 1620s and the Swedish Deluge in 1655–60 further undermined its prominence. In March 1656, the Poles led by Polish national hero Stefan Czarniecki defeated the invading Swedes under King Charles X Gustav in the Battle of Jarosław. In the Great Northern War of 1700-21 the region was repeatedly pillaged by Russian, Saxon and Swedish armies, causing the city to decline further.

In the mid-eighteenth century, Roman Catholics constituted 53.7% of the population, members of the Greek Catholic Church 23.9%, and Jews 22.3%.^[2]

Jarosław was under Austrian rule from the First Partition of Poland in 1772 until Poland regained independence in 1918. In the interbellum it was administratively located in the Polish Lwów Voivodeship.

During the German invasion of Poland which started World War II in September 1939, it was the site of the Battle of Jarosław, after which Germany captured the town. Shortly afterwards the German Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against the population.^[3] Under German occupation, the town was part of the Kraków District of the General Government.^[4] The Polish resistance movement was active in the town, and since May 1940, underground Polish newspaper Odwet was distributed in Jarosław.^[5] In 1944, the town was captured by the Red Army and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Some local Polish resistance officers were arrested by the Soviets and then imprisoned in a Soviet camp in Trzebuska.^[6] The communists expelled most of Jarosław's Ukrainian population, at first to Soviet territories and later to territories regained from Germany.

Jewish Jarosław[]

The first Jews reportedly arrived in Jarosław in 1464. The first rabbi of Jarosław was Rabbi Nathan Neta Ashkenazi, in 1590. A year later, the new Council of Four Lands (Vaad Arba Aratzot) began convening in Jarosław, rotating the meeting with the city of Lwów (Lviv).

Until 1608 with a small Jewish community, religious facilities were not allowed. Still, Rabbi Solomon Efraim of Lontschitz (the author of "Kli Yakar"), a prominent and well known rabbi, lived here. By 1670 there was a large "government" synagogue created, although protested by the Christian community of the city. During attacks on the city by Tatars and Swedes, Jewish merchandise and sometimes homes were set on fire. In 1765, there were 1,884 Jews in the city and towns around it. A Jewish school was established sometime later. The famous rabbi Levi Isaac of Berdyczów (Berdychiv) studied in Jarosław circa 1760 and was called "the genius of Yeruslav". A fire in 1805 burnt down the old synagogue and a new one was established more according to tradition to replace it. The new synagogue was completed in 1811. A census taken in 1901 notes that Jews were 25% of the population: 5701 Jewish families.

Great Synagogue

In a story about Jacob Kranc told by Rabbi Jacob Orenstein around 1850, about the appointment of the Jarosław rabbi, Rabbi Orenstein had refused the appointment of Rabbi of Jarosław because it would be against his old uncle's appointment. The city council had already written his appointment and wished to express their sorrow for its cancellation. The Dubner Magid had just entered the city on a snowy winter day, and was taken directly to Orenstein's house, together with the city council, who happened to pass by him. But the walk up the steps was enough to create a moving speech, remembered years later, and accounted for in the book.

In 1921 the last rabbi was appointed, Rabbi Shmaiya HaLevi Steinberg. He wrote a book about the Jews of his town, and in the 1930s sent two copies to the National Hebrew Library in Jerusalem. These copies are the only surviving copies of the book after the Holocaust.

In September 1939, Jarosław was captured by Germans. Most of the Jews crossed the San river to the Soviet-occupied part of Poland and hid in the Carpathian mountains, including the elder rabbi and his family. Those that stayed were shot and killed by the German soldiers.

Sights[]

Landmarks[]

Sports[]

Footballers of JKS 1909 Jarosław in 1909

Jarosław is a town with a long sports history. In 1889, a branch of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society was founded in Jarosław. Nowadays, the town's most notable sports club are:

• JKS 1909 Jarosław, one of the region's oldest football teams, which competes in the lower leagues
• Znicz Jarosław, men's basketball team, which competed in the Polish Basketball League (country's top division) in the past, most recently in the 2009–10 season
• JKS Jarosław, women's handball team, which competes in the Polish Women's Superliga (country's top division)

Notable people[]

Twin towns - sister cities[]

Jarosław is twinned with:^[8]

Gallery[]

• 

  Baroque Dominican church

• 

  Rynek ("Market Square") filled with colourful historic architecture

• 

  The Jarosław Museum

• 

  Renaissance Corpus Christi Church

• 

  Municipal Cultural Centre

• 

  St. Nicholas church and Benedictine abbey

• 

  Juliusz Słowacki Street

• 

  Nicolaus Copernicus High School

• 

  Greek Catholic Church of the Transfiguration

• 

  Center for Culture and City Promotion

• 

  Baroque Church of the Holy Spirit

• 

  Monuments to Polish-Hungarian friendship and Major Leon Czechowski

References[]

External links[]

• Jarosław city portal
• Jewish Jarosław (Hebrew)
• Jarosław (Yaruslav) Hassidim in Modern day Israel

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jarosław.