Jean Bart

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This article is about the historical sailor. For others, see Jean Bart (disambiguation).

Jean Bart
Jean Bart mg 9487.jpg
Portrait by Mathieu Elias
Born21 October 1650
Dunkirk
Died27 April 1702(1702-04-27) (aged 51)
Dunkirk
Piratical career
TypeDunkirk privateer
AllegianceFrance/Dutch Republic/Mercenary
Years active1672-1697
RankAdmiral
Battles/warsNine Years' War

Jean Bart (21 October 1650 – 27 April 1702) was a French naval commander and privateer.

Early life[]

Jean Bart was born in Dunkirk in 1650[1] to a seafaring family, the son of a sailor who has been described variously as a fisherman[2] or corsair commander.[3] He almost certainly spoke Dutch, at that time the native language in the region, and his birth name was Jan Baert.[2][4][5]

Naval career[]

Anonymous Flanders, Jean Bart, late 1700s, engraving[6]

When he was young, Bart served in the Dutch navy under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter.[3] When war broke out between France and the United Provinces in 1672, he entered the French service. Since only persons of noble birth could then serve as officers in the navy, he instead became captain of one of the Dunkirk privateers. In that capacity, he displayed such astonishing bravery that Louis XIV sent him on a special mission to the Mediterranean, where he gained great distinction.[7]

Unable to receive a command in the navy because of his low birth, he held an irregular sort of commission, but he had such success that he became a lieutenant in 1679. He became a terror to the Dutch navy and a serious menace to the commerce of Holland. On one occasion, with six vessels, he broke through a blockading fleet, shattered a number of the enemy's ships and convoyed a transport of grain safely into Dunkirk harbor.[7] He rose rapidly to the rank of captain and then to that of admiral.[8]

He achieved his greatest successes during the Nine Years' War (1688–1697).

  • In 1689, at the beginning of the war, he was captured by an English warship, together with Claude de Forbin, and they were taken as prisoners-of-war to Plymouth. However, three days later, they succeeded in escaping to Brittany in a rowboat, together with 20 other captured sailors.
  • In 1691, he slipped through the blockade of Dunkirk, terrorised the allied merchant fleet and burnt a Scottish castle and four villages.
  • In 1694, he achieved his greatest success at the Battle of Texel in which he captured a huge convoy of Dutch grain ships, saving Paris from starvation. He was raised into the nobility on 4 August 1694 with a peerage.
  • In 1696, he struck another blow against the Dutch in the Battle of Dogger Bank.

The Peace of Ryswick in 1697 put an end to his active service.

Marriage and children[]

He married the 16-year-old Nicole Gontier on 3 February 1676. They had four children before Nicole died in 1682. Their oldest son, François Cornil Bart (1676-1755), became vice-admiral.

Then he married Jacoba Tugghe on 13 October 1689. They had ten children. He signed his marriage contract, which is still on file in Dunkirk, with the name "Jan Baert".

Jean Bart died of pleurisy and is buried in the Eglise Saint-Eloi in Dunkirk.

Legacy[]

Many anecdotes tell of the courage and bluntness of the 2.04 m tall[citation needed], uncultivated sailor, who became a popular hero of the French Navy. He captured a total of 386 ships and also sank or burned a great number more. The town of Dunkirk has honoured his memory by erecting a statue and by naming a public square after him. During the carnival of Dunkirk, held every year the Sunday before Holy Tuesday, local people kneel all together in front of his statue and sing the Cantate à Jean Bart[9][circular reference]. Jean Bart is viewed by the inhabitants of Dunkirk as a local hero.

In World War II, 70% of Dunkirk was destroyed, but the statue survived.

  • Statue of Jean Bart in Dunkirk

  • Jean Bart as depicted in 1845

Ships bearing the name Jean Bart[]

Main article: French ship Jean Bart

More than 27 ships of the French Navy, over a period of 200 years, have borne the name Jean Bart. These include:

  • (1788) - 74-gun ship of the line
  • (1811) - 74-gun ship of the line
  • Jean Bart (1886) - First class cruiser of 4800 tonnes
  • Jean Bart (1910) - 23,600 tonne battleship; the first French Dreadnought
  • Jean Bart (1940) - 50,000 tonne battleship armed with 380mm guns. Although launched in 1940, the ship was not fitted out and completed until 1955, having spent much of World War II in dock at Casablanca; the last French battleship completed
  • Jean Bart (1988) - Anti-aircraft frigate, still in service with the French Navy

Many smaller naval ships as well as privateers have also borne the name "Jean Bart".

Commercial products branded Jean Bart[]

  • Jean Bart shoe polish
  • Jean Barth

Jean Bart in popular culture[]

  • Jean Bart appears as a character in the Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson.
  • In the manga and anime One Piece a slave turned pirate is named after Jean Bart.
  • The Chinese smartphone game Azur Lane features a female character with a name and personality inspired by Jean Bart and the French battleship Jean Bart (1940).[10]
  • The name Jean Bart is also a frequently used name for sea scouting groups.
  • The book of Flemish writer is an adaptation of Jan Baert's life story.

References[]

  1. ^ "Baptismal record". Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1873). "Bart, or Baert, Jean". The American cyclopaedia. p. 343. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bart, Jean". A Naval Encyclopædia. 1. L. R. Hamersly & co. 1880. p. 67. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  4. ^ De Vries, André (2007). Flanders: a cultural history. Oxford University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-19-531493-9. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  5. ^ Guerin, Leon (1851). Histoire Maritime de France (in French). Paris: Dufour & Mulat. p. 479. OCLC 464444400. Retrieved 3 June 2011. Jan Baert.
  6. ^ Image Collections, nga.gov
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Barth, Jean" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  8. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bart, Jean" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ fr:Cantate à Jean Bart
  10. ^ "Jean Bart - Azur Lane Wiki". 16 May 2021.

External links[]

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