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Jim Lovell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named James Lovell, see James Lovell (disambiguation).
"Marilyn Lovell" redirects here. For the singer and AIDS activist, see Marilyn Lovell Matz.

Jim Lovell
Lovell posing in his spacesuit
Born
James Arthur Lovell Jr.

(1928-03-25) March 25, 1928 (age 93)
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
StatusRetired
NationalityAmerican
OccupationTest pilot
Space career
NASA astronaut
RankCaptain, United States Navy
Time in space
29d 19h 03m
Selection1962 NASA Group
MissionsGemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, Apollo 13
Mission insignia
Gemini 7 logo Gemini 12 logo Apollo 8 logo Apollo 13 logo
RetirementMarch 1, 1973
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branchFlag of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy
Years of service1946–1973
RankUS-O6 insignia.svg Captain

James Arthur Lovell Jr. (/ˈlʌvəl/; born March 25, 1928) is a retired American astronaut, naval aviator, and mechanical engineer. In 1968, as command module pilot of Apollo 8, he became, with Frank Borman and William Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded the 1970 Apollo 13 lunar mission which, after a critical failure en route, circled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control.

A graduate of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in the class of 1952, Lovell flew F2H Banshee night fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at the Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, with Class 20. Two of his classmates were Pete Conrad and Wally Schirra, but Lovell graduated first in the class. He became McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II program manager. In 1961 he completed Aviation Safety School at the University of Southern California

Lovell was not selected by NASA as one of the Mercury Seven astronauts due to a temporarily high bilirubin count but was accepted in September 1962 as one of second group of astronauts for the Gemini and Apollo programs. Before Apollo, Lovell had previously flown in space on two Gemini missions, Gemini 7 (with Borman) in 1965 and Gemini 12 in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of 24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first person to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (in 1970, as one of 17 recipients in the Space Exploration group), and co-author of the 1994 book Lost Moon, on which the 1995 film Apollo 13, in which he appeared, was based.

Early life

James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born in Cleveland, Ohio on March 25, 1928), the only child James Lovell Sr., an Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933.[1] and Blanche née Masek, who was of Czech descent.[2] For about two years, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative in Terre Haute, Indiana. After relocating with his mother to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he graduated from Juneau High School.[3] He was member of the Boy Scouts during his childhood and eventually achieved Eagle Scout, the organization's highest level.[4][5] He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager.[6]

After graduating from high school, Lovell attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison for two years, where he studied engineering under the United States Navy's "Flying Midshipman" program from 1946 to 1948.[7][8] At Madison, he played college football and pledged to the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity.[9]

While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated as Naval aviators would not have pilot billets to fill. This threat persisted until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.[10] He secured a nomination from his local U.S. Representative, John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, he wrote a treatise on the liquid-propellant rocket engine. He attended Annapolis for the full four years, graduating as an ensign in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree.[9]

Navy career

Lovell was one of 50 members of his 783-strong graduating class initially selected for naval aviation training.[11] He went to flight training at NAS Pensacola from October 1952 to February 1954.was designated a Naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned to VC-3 at Moffett Field near San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flew McDonnell F2H Banshee night fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for the North American FJ-4 Fury, McDonnell F3H Demon and Vought F8U Crusader.[12]

In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-month test pilot training course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School) at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, with Class 20.[13] Two of his classmates were Pete Conrad and Wally Schirra, but Lovell graduated first in his class.[14] Conrad gave Lovell the nickname ""Shaky".[15] Usually the top student in the class was assigned to Flight Test on graduation, but Lovell was assigned to Electronics Test, working with radar sets.[16][14] Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates for Project Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of the Mercury Seven. Lovell and Conrad were not selected for medical reasons: Lovell because of a temporarily high bilirubin count in his blood,[17] and Conrad for refusing to take the second round of invasive medical tests.[18]

Electronics Test was merged with Armaments Test in 1960, to become Weapons Test, and Lovell became the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II program manager,[19] during which time John Young served under him. In 1961 he received orders for VF-101 "Detachment Alpha" at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,[20] and he completed Aviation Safety School at the University of Southern California (USC).[20]

NASA career

In 1962 NASA began recruiting second group of astronauts for the Gemini and Apollo programs. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about it from an advertisement that had been placed in Aviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time. This time he passed the physical examinations, which were conducted at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, and was accepted.[21] He became part of the group known as the "Next Nine".[22][23] The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.[24] Conrad and Lovell built houses in Timber Cove, south of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).[25] Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.[26] The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston.[27]

The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronaut Gus Grissom.[24] Initially, each of the astronauts was given four months' of classroom instruction on subjects such as spacecraft propulsion, orbital mechanics, astronomy, computing, and space medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft, Titan II and Atlas boosters, and the Agena target vehicle.[28] Jungle survival training was conducted at the USAF Tropic Survival School at Albrook Air Force Station in Panama, desert survival training at Stead Air Force Base in Nevada, and water survival training on the Dilbert Dunker at the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida and on Galveston Bay.[29] Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.[24] Lovell became responsible for recovery systems.[30]

Gemini program

Gemini 7

Main article: Gemini 7
Lovell before the Gemini 7 launch in the special G5C space suit, which had a zippered hood with a visor instead of a solid helmet

Lovell was selected as backup pilot for Gemini 4.[31] This was officially announced on July 29, 1964.[32] It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot of Gemini 7 with Command Pilot Frank Borman under a rotation system devised by chief astronaut Deke Slayton.[31] Borman was a United States Air Force (USAF) officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.[33] Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that of Edward White and Michael Collins as their backup crew.[34]

Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas the Gemini 6 mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques for space rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F. Grimm and Buzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject.[35]

The Gemini 6 mission had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after take off. Lovell was present at the Launch Control Center at Cape Kennedy when this occurred. Officials from McDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.[36] The only change to Gemini 7's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman shot down suggestions that Lovell and Tom Stafford, the Pilot of Gemini 6, exchange places on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen.[37]

This fourteen-day flight set an endurance record making 206 orbits. It was also the target vehicle for the first space rendezvous with Gemini 6A.[38]

Gemini 12

Main article: Gemini 12
Lovell (second from left) and Buzz Aldrin arrive aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp

Lovell was selected as the backup command pilot of Gemini 10 but after the deaths of the Gemini 9 prime crew, Elliot See and Charles Bassett, he replaced Thomas P. Stafford as backup commander of Gemini 9A.[39][40] This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, of Gemini 12, in November 1966 with Pilot Buzz Aldrin. This flight had three extravehicular activities, made 59 orbits, and achieved the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. This mission was successful because it proved that humans can work effectively outside the spacecraft, paved the way for the Apollo missions, and helped reach the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade.[41]

Apollo program

Apollo 8

Main article: Apollo 8
Lovell at the Command Module Guidance and Navigation station during the Apollo 8 mission.

Lovell was originally chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Neil Armstrong as commander and Buzz Aldrin as lunar module pilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogee Earth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew when Collins needed to have surgery for a bone spur on his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, and LM pilot William Anders.[42]

Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as a low Earth orbit test. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it as Apollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, now Apollo 8 replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test. Borman, Lovell and Anders were launched on December 21, 1968, becoming the first men to travel to the Moon.[43]

As CM Pilot, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. The craft entered lunar orbit on Christmas Eve and made a total of ten orbits, most of them circular at an altitude of approximately 70 miles (110 km) for a total of twenty hours.[citation needed] They broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in the Book of Genesis.[44]

They began their return to Earth on Christmas Day with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, "Please be informed, there is a Santa Claus." The crew splashed down safely on Earth on December 27.[45]

Apollo 13

Main article: Apollo 13
Lovell reads a newspaper account of Apollo 13's safe return aboard recovery vessel USS Iwo Jima.

Lovell was backup commander of Apollo 11 and was scheduled to command Apollo 14. Instead, he and his crew swapped missions with the crew of Apollo 13, as it was felt the commander of the other crew, Alan Shepard, needed more time to train after having been grounded for a long period by an ear problem.[46] Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970, with CM Pilot Jack Swigert and LM Pilot Fred Haise.[47] He and Haise were to land on the Moon.[48]

Lovell in front of the launch pad before the Apollo 13 mission

During a routine cryogenic oxygen tank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.[49] Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all on-board oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the Command/Service Module Odyssey.[50]

Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use a free-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.[51] Using the Apollo Lunar Module as a "life boat" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.[52] Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine.[53] Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.[54] Apollo 13's flight trajectory gives Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.[55][56][57]

Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.[58] He accrued over 715 hours in space flights, and had seen a total of 269 sunrises from space, on his Gemini and Apollo flights. This was a personal record that stood until the Skylab 3 mission in 1973.[59]

Later life

Lovell speaking at the North Carolina Science Festival in April 2017

Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973 and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston, Texas,[60] becoming CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,[61] and later worked for Centel, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.[62] Lovell was a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[63][64] He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with their prestigious Silver Buffalo Award.[65]

He has served on the Board of Directors for several organizations, including Federal Signal Corporation in Chicago (1984–2003), Astronautics Corporation of America in his hometown of Milwaukee (1990–1999), and Centel Corporation in Chicago (1987–1991).[66][67][59][68][69][70]

Marriage and family

Lovell and his wife Marilyn in 2009

On 6 June 1952, following his graduation from the Naval Academy, Lovell married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony at St. Anne's Church in Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.[9][71] While she was a college student, Gerlach transferred from Wisconsin State Teachers College to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.[72][73] They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey.[55]

In 1999 the Lovell family opened "Lovell's of Lake Forest", a fine dining restaurant in Lake Forest, Illinois. The restaurant displayed many artifacts from Lovell's time with NASA, as well as from the filming of Apollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James ("Jay") in 2006.[74] The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014[75] and closed in April 2015, with the property auctioned the same month.[76][77]

Organizations

Awards and decorations

Lovell (left), Gene Cernan (center), and Neil Armstrong during the 2010 Legends of Aerospace tour aboard the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman

Lovell's awards and decorations include:[78]

Military, federal service, and foreign awards

Other awards and accomplishments

The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded the Harmon International Trophy for 1966. It was presented to them at the White House.[97] Lovell received his second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.[98] The Apollo 8 crew won the Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1968.[99] President Nixon awarded the crew the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in 1969. Lovell accepted it on behalf of the crew.[100] The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell. The Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.[101][102] Lovell was awarded his third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.[103] The crew was also awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970.[104] The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.[105] The Apollo 8 astronauts were named Time Magazine Men of the Year in 1968.[106]

In 1982, Lovell was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.[78][107] Lovell, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, was inducted into the second U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame class in 1993.[108][109]

At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.[110] The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he "invented for the occasion".[111] He was also awarded the 1970 City of Houston Medal for Valor for the mission.[112] He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13.[113]

Lovell was on the cover of Time magazine on January 3, 1969 and April 27, 1970.[114] He was also on the cover of Life magazine on April 24, 1970.[115]

Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over "rock throwing" to help attain political goals.[116] He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree at Western Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.[117] He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree at William Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.[118]

Tributes

A small crater on the far side of the Moon was named Lovell in his honor in 1970.[119] Discovery World in Milwaukee was named The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was also once located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.[120] The Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center was completed in October 2010, merging the Naval Health Clinic Great Lakes and the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center.[121]

In popular culture

About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared on The Tonight Show with host Johnny Carson.[122] In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movie The Man Who Fell to Earth.[123]

Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger wrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission, Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13.[124] It was the basis for the 1995 Ron Howard film Apollo 13. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,[125] but Tom Hanks was cast in the role.[126] In order to prepare, Hanks visited Lovell and Marilyn at their home in Texas and even flew with Lovell in his private airplane.[127] Kathleen Quinlan was nominated for a supporting actress Oscar for her performance as Marilyn.[128]

In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of the USS Iwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks in voice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard the Iwo Jima. Film makers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: "I retired as a captain and a captain I will be." He was cast as the ship's skipper, Captain Leland E. Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD.[129]

Tim Daly portrayed Lovell in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon,[130] and Pablo Schreiber in the 2018 film about Armstrong, First Man.[131]

Notes

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References

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