Kham Magar

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Kham is the name of a set of languages in the [[Sino-Tibetan Family]. The people call themselves Kham Magar or Western Magar, or simply Magar by outsiders. The name ‘Magar,’ may derive from the same etyma as the Old Tibetan mgar-ba, meaning ‘smith.’ The language was previously sometimes called "Western magar" but Kham Magar and Magar are now known to be quite different languages.^{[citation needed]} Kham Magar communities live in the Middle Hills of mid-western Nepal, in the districts of Rukum, Rolpa, and Baglung. Scattered communities also live in Jajarkot, Dailekh, Kalikot, Achham, and Doti districts.^[1][2]

Included in the Kham language group are:

1. Gamale Kham (glottocode gama1251, ISO-639 kgj)
2. Eastern Parbate Kham (glot. east2354, ISO-639 kif)
3. Western Parbate Kham (glot. west2420, ISO-639 kjl)
4. Sheshi (Glot. shes1236, ISO-639 kil).

These correspond roughly to northern, eastern, western, and southern areas of the Kham language territory.

History[]

Due to their oral mythology and distinctive Shamanistic practices, Kham Magar are thought to have originally migrated from Siberia according to shamanic tradition, but some writers have written that they originated in Rukum district. There is no evidence of their migration or origin.

Oral histories handed down from generation to generation say that Kham people migrated from icy northern icy Himalayan Region in the southern part of China, after the Kham civilization got lost and submerged in the icy glaciers in and around 200 AD. Later, the Kham kings ruled from the present Karnali region or ancient Nepal region in the far west. However, after Khas kings from Kumaon and Garhwal continued to attack upon Kham kings in the Humla and Jumla area in and around 400 AD.

The Kham kings are reported to have fought against brute and uncivilized Khas aggressors for hundreds of years. But Kham's last king, Khudu, was defeated. He fought fiercely against the Garra army but was deposed. Khas kingdom flourished in the Jumla region after they claimed this region as Khasan.

Western Magar[]

Western Magar inhabit highlands 3,000–4,000 metres (9,800–13,100 ft) above sea level, some 50 km (31 mi) south of the Dhaulagiri range, forming a triple divide between the Karnali-Bheri system to the west, the Gandaki system to the east, and the smaller (western) Rapti and Babai river systems that separate the two larger systems south of this point. Since the uppermost tributaries of the Karnali and Gandaki rise beyond the highest Himalaya ranges, trade routes linking India and Tibet developed along these rivers, whereas the high ridges along the Rapti's northern watershed and then the Dhaulagiri massif beyond were rigorous obstacles. Similarly, Hindus fleeing Hindu-Muslim conflicts, Brahmin people, settled around these highlands with the western Magars by following the Mahabharat Range to the south or the Dhorpatan valley to the north which—by Himalayan standards—offers exceptionally easy east–west passage. The western Magar highlands may also have been left as a buffer between the easternmost Baise kingdom, Salyan, and the westernmost Chaubisi kingdom, Pyuthan. For the Hindu Brahmin, the intervening highlands, unsuited for rice cultivation, were hardly worth contesting.

Kham people are considered to have existed in this Himalyan belt since 3000 years ago, much longer before the birth of Buddha as they believed in shamanism, while the Magars are historically mentioned after 1100 ADs by various foreign researchers.

Kham civilization is said to have given "Pal" title to many of its inhabitants. As a matter of fact, Pal kings were the early rulers of Nepal during which Kham Magar were given the title of Pals at the end of their names.

Underdevelopment[]

Legal hashish shop, Kathmandu, 1973

After unification of Nepal coming Shaha king, official neglect, underdevelopment and poverty essentially continued through the 19th and 20th centuries. The main export was mercenaries for the British and Indian armies, or whatever other employment opportunities could be found for largely uneducated and unskilled labor. Western magar also practice transhumance by grazing cattle, sheep and goats in summer pastures in subalpine and alpine pastures to the north, working their way down to winter pastures in the Dang-Deukhuri valleys. Despite unending toil, food shortages have become a growing problem that still persists. Food deficits were historically addressed by grain imports bought dearly with distant work at low wages.

As some corrupted development brought schools, electricity, motor roads, hospitals and some range of consumer goods to specific surrounding areas, few benefits trickled up into the highlands and contrasts became even more invidious. Development introduced motor transport, which diminished porterage employment. Cultivating hemp and processing it into charas (hashish) lost standing as an income generator after 1976 when international pressure persuaded the national government to outlaw these recreational drugs and close government stores where those so inclined could freely purchase what was illegal in most of the world. But the Hindu government directly indirectly encouraged the drugs.

Nepalese Civil War[]

Despite adversity, the Magar people retained a robust oral history and a sense of past greatness, which created grievances and made them receptive to the Maobadi (Maoist) movement that opposed the Shah regime in the 1996-2006 Nepalese Civil War and even the multiparty democracy that the Shahs had toyed with. The Rolpa and Rukum districts in the center of the magars homelands became known as the "Maoist heartland" and western Magars were prominent as footsoldiers of its guerrilla forces.

Kham festivals[]

Bhume Naach (Bal puja) is one of the ancient cultural festivals celebrated by the Kham Magar tribes of Rolpa and Rukum.

The main celebration takes place during the first week of June. Kham Magars people dance very slowly in the Jholeni and Bhume dances, while Magars dance a fast dance, the Kaura dance. Currently Kham people worship their ancestors through animism and shamanism .

References[]

External links[]

• "Magars in the Eyes of Western Writers: A Socio-Anthropological Review" (PDF). Govind P. Thapa, Magar Studies Center.
• Magar Studies Center
• "Sowing the Wind…: History and Dynamics of the Maoist Revolt in Nepal's Rapti Hills" (PDF). Robert Gersony for Mercy Corps International, October 2003.
• "The History and Dynamics of Nepal's Maoist Revolt" (PDF). International Resources Group, Washington, D.C., IRG Discussion Forum, #15.
• "Women and Politics: Case of the Kham Magar of Western Nepal" (PDF). Augusta Molnar, American Ethnologist, 9:3 (August 1982).
• Siberian shamanistic traditions among the Kham Magars of Nepal David Watters, Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 2:1 (February, 1975), Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.
• John T. Hitchcock (1966) The Magars of Banyan Hill, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• de Sales, Anne (2007). "The Kham Magar Country: Between Ethnic Claims and Maoism". In Gellner, D.N. (ed.). Resistance and the state: Nepalese experiences. Berghahn Books. pp. 326 ff. ISBN 9781845452162. Retrieved April 11, 2011.