LGBT rights by country or territory
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
| Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties: | |
Death | Prison; death not enforced |
Death under militias | Prison, w/ arrests or detention |
Prison, not enforced1 | |
| Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions: | |
Marriage | Extraterritorial marriage2 |
Civil unions | |
Limited foreign | Optional certification |
None | Restrictions of expression |
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
1No emprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
1No emprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
| | Neither | States which did not support either declaration |
| | Non-member states | States that are not voting members of the United Nations |
| | Oppose | States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011 |
| | Subsequent member | South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008 |
| | Support | States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011 |
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| Theoretical distinctions |
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| Rights by beneficiary |
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Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction – encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.
Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
Legal identity change, surgery not required
Legal identity change, surgery required
No legal identity change
Unknown/Ambiguous
Notably, as of January 2021, 29 countries recognized same-sex marriage. By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only one country is believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran. The death penalty is officially law but generally not practiced in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Nigeria (in the northern third of the country), Saudi Arabia, Somalia (in the autonomous state of Jubaland) and the United Arab Emirates. Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery, which would include gay sex, but this is only enforced by the legal authorities in Iran.[1][2]
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3][4]
Scope of laws
Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:
- laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
- laws concerning LGBT parenting, including adoption by LGBT people
- anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
- anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT children at school
- hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
- bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people
- laws related to sexual orientation and military service
- laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
- sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity. These may or may not target homosexuals, males or males and females, or leave some homosexual acts legal.
- adultery laws that same-sex couples are subject to
- age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity
- laws regarding donation of blood by men who have sex with men
- laws concerning access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy
- legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned gender.
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Ancient India
Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types are punishable in the Arthashastra. Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras, especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts.[5][6] Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.[7]
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"[8][9] and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction.[10][11] In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable".[12][13]
Assyria
In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[14] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[14] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu, reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[15][16] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens.[17][18]
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[19][20][21] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[22]
Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[23] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men.[24] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[25]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[26] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[27] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[28]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[29] as a violation of military discipline.[30] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[31] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[32] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[33] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[34] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[35]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[36] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[37]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[38] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[39] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[40]
British Empire
The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in the 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak.[41] As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates.[42]
Global LGBT rights maps
| hideLaws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. 1No emprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships. | ||||||||||||||||||
| hideLGBT rights at the United Nations |
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 Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members) Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members after withdrawal of Fiji, Rwanda and Sierra Leone) Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members) |
| hideHomosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory |
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 Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory Countries or territories that do not have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws Fine[43] Unknown punishment Imprisonment |
| hideDecriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1799 1800–1819 1820–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1909 1910–1919 1920–1929 1930–1939 1940–1949 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–present Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal |
| hideEqualization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory |
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 1790–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1929 1930–1939 1940–19491 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–present Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal 1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed territory or established reichskommissariats which extended Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse to those territories and reichskommissariats. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats: Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Poland (always legal, confirmed in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas. |
| hideLegal status of same-sex marriage |
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 Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases) Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions Judicial order for recognition not yet tested (Armenia) Civil unions or domestic partnerships Limited legal recognition (registered cohabitation) Local certification without legal force Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses) Country subject to an international court ruling that recognizes same-sex marriage Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized |
| hideLegal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory |
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 Joint adoption allowed Second-parent adoption allowed No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples |
| hideLGBT service in national militaries by country or territory[citation needed] |
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 All LGBT people can serve GBT men can serve LGB people can serve GB men can serve Ambiguous/unknown policy LGBT people are banned from serving No military |
| hideEmployment discrimination laws by sexual orientation or gender identity by country or territory |
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 Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment Sexual orientation: all employment Gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment Sexual orientation: public employment No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation or gender identity |
| hideAnti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
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 Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services |
| hideConstitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
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 Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
| hideLGBT hate crime laws by country or territory |
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 Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws Sexual orientation hate crime laws No LGBT hate crime laws |
| hideIncitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory |
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 Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity |
| hideBan on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory |
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 Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity De facto ban on conversion therapy Case-by-case bans Proposed ban on conversion therapy No ban on conversion therapy |
| hideImmigration equality by country or territory[citation needed] |
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 Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws Unknown/ambiguous |
| hideBans on same-sex unions by country or territory |
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 No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions Constitution bans same-sex marriage Constitution establishes Islamic law or bans violations of "Islamic morality" |
| hideBlood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory |
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 Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men -Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral -Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral -Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral -No Data |
| hideBlood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory |
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 Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral -No Data |
| hideLaws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory |
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 Legal identity change, surgery not required Legal identity change, surgery required No legal identity change Unknown/Ambiguous |
| hideLegal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender |
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 Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in Opt-in for intersex people only Standard for third gender Standard for intersex Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data |
Timeline
Generalities
Legal status of homosexuality around the world (2019):
Legal.
Illegal (masculine and/or feminine)
The previous one is a list of the countries and territories that at some point in their history criminalized sexual acts between people of the same sex. In some cases, the legislation established a differentiation between sex between men and sex between women, punishing only one of those sexual practices, mostly sex between men under the charge of sodomy.
| Countries/Territories/States | |
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| Never been illegal | show
List |
| 18th century | show
List |
| 19th century | show
List |
| 20th century | show
List |
| 21st century | show
List |
show
Notes |
Africa
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Northern Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
Southeast Africa
Horn of Africa
Indian Ocean states
Southern Africa
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Americas
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Tables:
North America
Central America
Caribbean
South America
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Asia
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Eurasia
West Asia
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Southeast Asia
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Europe
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Tables:
European Union
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
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Western Europe
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Oceania
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Tables:
Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
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See also
- Buggery
- Civil union
- Heterosexism
- Homophobia
- International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
- Intersex human rights
- LGBT people in prison
- List of human rights articles by country
- List of LGBT rights articles by region
- List of transgender-rights organizations
- Movements for civil rights
- Religion and homosexuality
- Right of asylum: protected grounds
- Same-sex marriage
- Sexual revolution
- Socialism and LGBT rights
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
- Status of same-sex marriage
- Transphobia
- Violence against LGBT people
- Yogyakarta Principles
Notes
References
- ^ Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF) (13th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. p. 15.
- ^ Dick, Samantha (4 April 2019). "Brunei not the only place LGBTQI can be killed for who they love". The New Daily. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Dougherty, Jill (17 June 2011). "U.N. council passes gay rights resolution". CNN. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ Ali, Daud (2012). "Censured sexual acts and early medieval society in India". In Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600–1950. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0415600590. LCCN 2011049072.
- ^ Same-Sex Love in India, edited by Ruth Vanita
- ^ Vanita, Ruth (2005). "Introduction". Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-1403970381. LCCN 2005047571.
- ^ Fields, Weston W. (1997). Sodom and Gomorrah: History and Motif in Biblical Narrative. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567062611. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Loader, J. A. (1990). A Tale of Two Cities: Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, Early Jewish and Early Christian Traditions. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789024253333. LCCN 91207650. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ STRAUSS, Gerhard Friedrich Abraham; SLEE, Jane Mary (1837). On Restitution; Lot and his Wife; The Rich Man; Christian Composure; [sermons] by ... F. S. ... translated from the German, by Miss Slee. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ R. W (1607). Lot's Wife. A sermon at Paule's Crosse [on Luke xvii. 32. By R. W., i.e. R. Wilkinson.]. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J., eds. (2016) [2014]. "Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity". Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1317147978. LCCN 2014000554. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). "Introduction". Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. x. ISBN 9780812214314. LCCN 92032030.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28
- ^ Greenberg, David F. (15 August 1990). The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226306285.
- ^ "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". epistle.us.
- ^ Pritchard, p. 181.
- ^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
- ^ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ The Nature of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
- ^ Wilhelm, Amara Das (18 May 2010). Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex. ISBN 9781453503164.
- ^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
- ^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
- ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
- ^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
- ^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
- ^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
- ^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
- ^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
- ^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
- ^ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
- ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
- ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
- ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
- ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
- ^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
- ^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
- ^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
- ^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
- ^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
- ^ Kirby, Michael (2013). "The sodomy offence: England's least lovely criminal law export?" (PDF). Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change. London: School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ CNN, Ben Westcott (12 September 2018). "The homophobic legacy of the British Empire". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ In the Russian law "for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values", foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, or fined up to 5,000 rubles and deported.
- ^ Carroll, Aengus; Mendos, Lucas Ramón (May 2017). "State Sponsored Homophobia 2017: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). ILGA.
- ^ "Algeria". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "Algeria: Treatment of homosexuals by society and government authorities; protection available including recourse to the law for homosexuals who have been subject to ill-treatment (2005-2007)". Refworld. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ^ Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Spain Intercountry Adoption Information". U. S. Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 27 May 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Rainbow Europe: legal situation for lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Europe" (PDF). ILGA-Europe. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 16 March 2007.
- ^ "Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho, de 11 de septiembre de 1998". Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (in Spanish). 11 September 1998.
- ^ "Egypt (Law)". ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Libyan 'Gay' Men Face Torture, Death By Militia: Report (GRAPHIC)". HuffPost. 26 November 2012.
- ^ Fhelboom, Reda (22 June 2015). "Less than human". Development and Cooperation.
- ^ "Lei n.ᵒ 7/2001" (PDF). Diário da República Eletrónico (in Portuguese). 11 May 2001. Article 1, no. 1.
- ^ "AR altera lei das uniões de facto".
- ^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
- ^ "Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho".
- ^ "Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República". tvi24. 20 June 2016.
- ^ "Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto". PÚBLICO.
- ^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania - The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". www.lgbt-ep.eu.
- ^ "REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA" [REGULATORY REGULATION OF THE REGISTER OF COUPLES IN FACT OF THE CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA] (PDF) (in Spanish). 1 February 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.
- ^ "Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Gay histories and cultures. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. 8 November 2017. ISBN 9780815333548 – via Google Books.
- ^ "La junta de protección a la infancia de Barcelona: Aproximación histórica y guía de su archivo" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Sudan drops death penalty for homosexuality". 76crimes.com. 15 July 2020.
- ^ "Reforms In Sudan Result In Removal Of Death Penalty And Flogging For Same-Sex Relations". curvemag.com. 16 July 2020.
- ^ "Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Tunisian presidential committee recommends decriminalizing homosexuality". NBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Gambia outlaws cross-dressing". news.com.au. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ "Ghana (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Sexual Minorities: Their Treatment Across the World". Xpats.io. 11 January 2010.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Liberia - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritania - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ^ "Nigeria (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016" (PDF).
- ^ Jackman, Josh (20 December 2017). "This tiny island just passed same-sex marriage". PinkNews.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Senegal". Equaldex.
- ^ "Cameroonian LGBTI activist found tortured to death in home". glaad.org. 17 July 2013.
- ^ "Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine" (PDF). ilo.org.
- ^ "Code Pénal du 8 mai 2017" (PDF). droit-afrique.com.
- ^ "Gabon lawmakers vote to decriminalise homosexuality". Reuters. Reuters. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ^ "Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. 2013. p. 33.
- ^ "Tanzania: Mixed Messages on Anti-Gay Persecution". hrw.org. 6 November 2018.
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (8 November 2017). "David Kato, Gay Rights Activist, Is Killed in Uganda" – via www.nytimes.com.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Eritrea - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ^ Asokan, Ishan (16 November 2012). "A bludgeoned horn: Eritrea's abuses and 'guilt by association' policy.'". Consultancy Africa Intelligence. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154345.html
- ^ "'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'". BBC NEWS. 2020.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Comoros - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ^ "The Sexual Offences Bill" (PDF). mauritiusassembly.govmu.org. Government of Mauritius. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritius - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa". Afrika.no. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Equal Opportunities Act 2008" (PDF). Ilo.org. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Tiny African victory: Seychelles repeals ban on gay sex". 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Diario da Republica" (PDF) (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Employment & labour law in Angola". Lexology. 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Transgender Rights in Angola" (PDF).
- ^ CNN, Kara Fox. "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa". CNN.
- ^ "NEWS RELEASE: BOTSWANA HIGH COURT RULES IN LANDMARK GENDER IDENTITY CASE – SALC".
- ^ "Transgender Rights in Lesotho" (PDF).
- ^ "Where is it illegal to be gay?". 10 February 2014 – via www.bbc.com.
- ^ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes". Care2.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique". Kuchu Times. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ Marketing, Intouch Interactive. "Sodomy law's days numbered - Geingos - Local News - Namibian Sun". www.namibiansun.com.
- ^ "Namibia". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Namibia". Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ "Transgender Rights in Namibia" (PDF).
- ^ http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Constitution%20of%20Zimbabwe%20Amendment%20%28No.%2020%29.pdf
- ^ Simpson, Lisa (28 February 2018). "House: Three more months of same-sex marriage". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Johnson, Ayo (15 June 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
- ^ Anonymous (27 November 2017). "Law Reform (2000) Act".
- ^ "An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation" (PDF).
- ^ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships". Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca.
- ^ "LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL" (PDF).
- ^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
- Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.
- "Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- "Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5".
- ^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Services, Ministry of Citizens. "Change Your Personal Information - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca.
- ^ "Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency | Province of Manitoba". Province of Manitoba - Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency.
- ^ "1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ "Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v." (PDF).
- ^ ksv. "Folketinget - L 122 - 2014-15 (1. samling)Om forældreansvarslovgivningen og lovgivningen om ægteskab mellem to personer af samme køn". www.folketingstidende.dk.
- ^ "§2, Imm. 3, Qitiusumik Inunnik Nalunaarsuiffik pillugu inatsisip (CPR pillugu inatsit) allanngortinneqarneranik inatsisit Kalaallit Nunaannut atuutilersinneqarnerannik peqqussut (Greenlandic)" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ "§2, Stk 3., Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af love om ændring af lov om Det Centrale Personregister (Danish)". Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ (in Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ (in Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ "Legalizan bodas gays en Campeche". 23 December 2013.
- ^ (in Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ (in Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ (in Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ (in Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ (in Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
- ^ "Comunidad LGBTTTI se prepara para la adopción". 17 May 2019.
- ^ Abajo, Redacción Desde. "A partir de hoy Matrimonio Igualitario es oficial". DESDEABAJO.MX.
- ^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Vignal, Francois (15 April 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "France". travel.state.gov.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ "Biden overturns Trump transgender military ban". BBC News. 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Medical Conditions That Can Keep You From Joining the Military". Military.com. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ "Medical Conditions That Can Keep You From Joining the Military". Military.com. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ "Belize Supreme Court Overturns Anti-Gay Law". NBC News.
- ^ "Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize - THE CONSTITUTION OF BELIZE PART II: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms". Belmopan, Belize: The Government of Belize. 1981. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ Littauer, Dan (10 August 2016). "Love wins! Belize anti-gay law struck down". Scotland: KaleidoScot. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Supreme Court declares Section 53 unconstitutional". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Cana News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Transgender Culture in Belize". unibam.org. United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM). Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ^ "CCSS aprobó extender seguro de salud a parejas gais". La Nación, Grupo Nación.
- ^ "Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions". ticotimes.net. 19 March 2015.
- ^ "Costa Rica". travel.state.gov.
- ^ "Transgender Population in Costa Rica Will be Able to Choose the Name Shown in Their ID". Costa Rica Star News. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre Amigos” (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador.
- ^ "Consulta Nacional sobre realidades LGBTI en El Salvador". Dirección de Diversidad Sexual (in Spanish). 2012.
- ^ "El Salvador: la Corte Suprema reconoce la identidad de género de una persona trans". NODAL (in Spanish). 10 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Press, SONIA PEREZ D., Associated (31 July 2016). "In socially conservative Guatemala, transgender people sees gains".
- ^ "Honduras: Constitución de 1982". pdba.georgetown.edu.
- ^ "Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption". Global Gayz. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ ""DECRETO 144-83" CÓDIGO PENAL" (PDF).
- ^ "Ley No. 16 Que regula el derecho de admisión en los establecimientos públicos y Dicta medidas para evitar la discriminación" (PDF). Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Diario, El Nuevo. "Buscan que orientación sexual e identidad género sean reconocidos en Panamá".
- ^ Octubre, Corprensa Apartado 0819-05620 El Dorado Ave 12 de; Panamá, Hato Pintado; Panamá, República de (5 November 2012). "Transexuales panameños tramitan cédulas de mujer". La Prensa.
- ^ "Por primera vez, una transexual logra en Panamá cambiar su nombre en la cédula". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ Press, Associated (10 September 2016). "Aruba Parliament approves civil unions for same-sex couples".
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Smith, Reiss (22 July 2020). "Barbados invites same-sex couples to live on the island for a year as it begins unpicking colonial-era homophobia". PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ "Government to recognise 'a form of civil unions' for same sex couples". Barbados Today. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
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Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
- ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04,
W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
- ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04".
Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
- ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08".
W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
- ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15".
Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
- ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16".
art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
- ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2.
the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
- Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652.
Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
- Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7.
Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
- Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40.
Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights by country or territory. |
- International Lesbian and Gay Association
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
- Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
- Pride Legal – information by country
- Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
- International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
- United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
- The United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
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