LGBT rights in Europe

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LGBT rights in Europe
Same-sex marriage map Europe detailed.svg
  Same-sex marriage
  Civil unions
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition
  Constitutional limit on marriage
StatusLegal in all 51 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Gender identityLegal in 39 out of 51 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 40 out of 47 states having an army
Allowed in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 44 out of 51 states
Protected in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognised in 29 out of 51 states
Recognised in all 6 dependencies and other territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 15 out of 51 states
AdoptionLegal in 22 out of 51 states
Legal in 5 out of 6 dependencies and other territories

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Sixteen out of the 28 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of more limited recognition for same-sex couples.

Several European countries do not recognise any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Armenia[a][1] recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad,[2] and Croatia, Hungary and Montenegro recognise same-sex partnerships. Eastern Europe is seen as having fewer legal rights and protections, worse living conditions, and less supportive public opinion for LGBT people than that in Western Europe.

All European countries that allow marriage also allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. Of the countries that have civil unions, none but Andorra allow joint adoption, and only half allow step-parent adoption.

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution,[3][4] and in June 2021 the Hungarian parliament approved a law prohibiting the showing of "any content portraying or promoting sex reassignment or homosexuality" to minors, similar to the Russian "anti-gay propaganda" law.[5] Thirteen EU member states condemned the law, calling it a breach of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.[6]

The top three European countries in terms of LGBT equality according to ILGA-Europe are Malta, Belgium and Luxembourg.[7][8] Western Europe is often regarded as being one of the most progressive regions in the world for LGBT people to live in.

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

History[]

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[9]

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day – Olomouc greets Prague"

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[10] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[11][12][13] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[14]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[15][16]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states; however, in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war—but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Further information: LGBT social movements

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the second country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity (after the Soviet Union, which had decriminalized it in 1917 under the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, but re-criminalized it in 1933 under Stalin), followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1956, the German Democratic Republic abolished paragraph 175 of the German penal code which outlawed homosexuality.[17] In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of gay men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed. The claim that phallometry on men was the reason for decriminalization of homosexual behavior in Czechoslovakia is contradicted by the fact that it applied to women as well, as the notion of a male-specific fixity of sexual orientation as an argument for gay rights combined with the notion of female sexual plasticity is adverse to lesbian rights.[18][19]

LGB rights in Europe
Same-sex marriage, full adoption rights and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
Registered partnership and:
  full adoption rights and broad protection
  stepchild adoption right and broad protection
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
No partnership recognition and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
  Restriction on freedom of expression
Trans rights in Europe
Legal gender change, surgery not required and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
Legal gender change, surgery required and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
Gender change illegal and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
  Legality of gender change unknown/ambiguous and no protection
Note: Broad protection means protection from discrimination at least in employment and goods and services, limited protection means protection only in employment or only hate speech law.

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transgender by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[20]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[21]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[22]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[23] Since then, thirteen countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013, Slovakia in 2014, Armenia in 2015 and Georgia in 2018).[23][24]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so.[25] Since then, eighteen other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003,[26] Spain in 2005,[27] Norway[28] and Sweden[29] in 2009, Portugal[30] and Iceland[28] in 2010, Denmark in 2012,[26] France in 2013,[31] England and Wales in 2013, Scotland in 2014, Luxembourg[32] and Ireland in 2015,[28] Finland,[33] Malta,[34] and Germany in 2017,[35] Austria in 2019[36] and Northern Ireland in 2020).

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[37] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009. Under the Danish marriage law, ministers can refuse to carry out a same-sex ceremony, but the local bishop must arrange a replacement for their church building.[38] In October 2015, the Church of Iceland voted to allow same-sex couples to marry in its churches.[39] In 2015, the Church of Norway voted to allow same-sex marriages to take place in its churches.[40] The decision was ratified at the annual conference on 11 April 2016.[41][42][43] The church formally amended its marriage liturgy on 30 January 2017, replacing references to "bride and groom" with gender-neutral text.[44] A male same-sex couple was immediately married in the church the moment the changes came into effect, on 1 February 2017.[45]

Recent developments[]

2020 ILGA-Europe score for each European nation, with 100% being "full equality".
  0–10%
  11–20%
  21–30%
  31–40%
  41–50%
  51–60%
  61–70%
  71–80%
  81–90%
  No data

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.[46]

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011,[47] as well as Jersey in 2012.[48] Both Crown dependencies legalised same-sex marriage later since 22 July 2016[49] and since 1 July 2018, respectively.[50]

Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68% of voters via a referendum in 2011.[51]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[52]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[53] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same-sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender.[54] Same-sex marriage was extended to Northern Ireland on 21 October 2019 and the law came into effect on 13 January 2020.

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.[55]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of "non-traditional" sexual relationships a criminal offence.[56]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[57]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[58]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a sitting social-democratic government sponsored Constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation, fulfilling a 2/3 constitutional change requirement (minimum of 100 deputies out of 150 sitting MPs) for enacting this Constitutional amendment.[24]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[59] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[60][61][62]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[63] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[64] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[65] And on 18 March 2016, the Government introduced a bill to allow legal gender change without any form of psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis or any kind of medical intervention, by people aged at least 16. Minors aged between 6 and 16 also could have that possibility with parental consent.[66][67][68] The bill was approved by a vote of 79-13 by Parliament on 6 June.[69][70] It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.[68][71]

On 9 October 2014, the Parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40–38 vote.[72] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.[73]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[74]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101–90 vote.[75] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The law took effect on 1 March 2017.[76]

In January 2015, the Parliament of North Macedonia voted to constitutionally define marriage as a union solely between a man and a woman.[77] On 9 January, the parliamentary committee on constitutional issues approved a series of amendments, including the aforementioned limitation of marriage and the additional requirement of a two-thirds majority for any future regulation of marriage, family and civil unions (a requirement previously reserved only for issues such as sovereignty and territorial questions). On 20 January, the amendments were approved in parliament by 72 votes to 4. However, in order for these amendments to be added to the constitution, a final vote was required. This final parliamentary session was commenced on 26 January but never concluded, as the ruling coalition did not obtain the two-thirds majority required. The parliamentary session on the constitutional amendments was in recess until the end of 2015, thus the amendement failed.[78]

LGBT activists at Cologne Pride carrying a banner with the flags of 72 countries where homosexuality is illegal

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption.[79] The result of the referendum was for enacting the ban proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[80] However, the referendum was deemed invalid under referendum law because of a low turnout (below 50% requirement).[81]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51–28 vote.[82] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians rejected the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39–12 vote.[83] It took effect on 9 December 2015.[84][85]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194–55 vote.[86] The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.[87]

On 29 April 2016, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, voted to extend Danish same-sex marriage legislation to the territory, excluding the possibility to be legally wed in a religious ceremony. The Danish Parliament still had to approve the exclusion of religious marriages for the Faroe Islands, unlike in Denmark where churches can perform marriages between persons of the same sex.[88][89] The law within the Faroe Islands went into effect on 1 July 2017, after the ratification formality by both the Danish Parliament and royal assent.

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Italy was approved on 13 May 2016 by the Parliament of Italy. The law was signed by the President on 20 May 2016.[90] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 May and therefore entered into force on 5 June 2016.[91]

On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33–5 vote.[92][93] It received Royal Assent on 14 December 2016. The law went into effect on 1 July 2017.

On 26 October 2016, the Gibraltar Parliament unanimously approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 15–0. It received Royal Assent 1 November 2016.[94] The law went into effect on 15 December 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy) refused, on procedural grounds, to rescind a lower judgment recognising a marriage between two French women (one of these had the right to claim Italian citizenship iure sanguinis), officiated in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. This is the first time a same-sex marriage is admitted in Italy, but the judgment does not imply that this will necessarily be the case in general terms.[95]

Within July 2017, both the Parliaments of Germany and Malta approved bills to allow same-sex marriage. The Presidents of both countries signed the bills into law. The same-sex marriage laws within Malta went into effect on 1 September 2017 and the same-sex marriage laws within Germany went into effect on 1 October 2017.[96][97]

In October 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted the first intersex-specific resolution of its kind from a European intergovernmental institution, after 33 members voted in favour. The resolution called for intersex peoples right to bodily autonomy and physical integrity by calling for prohibition of "medically unnecessary sex-"normalising" surgery, sterilisation and other treatments practised on intersex children without their informed consent" It recommends the committee of ministers to bring the resolution to the attention of their governments, the need for increased psychosocial support, and calls for policymakers to "ensure that anti-discrimination legislation effectively applies to and protects intersex people."[98][99]

On 5 December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Austria struck down the ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage became legal on 1 January 2019.[100][101]

In late 2018 San Marino parliament voted to legalise civil unions with stepchild adoption rights.[102] The law to permit civil unions became fully operational on 11 February 2019, following a number of further legal and administrative changes.

Public opinion around Europe[]

See also: Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
2019 Pew Research Center Poll: Percentage of responders who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society:
  0-10%
  11-20%
  21-30%
  31-40%
  41-50%
  51-60%
  61-70%
  71-80%
  81-90%
  91-100%
  No data
Eurobarometer 2019: % of people in each country who "total agree" with the statement that "Gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people."[103]
Country Percentage
 Sweden 98%
 Netherlands 97%
 Spain 91%
 United Kingdom 90%
 Denmark 89%
 Germany 88%
 Luxembourg 87%
 France 85%
 Belgium 84%
 Ireland 83%
 Finland 80%
 Portugal 78%
 Malta 73%
 Austria 70%
 Italy 68%
 Greece 64%
 Slovenia 64%
 Cyprus 63%
 Czech Republic 57%
 Lithuania 53%
 Estonia 53%
 Poland 49%
 Latvia 49%
 Hungary 48%
 Croatia 44%
 Bulgaria 39%
 Romania 38%
 Slovakia 31%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[104] According to pollster Gallup Europe in 2003, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[105]

A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the then 27 member states on the issue of same-sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[106] Same-sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7%, respectively.[106]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that a small majority of Britons—55%—support same-sex marriage.[107] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support same-sex marriage and adoption, 73% and 60%, respectively.[108] France has support for same-sex marriage at 62%,[109] and Russian at 14%.[110] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between people of the same gender at 45% with 47% opposed.[111] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while a 40.4% minority supported same-sex marriage.[112] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while a 38.5% minority supported same-sex marriage.[113] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[114] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same-sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18–35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against lesbian, gay, or bisexual people publicly showing their way of life.[115] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[116] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[117]

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[118] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[119]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[120] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[121] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[122] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[123]

In Greece support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe.[119] In 2017 according to a survey 50.04% of Greeks agreed with gay marriage. A more recent survey in 2020 showed that 56% of the Greek population accept gay marriage.[124][125]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[126] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[127] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[128] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[129]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[130]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[131] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[132]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[119] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[118] A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.[133]

Adoption[]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria IMAS 2015 46%[134] 48%[134] 6%
 Belgium Ipsos 2021 72%[135] 21% 7%
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 68%[136] 20%[136]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[136] 86%[136] 4%[136]
Czech Republic Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[137] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[138] - -
 Estonia ASi 2012 26%[139] 66%[139] 8%[139]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[140] 42%[140] 7%[140]
 France Ipsos 2021 62%[135] 29% 10%
 Germany Ipsos 2021 69%[135] 24% 6%
 Greece KAPA Research 2020 40%[141] 57%[141] 3%[141]
 Hungary Ipsos 2021 59% [135] 36% 5%
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[142] - -
 Italy Ipsos 2021 59% [143] 36% 5%
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 8%[136] 89%[136] 3%[136]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 82%[136] 6%[136]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[144] 44%[144] 1%[144]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[145] 80%[145] -
 Netherlands Ipsos 2021 83%[135] 12% 5%
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[146] 34%[146] 12%[146]
 Poland Ipsos 2021 33%[135] 58% 10%
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[147] 28%[147] 13%[147]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[136] 82%[136] 10%[136]
 Russia Ipsos 2021 23%[135] 67% 10%
 Serbia GSA 2010 8%[148] 79% 13%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 84%[136] 4%[136]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[149] 55%[149] 7%[149]
 Spain Ipsos 2021 77%[135] 17% 6%
 Sweden Ipsos 2021 79%[135] 17% 4%
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[150] 30%[150] 3%[150]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[151] 68%[151] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[151]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 72%[135] 19% 9%

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:
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European Union[]

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 27 member states[152] Yes/No Legal in 21/27 member states
 Yes/No Legal in 13/27 member states
 Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal in 17/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 14/27 member states 		Yes Legal in all member states Yes Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment.
3/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
24/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination 		Yes/No Legal in 25/27 member states[153][dead link]

Central Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971[154]
+ UN decl. sign. 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2010[155] Yes Legal since 2019[156] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[157][158][159] 		Yes Includes transgender people[160] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[162]
Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Life partnerships since 2014[163] No Constitutional ban since 2013[164] Yes Joint adoption since 2021 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161][165] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[166]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[167] No Pending[168] No LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt;[169] stepchild and joint adoption pending[170] Yes Includes transgender people[171] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[172]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[154][173] 		Yes Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[174][175] Yes Legal since 2017[176] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[176] Yes Includes transgender people[177] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[178] Yes Gender change is legal; surgery not required[179]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2009[180] No Constitutional ban since 2012[181][182][183][184] No Constitutional ban since 2020[185][182] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[186] Gender identity is protected from discrimination.

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2011[187] No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[188] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No Gender change is not legal[172]
Poland Poland Yes Legal since 1932
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019 		No Constitutional ban since 1997[189] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[190][191][192][193][194][195])[b] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[197] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 		No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[198] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[199][200] Yes Requires sterilisation for change[172]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[201];
Registered cohabitation since 2017[202] 		No No/Yes Stepchild adoption since 2011[203] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender change is legal[204]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[154][205] 		Yes Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[206] Zürich (2003),[207] Neuchâtel (2004)[208] and Fribourg (2005)[208]
Nationwide since 2007[209] 		No Approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.)[210] No/Yes Stepchild adoption since 2018[211]
Joint adoption approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.) 		Yes Includes transgender people[212] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [213] Yes Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[214]

Eastern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2015[215][216] No No[217] No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[218] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[154] No No No No No No
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[154] No No Constitutional ban since 1994[219] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[220] No Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2018 No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[221] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[172]
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1994[222] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[172]
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[223]
Civil unions proposed[224] 		No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[225] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[172]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[226][154]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
Further information: Anti-gay purges in Chechnya
 No No Constitutional ban since 2020 No No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery to legally change gender.
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Transnistria Transnistria
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2002[227] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1996[228] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[229] Yes[230][failed verification] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[231] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016

Northern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[232] Yes Legal since 2012[233][234] Yes Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[235][236] 		Yes Includes transgender people[237] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[238]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[239] No Marriage performed abroad was recognized between 2016 and 2019[240] Yes/No Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 Yes[citation needed] Includes transgender people[241] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[172]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) 		Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Yes Legal since 2017[242][243] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[244][245] No[246]
Finland Finland
Åland Islands (includes Åland Islands) 		Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[247] Yes Legal since 2017[248] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017 		Yes Includes transgender people[249] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation[250]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006;[251]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[252] 		Yes Legal since 2010[253][254] Yes Legal since 2006[255][256] No standing army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[257][172]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 2006[258] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[259] Yes[260] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[261] YesLegal change allowed[262] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[263] Sterilization required.[264]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [265] No Constitutional ban since 1992[266] No Only married couples can adopt[267] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender change legal; surgery required[268]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[269] Yes Legal since 2009[270][271] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[272][273] 		Yes Includes transgender people[274] Yes Discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal[275] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[162]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[276] Yes Legal since 2009[277] Yes Legal since 2003[278][279] Yes[280] Includes transgender people[281] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes[282]

Southern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[154][283][284] 		Yes Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[285] Yes Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[286] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[287] Emblem-question.svg
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No No legal recognition[172]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Stable unions since 2005[288]; Civil unions since 2014[289] No(pending) Yes Legal since 2014[290][289][291] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No No legal recognition[172]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Requires surgery for change[292]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 1991[293] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[294] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[295][296]

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[297][298]

Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[299] No No Yes[300] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[301]

No Gender change is not legal.

Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2014[302] Yes Legal since 2016[303] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[304] Yes Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[304]

No Gender change is not legal

Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[154] Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2015[305] No No Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[306] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[307][308]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil unions since 2016[309] No/Yes One same-sex marriage was recognized in 2017[310] No/Yes Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[311][312] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[313][314]
Kosovo Kosovo
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia)[154] 		No No[315] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[316][317] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[318] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No No legal recognition[172]

Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil unions since 2014[319] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 		Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[320]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Life partnership from July 2021[321] No Constitutional ban since 2007[322][323] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[162][172]
North Macedonia North Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No Gender change is not legal

Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2014[324][325][154] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[324][325] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[326]
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes De facto unions since 2001[327][328] Yes Legal since 2010[329] Yes Legal since 2016[330][331][332] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[333]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil unions since 2019 No Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition[162]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[334] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2006[335] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[336]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[337] Aragon (1999),[337] Navarre (2000),[337] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[337] Valencia (2001),[338] the Balearic Islands (2001),[339] Madrid (2001),[337] Asturias (2002),[340] Castile and León (2002),[341] Andalusia (2002),[337] the Canary Islands (2003),[337] Extremadura (2003),[337] Basque Country (2003),[337] Cantabria (2005),[342] Galicia (2008)[343] La Rioja (2010),[344] and Murcia (2018),[345][346] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[347] and Melilla (2008).[348] Yes Legal since 2005[349] Yes Legal since 2005[350][351] Yes Includes transgender people[352] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Aragon, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia 		Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[353]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[154] No No No No No Yes Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[354]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[154] No No N/A Has no military No X mark.svg

Western Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[355] Yes Legal since 2003[356][357][358] Yes Legal since 2006[359][360] Yes Includes transgender people[361] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[362]
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[363] Yes Legal since 2013[364] Yes Legal since 2013[365] Yes Includes transgender people[366] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[367]
Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[368][369][154] 		Yes Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[370][371][372] Legal cohabitation since 2017[373] Yes Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[374]
[375] 		Yes Legal since 2017[376] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[377] Yes Legal gender changes since 2007[378][379]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[380] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[381] Yes Legal since 2017[382][383][384][385][386][387] Yes Includes transgender people[388] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[389][390][391] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015[392]
Isle of Man Isle of Man
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2011[393] Yes Legal since 2016[394] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[395] Yes Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[396][397]
Jersey Jersey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2012[398] Yes Legal since 2018[399][400] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[401] Yes Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[402]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2004[403] Yes Legal since 2015[404][405] Yes Legal since 2015[406] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[407] Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[408][172]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2020 No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[154] Emblem-question.svg
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Registered partnership since 1998[409] Yes Legal since 2001[410] Yes Legal since 2001[411][412] Yes Includes transgender people[413] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[414] Yes Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[415][416]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982

+ UN decl. sign.[154] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2005[417] Yes Legal in England and Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[418][418] Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[419][420][421] Yes Since 2000; Includes transgender people[422] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[423][154] [424] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  2. ^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[196]

References[]

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  195. ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
    • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
    • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
    • Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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Further reading[]

  • Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David, eds. (2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-39176-6.
  • Bilić, Bojan, ed. LGBT activism and Europeanisation in the post-Yugoslav space: On the rainbow way to Europe (Springer, 2016).
  • Friedman, Jack. Religious Freedom and Gay Rights: Emerging Conflicts in the United States and Europe (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Helfer, Laurence R. "Lesbian and Gay Rights as Human Rights: Strategies for a United Europe." Virginia Journal of International Law 32 (1991): 157+. online
  • Sremac, Srdjan. and R. Ruard Ganzevoort, eds. Religious and Sexual Nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe (BRILL, 2015). online
  • Rydström, Jens. Odd couples: A history of gay marriage in Scandinavia (Amsterdam Univ. Press, 2011).
  • Rydström J. & K. Mustola, eds. Criminally queer: homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia 1842–1999 (Amsterdam: Aksant, 2007). online
  • Slootmaeckers, Koen; Touquet, Heleen; Vermeersch, Peter, eds. (2016). The EU Enlargement and Gay Politics: The Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Rights, Activism and Prejudice. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-48093-4.

External links[]

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