LGBT rights in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Same-sex marriage map Europe detailed.svg
  Same-sex marriage
  Civil unions
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition
  Constitutional limit on marriage
StatusLegal in all 51 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Gender identityLegal in 39 out of 51 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 40 out of 47 states having an army
Allowed in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 44 out of 51 states
Protected in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognised in 29 out of 51 states
Recognised in all 6 dependencies and other territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 15 out of 51 states
AdoptionLegal in 22 out of 51 states
Legal in 5 out of 6 dependencies and other territories

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Sixteen out of the 28 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of more limited recognition for same-sex couples.

Several European countries do not recognise any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Armenia[a][1] recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad,[2] and Croatia, Hungary and Montenegro recognise same-sex partnerships. Eastern Europe is seen as having fewer legal rights and protections, worse living conditions, and less supportive public opinion for LGBT people than that in Western Europe.

All European countries that allow marriage also allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. Of the countries that have civil unions, none but Andorra allow joint adoption, and only half allow step-parent adoption.

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution,[3][4] and in June 2021 the Hungarian parliament approved a law prohibiting the showing of "any content portraying or promoting sex reassignment or homosexuality" to minors, similar to the Russian "anti-gay propaganda" law.[5] Thirteen EU member states condemned the law, calling it a breach of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.[6]

The top three European countries in terms of LGBT equality according to ILGA-Europe are Malta, Belgium and Luxembourg.[7][8] Western Europe is often regarded as being one of the most progressive regions in the world for LGBT people to live in.

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

History[]

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[9]

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day – Olomouc greets Prague"

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[10] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[11][12][13] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[14]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[15][16]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states; however, in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war—but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the second country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity (after the Soviet Union, which had decriminalized it in 1917 under the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, but re-criminalized it in 1933 under Stalin), followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1956, the German Democratic Republic abolished paragraph 175 of the German penal code which outlawed homosexuality.[17] In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of gay men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed. The claim that phallometry on men was the reason for decriminalization of homosexual behavior in Czechoslovakia is contradicted by the fact that it applied to women as well, as the notion of a male-specific fixity of sexual orientation as an argument for gay rights combined with the notion of female sexual plasticity is adverse to lesbian rights.[18][19]

LGB rights in Europe
Same-sex marriage, full adoption rights and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
Registered partnership and:
  full adoption rights and broad protection
  stepchild adoption right and broad protection
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
No partnership recognition and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
  Restriction on freedom of expression
Trans rights in Europe
Legal gender change, surgery not required and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
Legal gender change, surgery required and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  limited protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
Gender change illegal and:
  broad protection from discrimination
  no protection from discrimination
  Legality of gender change unknown/ambiguous and no protection
Note: Broad protection means protection from discrimination at least in employment and goods and services, limited protection means protection only in employment or only hate speech law.

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transgender by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[20]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[21]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[22]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[23] Since then, thirteen countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013, Slovakia in 2014, Armenia in 2015 and Georgia in 2018).[23][24]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so.[25] Since then, eighteen other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003,[26] Spain in 2005,[27] Norway[28] and Sweden[29] in 2009, Portugal[30] and Iceland[28] in 2010, Denmark in 2012,[26] France in 2013,[31] England and Wales in 2013, Scotland in 2014, Luxembourg[32] and Ireland in 2015,[28] Finland,[33] Malta,[34] and Germany in 2017,[35] Austria in 2019[36] and Northern Ireland in 2020).

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[37] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009. Under the Danish marriage law, ministers can refuse to carry out a same-sex ceremony, but the local bishop must arrange a replacement for their church building.[38] In October 2015, the Church of Iceland voted to allow same-sex couples to marry in its churches.[39] In 2015, the Church of Norway voted to allow same-sex marriages to take place in its churches.[40] The decision was ratified at the annual conference on 11 April 2016.[41][42][43] The church formally amended its marriage liturgy on 30 January 2017, replacing references to "bride and groom" with gender-neutral text.[44] A male same-sex couple was immediately married in the church the moment the changes came into effect, on 1 February 2017.[45]

Recent developments[]

2020 ILGA-Europe score for each European nation, with 100% being "full equality".
  0–10%
  11–20%
  21–30%
  31–40%
  41–50%
  51–60%
  61–70%
  71–80%
  81–90%
  No data

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.[46]

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011,[47] as well as Jersey in 2012.[48] Both Crown dependencies legalised same-sex marriage later since 22 July 2016[49] and since 1 July 2018, respectively.[50]

Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68% of voters via a referendum in 2011.[51]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[52]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[53] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same-sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender.[54] Same-sex marriage was extended to Northern Ireland on 21 October 2019 and the law came into effect on 13 January 2020.

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.[55]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of "non-traditional" sexual relationships a criminal offence.[56]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[57]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[58]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a sitting social-democratic government sponsored Constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation, fulfilling a 2/3 constitutional change requirement (minimum of 100 deputies out of 150 sitting MPs) for enacting this Constitutional amendment.[24]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[59] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[60][61][62]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[63] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[64] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[65] And on 18 March 2016, the Government introduced a bill to allow legal gender change without any form of psychiatric or psychological evaluation, diagnosis or any kind of medical intervention, by people aged at least 16. Minors aged between 6 and 16 also could have that possibility with parental consent.[66][67][68] The bill was approved by a vote of 79-13 by Parliament on 6 June.[69][70] It was promulgated on 17 June and took effect on 1 July 2016.[68][71]

On 9 October 2014, the Parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40–38 vote.[72] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.[73]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[74]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101–90 vote.[75] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The law took effect on 1 March 2017.[76]

In January 2015, the Parliament of North Macedonia voted to constitutionally define marriage as a union solely between a man and a woman.[77] On 9 January, the parliamentary committee on constitutional issues approved a series of amendments, including the aforementioned limitation of marriage and the additional requirement of a two-thirds majority for any future regulation of marriage, family and civil unions (a requirement previously reserved only for issues such as sovereignty and territorial questions). On 20 January, the amendments were approved in parliament by 72 votes to 4. However, in order for these amendments to be added to the constitution, a final vote was required. This final parliamentary session was commenced on 26 January but never concluded, as the ruling coalition did not obtain the two-thirds majority required. The parliamentary session on the constitutional amendments was in recess until the end of 2015, thus the amendement failed.[78]

LGBT activists at Cologne Pride carrying a banner with the flags of 72 countries where homosexuality is illegal

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption.[79] The result of the referendum was for enacting the ban proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[80] However, the referendum was deemed invalid under referendum law because of a low turnout (below 50% requirement).[81]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51–28 vote.[82] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians rejected the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39–12 vote.[83] It took effect on 9 December 2015.[84][85]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194–55 vote.[86] The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.[87]

On 29 April 2016, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, voted to extend Danish same-sex marriage legislation to the territory, excluding the possibility to be legally wed in a religious ceremony. The Danish Parliament still had to approve the exclusion of religious marriages for the Faroe Islands, unlike in Denmark where churches can perform marriages between persons of the same sex.[88][89] The law within the Faroe Islands went into effect on 1 July 2017, after the ratification formality by both the Danish Parliament and royal assent.

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Italy was approved on 13 May 2016 by the Parliament of Italy. The law was signed by the President on 20 May 2016.[90] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 May and therefore entered into force on 5 June 2016.[91]

On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33–5 vote.[92][93] It received Royal Assent on 14 December 2016. The law went into effect on 1 July 2017.

On 26 October 2016, the Gibraltar Parliament unanimously approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 15–0. It received Royal Assent 1 November 2016.[94] The law went into effect on 15 December 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy) refused, on procedural grounds, to rescind a lower judgment recognising a marriage between two French women (one of these had the right to claim Italian citizenship iure sanguinis), officiated in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. This is the first time a same-sex marriage is admitted in Italy, but the judgment does not imply that this will necessarily be the case in general terms.[95]

Within July 2017, both the Parliaments of Germany and Malta approved bills to allow same-sex marriage. The Presidents of both countries signed the bills into law. The same-sex marriage laws within Malta went into effect on 1 September 2017 and the same-sex marriage laws within Germany went into effect on 1 October 2017.[96][97]

In October 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted the first intersex-specific resolution of its kind from a European intergovernmental institution, after 33 members voted in favour. The resolution called for intersex peoples right to bodily autonomy and physical integrity by calling for prohibition of "medically unnecessary sex-"normalising" surgery, sterilisation and other treatments practised on intersex children without their informed consent" It recommends the committee of ministers to bring the resolution to the attention of their governments, the need for increased psychosocial support, and calls for policymakers to "ensure that anti-discrimination legislation effectively applies to and protects intersex people."[98][99]

On 5 December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Austria struck down the ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage became legal on 1 January 2019.[100][101]

In late 2018 San Marino parliament voted to legalise civil unions with stepchild adoption rights.[102] The law to permit civil unions became fully operational on 11 February 2019, following a number of further legal and administrative changes.

Public opinion around Europe[]

2019 Pew Research Center Poll: Percentage of responders who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society:
  0-10%
  11-20%
  21-30%
  31-40%
  41-50%
  51-60%
  61-70%
  71-80%
  81-90%
  91-100%
  No data
Eurobarometer 2019: % of people in each country who "total agree" with the statement that "Gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people."[103]
Country Percentage
 Sweden 98%
 Netherlands 97%
 Spain 91%
 United Kingdom 90%
 Denmark 89%
 Germany 88%
 Luxembourg 87%
 France 85%
 Belgium 84%
 Ireland 83%
 Finland 80%
 Portugal 78%
 Malta 73%
 Austria 70%
 Italy 68%
 Greece 64%
 Slovenia 64%
 Cyprus 63%
 Czech Republic 57%
 Lithuania 53%
 Estonia 53%
 Poland 49%
 Latvia 49%
 Hungary 48%
 Croatia 44%
 Bulgaria 39%
 Romania 38%
 Slovakia 31%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[104] According to pollster Gallup Europe in 2003, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[105]

A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the then 27 member states on the issue of same-sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[106] Same-sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7%, respectively.[106]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that a small majority of Britons—55%—support same-sex marriage.[107] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support same-sex marriage and adoption, 73% and 60%, respectively.[108] France has support for same-sex marriage at 62%,[109] and Russian at 14%.[110] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between people of the same gender at 45% with 47% opposed.[111] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while a 40.4% minority supported same-sex marriage.[112] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while a 38.5% minority supported same-sex marriage.[113] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[114] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same-sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18–35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against lesbian, gay, or bisexual people publicly showing their way of life.[115] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[116] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[117]

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[118] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[119]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[120] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[121] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[122] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[123]

In Greece support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe.[119] In 2017 according to a survey 50.04% of Greeks agreed with gay marriage. A more recent survey in 2020 showed that 56% of the Greek population accept gay marriage.[124][125]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[126] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[127] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[128] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[129]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[130]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[131] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[132]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[119] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[118] A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.[133]

Adoption[]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria IMAS 2015 46%[134] 48%[134] 6%
 Belgium Ipsos 2021 72%[135] 21% 7%
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 68%[136] 20%[136]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[136] 86%[136] 4%[136]
Czech Republic Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[137] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[138] - -
 Estonia ASi 2012 26%[139] 66%[139] 8%[139]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[140] 42%[140] 7%[140]
 France Ipsos 2021 62%[135] 29% 10%
 Germany Ipsos 2021 69%[135] 24% 6%
 Greece KAPA Research 2020 40%[141] 57%[141] 3%[141]
 Hungary Ipsos 2021 59% [135] 36% 5%
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[142] - -
 Italy Ipsos 2021 59% [143] 36% 5%
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 8%[136] 89%[136] 3%[136]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 82%[136] 6%[136]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[144] 44%[144] 1%[144]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[145] 80%[145] -
 Netherlands Ipsos 2021 83%[135] 12% 5%
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[146] 34%[146] 12%[146]
 Poland Ipsos 2021 33%[135] 58% 10%
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[147] 28%[147] 13%[147]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[136] 82%[136] 10%[136]
 Russia Ipsos 2021 23%[135] 67% 10%
 Serbia GSA 2010 8%[148] 79% 13%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[136] 84%[136] 4%[136]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[149] 55%[149] 7%[149]
 Spain Ipsos 2021 77%[135] 17% 6%
 Sweden Ipsos 2021 79%[135] 17% 4%
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[150] 30%[150] 3%[150]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[151] 68%[151] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[151]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 72%[135] 19% 9%

Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

European Union[]

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 27 member states[152] Yes/No Legal in 21/27 member states
Yes/No Legal in 13/27 member states
Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal in 17/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 14/27 member states
Yes Legal in all member states Yes Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment.
3/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
24/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination
Yes/No Legal in 25/27 member states[153][dead link]

Central Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971[154]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Registered partnerships since 2010[155] Yes Legal since 2019[156] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[157][158][159]
Yes Includes transgender people[160] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[162]
Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Life partnerships since 2014[163] No Constitutional ban since 2013[164] Yes Joint adoption since 2021 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161][165] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[166]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[167] No Pending[168] No LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt;[169] stepchild and joint adoption pending[170] Yes Includes transgender people[171] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[172]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[154][173]
Yes Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[174][175] Yes Legal since 2017[176] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[176] Yes Includes transgender people[177] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[178] Yes Gender change is legal; surgery not required[179]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2009[180] No Constitutional ban since 2012[181][182][183][184] No Constitutional ban since 2020[185][182] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[186] Gender identity is protected from discrimination.

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2011[187] No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[188] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No Gender change is not legal[172]
Poland Poland Yes Legal since 1932
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019
No Constitutional ban since 1997[189] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[190][191][192][193][194][195])[b] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[197] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[198] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[199][200] Yes Requires sterilisation for change[172]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[201];
Registered cohabitation since 2017[202]
No No/Yes Stepchild adoption since 2011[203] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender change is legal[204]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[154][205]
Yes Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[206] Zürich (2003),[207] Neuchâtel (2004)[208] and Fribourg (2005)[208]
Nationwide since 2007[209]
No Approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.)[210] No/Yes Stepchild adoption since 2018[211]
Joint adoption approved by Parliament. (Awaiting prospective referendum.)
Yes Includes transgender people[212] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [213] Yes Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. A registered partnership can become a marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[214]

Eastern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No Constitutional ban since 2015[215][216] No No[217] No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[218] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[154] No No No No No No
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[154] No No Constitutional ban since 1994[219] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[220] No Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No Constitutional ban since 2018 No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[221] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[172]
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No Constitutional ban since 1994[222] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[172]
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[223]
Civil unions proposed[224]
No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[225] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[172]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[226][154]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No No Constitutional ban since 2020 No No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery to legally change gender.
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Transnistria Transnistria
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2002[227] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No Constitutional ban since 1996[228] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[229] Yes[230][failed verification] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[231] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016

Northern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[232] Yes Legal since 2012[233][234] Yes Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[235][236]
Yes Includes transgender people[237] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[238]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[239] No Marriage performed abroad was recognized between 2016 and 2019[240] Yes/No Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 Yes[citation needed] Includes transgender people[241] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[172]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)
Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Yes Legal since 2017[242][243] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[244][245] No[246]
Finland Finland
Åland Islands (includes Åland Islands)
Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[247] Yes Legal since 2017[248] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017
Yes Includes transgender people[249] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation[250]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006;[251]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[252]
Yes Legal since 2010[253][254] Yes Legal since 2006[255][256] No standing army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[257][172]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 2006[258] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[259] Yes[260] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[261] YesLegal change allowed[262] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[263] Sterilization required.[264]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [265] No Constitutional ban since 1992[266] No Only married couples can adopt[267] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender change legal; surgery required[268]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[269] Yes Legal since 2009[270][271] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[272][273]
Yes Includes transgender people[274] Yes Discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal[275] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[162]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[276] Yes Legal since 2009[277] Yes Legal since 2003[278][279] Yes[280] Includes transgender people[281] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes[282]

Southern Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[154][283][284]
Yes Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[285] Yes Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[286] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[287] Emblem-question.svg
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No No legal recognition[172]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Stable unions since 2005[288]; Civil unions since 2014[289] No(pending) Yes Legal since 2014[290][289][291] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No No legal recognition[172]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Requires surgery for change[292]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 1991[293] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[294] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[295][296]

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[297][298]

Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[299] No No Yes[300] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[301]

No Gender change is not legal.

Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2014[302] Yes Legal since 2016[303] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[304] Yes Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[304]

No Gender change is not legal

Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[154] Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2015[305] No No Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[306] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[307][308]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil unions since 2016[309] No/Yes One same-sex marriage was recognized in 2017[310] No/Yes Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[311][312] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[313][314]
Kosovo Kosovo
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia)[154]
No No[315] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[316][317] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[318] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No No legal recognition[172]

Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil unions since 2014[319] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[320]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Life partnership from July 2021[321] No Constitutional ban since 2007[322][323] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[162][172]
North Macedonia North Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No Gender change is not legal

Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2014[324][325][154] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[324][325] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[326]
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes De facto unions since 2001[327][328] Yes Legal since 2010[329] Yes Legal since 2016[330][331][332] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[333]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil unions since 2019 No Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition[162]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[334] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
No No Constitutional ban since 2006[335] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[336]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[337] Aragon (1999),[337] Navarre (2000),[337] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[337] Valencia (2001),[338] the Balearic Islands (2001),[339] Madrid (2001),[337] Asturias (2002),[340] Castile and León (2002),[341] Andalusia (2002),[337] the Canary Islands (2003),[337] Extremadura (2003),[337] Basque Country (2003),[337] Cantabria (2005),[342] Galicia (2008)[343] La Rioja (2010),[344] and Murcia (2018),[345][346] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[347] and Melilla (2008).[348] Yes Legal since 2005[349] Yes Legal since 2005[350][351] Yes Includes transgender people[352] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Aragon, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia
Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[353]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[154] No No No No No Yes Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[354]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[154] No No N/A Has no military No X mark.svg

Western Europe[]

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[355] Yes Legal since 2003[356][357][358] Yes Legal since 2006[359][360] Yes Includes transgender people[361] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[362]
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[363] Yes Legal since 2013[364] Yes Legal since 2013[365] Yes Includes transgender people[366] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[367]
Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[368][369][154]
Yes Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[370][371][372] Legal cohabitation since 2017[373] Yes Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[374]
[375]
Yes Legal since 2017[376] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[377] Yes Legal gender changes since 2007[378][379]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[380] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[381] Yes Legal since 2017[382][383][384][385][386][387] Yes Includes transgender people[388] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[389][390][391] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015[392]
Isle of Man Isle of Man
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2011[393] Yes Legal since 2016[394] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[395] Yes Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[396][397]
Jersey Jersey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2012[398] Yes Legal since 2018[399][400] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[401] Yes Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[402]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2004[403] Yes Legal since 2015[404][405] Yes Legal since 2015[406] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[407] Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[408][172]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2020 No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[154] Emblem-question.svg
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Registered partnership since 1998[409] Yes Legal since 2001[410] Yes Legal since 2001[411][412] Yes Includes transgender people[413] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[414] Yes Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[415][416]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982

+ UN decl. sign.[154]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2005[417] Yes Legal in England and Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[418][418] Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[419][420][421] Yes Since 2000; Includes transgender people[422] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[423][154] [424] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  2. ^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[196]

References[]

  1. ^ Vic Gerami (2019-02-19). "'You have no right to call yourself Armenian' Say Gay Man's Attackers". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  2. ^ "PanARMENIAN.Net - Mobile". panarmenian.net.
  3. ^ "Hungary Amends Constitution to Redefine Family, Effectively Banning Gay Adoption". NBC News. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  4. ^ Tracy, Matt (17 December 2020). "Hungary Bans LGBTQ Adoption Rights in Broad Power Grab". Gay City News. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Hungary's parliament passes anti-LGBT law ahead of 2022 election". 15 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Thirteen EU countries denounce Hungary's new anti-LGBT law". 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Malta ranks first in European 'rainbow map' of LGBTIQ rights". MaltaToday.com.mt.
  8. ^ "Country Ranking". Rainbow-europe.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  9. ^ Crompton, Louis. (2003). Homosexuality & Civilization. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 1–212.
  10. ^ Sierzpowska-Ketner, Anna. "Poland". Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  11. ^ "A Brief History of Gay Poland". Globalgayz.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  12. ^ "Poland". glbtq. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  13. ^ "The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality: Poland". .hu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  14. ^ Krieger, Joel (2001). The Oxford companion to politics of. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-19-511739-4.
  15. ^ Kazi, Tehmina (7 October 2011). "The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  16. ^ Cunningham, Erin (24 June 2016). "In Turkey, it's not a crime to be gay. But LGBT activists see a rising threat". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  17. ^ Green, J. and De La Motte, B. (2015) "Stasi State or Socialist Paradise?: The German Democratic Republic and What Became of It." p.74
  18. ^ Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition, David E Newton
  19. ^ Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context, Vern L. Bullough 2002
  20. ^ Hanna Jedvik (5 March 2007). "Lagen om könsbyte ska utredas". RFSU. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
  21. ^ Jag känner mig lite homosexuell idag | quistbergh.se The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1973 with publication of its DSM II. Source: The American Psychiatric Association, and DSM II. Thus, the American Psychiatric Association took this step six years before a similar action was taken in Sweden.
  22. ^ 103982@au.dk (13 April 2018). "Vis". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b "European countries which define marriage as a union between a man and a woman in their constitutions". ILGA Europe. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Radoslav, Tomek (4 June 2014). "Slovak Lawmakers Approve Constitutional Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  25. ^ Reuters (20 December 2000). "Same-Sex Dutch Couples Gain Marriage and Adoption Rights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "What was the first country to legalize gay marriage?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  27. ^ McLean, Renwick (1 July 2005). "Spain Legalizes Gay Marriage; Law Is Among the Most Liberal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Same-Sex Marriage Legalization by Country". U.S. News. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  29. ^ "Sweden: Same-Sex Marriage Now Legal". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 April 2009. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  30. ^ "Portugal passes legal gender change law". BBC News. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  31. ^ "France marks five-year anniversary of same-sex marriage". France 24. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  32. ^ "In Luxembourg, gay premier marries, in first for EU". Reuters. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Finnish president signs same-sex marriage bill". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  34. ^ "Maltese Parliament Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". U.S. News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  35. ^ "Germany Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage After Merkel U-Turn". U.S. News. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  36. ^ "Austrian women celebrate country's first same-sex marriage". Yahoo!. Associated Press. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  37. ^ "Kyrkomötet öppnade för enkönade äktenskap". Dagens Nyheter. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  38. ^ Orange, Richard (7 June 2012). "Gay Danish couples win right to marry in church". The Daily Telegraph.
  39. ^ Underwood, York (29 October 2015). "Icelandic Priests Cannot Deny Gay Marriage". The Reykjavík Grapevine. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  40. ^ Wee, Darren (2 November 2015). "Norway bishops open doors to gay church weddings". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  41. ^ Pettersen, Jørgen; Edvardsen, Ingvild; Skjærseth, Lars Erik (11 April 2016). "Nå kan homofile gifte seg i kirka". NRK. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  42. ^ Oesterud, Tor Ingar (11 April 2016). "Large majority want gay marriage in church". Norway Today. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  43. ^ Fouche, Gwladys (11 April 2016). "Norway's Lutheran church votes in favor of same-sex marriage". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  44. ^ Fouche, Gwladys (30 January 2017). "Norway's Lutheran Church embraces same-sex marriage". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  45. ^ Hadland, Lisa S. (1 February 2017). "First gay couple wed". Norway Today. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  46. ^ "Same-sex couples can marry from today". RTÉ News. 16 November 2015.
  47. ^ "First heterosexual civil partnership". BBC News. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  48. ^ "Jersey recognises civil partners". BBC News. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  49. ^ "Same-sex couples can now marry in the Isle of Man". ITV Granada. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  50. ^ "Jersey to introduce same-sex marriage from 1 July". BBC News. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  51. ^ "Liechtenstein: Homo-Ehe kommt nächstes Jahr". Queer.de. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  52. ^ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban". Pinknews. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  53. ^ "Gay marriage: Government consultation begins". BBC News. 15 March 2012.
  54. ^ "Scotland Establishes Marriage Equality". the Advocate. 4 February 2014.
  55. ^ "French President Signs Gay Marriage into Law". HuffPost. 18 May 2013.
  56. ^ "HRW Slams Effects of Russia's Gay 'Propaganda' Law, One Year On". RFE/RL. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  57. ^ "2013 Referendum". Izbori.hr. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  58. ^ "Northern Cyprus becomes last European territory to decriminalise gay sex". Reuters. 27 January 2014.
  59. ^ "Feu vert pour le mariage gay au Luxembourg". Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg). 18 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  60. ^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014" (PDF).
  61. ^ "Same-sex marriages from January 1". Wort.lu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  62. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015". Chronicle.lu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  63. ^ "Povijesna odluka: Hrvatska ima Zakon o životnom partnerstvu". tportal.hr. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  64. ^ "Denmark Drops Forced Sterilization of Transgender People". Human Rights Campaign. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  65. ^ "— En stor dag!". BLIKK Magasin. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  66. ^ "Norway set to allow gender change without medical intervention". Yahoo! News.
  67. ^ Services, Ministry of Health and Care (18 March 2016). "Easier to change legal gender". Government.no.
  68. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn". Stortinget. 29 March 2016.
  69. ^ "Norway now allows trans people to decide their own gender". 6 June 2016.
  70. ^ Morgan, Joe (6 June 2016). "Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender". Gay Star News.
  71. ^ "Lov om endring av juridisk kjønn - Lovdata". lovdata.no.
  72. ^ "Parliament Passes Cohabitation Act; President Proclaims It". News – ERR. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  73. ^ "Riigikogu". Riigikogu.
  74. ^ RTVA, Andorra Difusió. "Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or' | Andorra Difusió". andorradifusio.ad.
  75. ^ "Eduskunnan etusivu". Web.eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  76. ^ "President signs gender-neutral marriage law". Yle Uutiset.
  77. ^ Lavers, Michael K. (21 January 2015). "Macedonian lawmakers approve same-sex marriage ban". Washington Blade. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  78. ^ "MACEDONIA | LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey". lgbti-era.org.
  79. ^ "Slovakia to Hold Referendum on Same-Sex Marriage". ABC News. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
  80. ^ "Slovakia's Anti-Gay Rights Referendum Flops Due To Low Turnout". HuffPost. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  81. ^ "Slovakia: Referendum to further limit gay rights ruled invalid". Euronews. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  82. ^ "Changes to the Marriage Act confirmed, homosexual couples can now marry". Rtvslo.si. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  83. ^ "House passes historic civil partnerships bill (Update)". Cyprus-mail.com. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  84. ^ "Gay νέα και ειδήσεις: Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο - Antivirus Magazine". Avmag.gr. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  85. ^ "Civil Unions Bill in effect". In-cyprus.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  86. ^ "Same-sex couples will have equal rights with heterosexual couples with cohabitation agreements". Grreporter.info. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  87. ^ "ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις". Et.gr. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  88. ^ "Danir fara at eftirlíka ynskinum úr Føroyum". in.fo (in Faroese). Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  89. ^ "Faroe Islands Say Yes to Same-Sex Marriage". Lgbt.fo. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  90. ^ "Unioni Civili: Mattarella firma la legge". Ansa (in Italian). 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  91. ^ "Legge 20 maggio 2016, n. 76. Regolamentazione delle unioni civili tra persone dello stesso sesso e disciplina delle convivenze". Gazzetta ufficiale (in Italian). Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  92. ^ "This Tiny Island Has Just Voted To Introduce Same-Sex Marriage". Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  93. ^ "Guernsey passes same-sex marriage law". Pinknews.co.uk. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  94. ^ "Gibraltar unanimously legalizes marriage equality". Sdgln.com. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  95. ^ territory, West – welfare, society and. "Italian Court recognizes gay marriage officiated abroad for the first time". West-info.eu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  96. ^ "Germany votes to legalise same-sex marriage". News.com.au. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  97. ^ "Malta legalises same-sex marriage". News.com.au. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  98. ^ "Intersex resolution adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe". OII Europe. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  99. ^ "The Council of Europe makes history with its first specific resolution on the rights of intersex people | ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  100. ^ "Gay marriage in Austria approved by Constitutional Court". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  101. ^ Agerholm, Harriet (5 December 2017). "Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory". The Independent. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  102. ^ "LEGGE 20 novembre 2018 n.147 - Regolamentazione delle unioni civili - Consiglio Grande e Generale".
  103. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in the EU". European Commission. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  104. ^ "Views of a Changing World 2003". The Pew Research Center. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  105. ^ "Public opinion and same-sex unions (2003)". ILGA Europe. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  106. ^ Jump up to: a b "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  107. ^ "Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality". The Guardian. London. 26 October 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  108. ^ "Poll: Three-Quarters in Favour of Gay Marriage". GCN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  109. ^ "French Back Same-Sex Marriage, Not Adoption". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 29 January 2006.[permanent dead link]
  110. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Nixed By Russians". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 29 January 2006.[permanent dead link]
  111. ^ "Italians Divided Over Civil Partnership Law". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  112. ^ "Italiani più avanti della politica | Arcigay". Arcigay.it. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  113. ^ "Image". images.tanea.gr. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  114. ^ "Heartening change in attitudes to put gay unions on political agenda". MaltaToday.com.mt. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  115. ^ Feliksiak, Michał (February 2013). "Stosunek do praw gejów i lesbijek oraz związków partnerskich" (PDF). Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  116. ^ "Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava > Slobodna Dalmacija > Hrvatska". Slobodnadalmacija.hr. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  117. ^ Rafał Boguszewski (February 2014). "RELIGIJNOŚĆ A ZASADY MORALNE" (PDF) (in Polish). CBOS. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  118. ^ Jump up to: a b "Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). European Commission. October 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  119. ^ Jump up to: a b c "EU Public Opinion: SSM" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  120. ^ "New England's largest GLBT newspaper". Bay Windows. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  121. ^ AVJonathan Tisdall. "Support for gay marriage". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  122. ^ "Italiani favorevoli ai matrimoni tra coppie omosessuali". Archived from the original on 2 March 2014.
  123. ^ "Rapporto Italia 2013". Eurispes (in Italian). 20 January 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  124. ^ Georgakopulos, Thodoris (April 2017). "What Greeks Believe in 2017". dianeosis. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  125. ^ "Liberalism in Greece today: Do we live in a liberal country?" (PDF). Kana Research. October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  126. ^ "Increased support for gay marriage – Survey". BreakingNews.ie. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  127. ^ "Yes to gay marriage and premarital sex: a nation strips off its conservative values". The Irish Times. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  128. ^ "Poll finds Irish support for gay marriage at 73%". PinkNews. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  129. ^ "Poll: Over half of Finns favour same-sex marriage law". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  130. ^ "Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava" (in Croatian). Slobodnadalmacija.hr. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  131. ^ "Polacy: Związki partnerskie? Niepotrzebne! [SONDAŻ TOK FM]". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 1 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  132. ^ "Sondaż: Polacy przeciwko związkom partnerskim. Palikot: jest lepiej niż było". Wprost. 16 February 2013.
  133. ^ "NDI Public Opinion Poll in the Balkans on LGBTI Communities". NDIdemocracy. June–July 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  134. ^ Jump up to: a b "86 Prozent fordern mehr Spielregeln für Zuwanderer". Krone.at. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  136. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "EUROBAROMETER 66 FIRST RESULTS" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. December 2006. p. 80. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  137. ^ https://www.nakluky.cz/magazin/item/8490-pruzkum-2019-cim-dal-vice-lidi-si-uvedomuje-ze-maji-v-rodine-a-mezi-prateli-gaye-a-lesby/
  138. ^ https://www.termometropolitico.it/1313433_sondaggi-politici-italiani-adozioni-gay.html
  139. ^ Jump up to: a b c "LGBT TEEMALINE AVALIKU ARVAMUSE UURING" (PDF).
  140. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Extranet - Taloustutkimus Oy".
  141. ^ Jump up to: a b c Friedrich Naumann Foundation (16 November 2020). "Liberalism in Greece, today (original: Ο φιλελευθερισμός στην Ελλάδα, σήμερα)" (PDF). KAPA Research. NewsIt. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  142. ^ "Nearly three quarters of Irish people in favour of gay marriage". Thejournal.ie.
  143. ^ https://www.ipsos.com/it-it/pride-2021-opinione-persone-comunita-lgbt-discriminazioni-genere
  144. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Politmonitor: Breite Mehrheit für Homo-Ehe". Politmonitor. Luxemburger Wort. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  145. ^ Jump up to: a b Sansone, Kurt (12 January 2014). "Survey – 80 per cent against gay adoption". Times of Malta. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  146. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Le mariage et l'adoption pour tous, un an après" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  147. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pew Research Center".
  148. ^ "Homophobia in Serbia 2010" (PDF). GSA. March 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  149. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Večina podpira istospolne poroke, do posvojitev je zadržana".
  150. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Neue Umfrage zeigt: Klare Zustimmung für tatsächliche Gleichstellung" [New survey shows: Clear agreement for real equality] (in German). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  151. ^ Jump up to: a b c ""Гей-альянс Украина" публикует результаты исследования общественного мнения о восприятии ЛГБТ в украинском социуме".
  152. ^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Café Babel, 17 May 2010
  153. ^ What is the current legal situation in the EU?, ILGA Europe
  154. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  155. ^ "RIS – Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 17.08.2019". www.ris.bka.gv.at.
  156. ^ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot". Constitutional Court of Austria (in German). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  157. ^ "Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird" (PDF). parlament.gv.at (in German).
  158. ^ "Entschließungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle" (PDF). parlament.gv.at.
  159. ^ "§ 144(2) ABGB (General Civil Code)". www.ris.bka.gv.at (in German).
  160. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  161. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "ILGA-Europe" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
  162. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be sterilized". Gay Star News.
  163. ^ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola – Zakon.hr". www.zakon.hr.
  164. ^ (in Croatian) "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  165. ^ (in Croatian) "Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  166. ^ (in Croatian)"Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  167. ^ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz.
  168. ^ Ochranu manželství jako svazku muže a ženy vláda odmítla. Šanci mají sňatky pro všechny. 10 July 2018. ČT24.
  169. ^ I registrovaní homosexuálové mohou adoptovat děti, rozhodl Ústavní soud. (in Czech) idnes.cz. Mladá fronta DNES. Published on 16 June 2016.
  170. ^ Lazarová, Daniela (25 June 2018). "Government backs same-sex marriage bill, but decisive battle looms in parliament". Czech Radio.
  171. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  172. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Trans Rights Europe Map, 2018.
  173. ^ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
  174. ^ "LPartG – nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
  175. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts – 2. Ergänzung der Anwendungshinweise zur Umsetzung des vorgenannten Gesetzes".
  176. ^ Jump up to: a b Connolly, Kate (30 June 2017) German Parliament votes to legalise same-sex marriage in The Guardian.Retrieved 30 June 2017
  177. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  178. ^ "Antidiskriminierungsstelle – Publikationen – AGG in englischer Sprache". antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
  179. ^ "TSG – nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
  180. ^ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról – Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu.
  181. ^ "Folyamatban levő törvényjavaslatok – Országgyűlés". www.parlament.hu.
  182. ^ Jump up to: a b "Melegházasságról szóló törvényjavaslat landolt a magyar parlamentben" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  183. ^ "Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). TASZ. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  184. ^ Gorondi, Pablo (18 April 2011). "Hungary passes new conservative constitution". Reading Eagle. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  185. ^ [1]
  186. ^ Wareham, Jamie (19 May 2020). "Transgender People In Hungary Lose Right To Gender Recognition". Forbes. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  187. ^ "Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)" (PDF). gesetze.li (in German).
  188. ^ "Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein". www.llv.li.
  189. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  190. ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
  191. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
  192. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
  193. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
  194. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
  195. ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
    • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
    • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
    • Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
  196. ^ "IV SA/Wa 2618/18 – Wyrok WSA w Warszawie". 8 January 2019.
  197. ^ "Poland". travel.state.gov.
  198. ^ "Adopting in Slovakia". Community.
  199. ^ "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation" (PDF). fra.europa.eu.
  200. ^ Petit Press a.s. "Law change criminalises homophobia". spectator.sme.sk.
  201. ^ "Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti". uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
  202. ^ "Zakon o partnerski zvezi". uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
  203. ^ "First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child's Parent". www.sloveniatimes.com.
  204. ^ Weber, Nana (25 April 2013). "Sprememba spola v Sloveniji". Pravna Praksa (in Slovenian). GV Založba (16–17). ISSN 0352-0730.
  205. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (10 March 2018). The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61592-698-5 – via Google Books.
  206. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Homosexuals a step closer to equal rights". SWI swissinfo.ch.
  207. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Zurich grants gay couples more rights". SWI swissinfo.ch.
  208. ^ Jump up to: a b "Le pacs gagne du terrain".
  209. ^ "Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare". admin.ch (in German).
  210. ^ "13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative – Ehe für alle". parlament.ch (in German).
  211. ^ fédéral, Le Conseil. "Le nouveau droit de l'adoption entrera en vigueur le 1er janvier 2018". www.admin.ch.
  212. ^ Schelhammer, Christoph R. "Diversité : « La société est tout sauf homogène. »". Swiss Army. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  213. ^ "Switzerland votes in favour of LGBT protection bill". bbc.com.
  214. ^ "Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme" (PDF). Federal Department of Justice and Police (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  215. ^ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms – ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org.
  216. ^ "Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results". news.am.
  217. ^ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  218. ^ "CONSTITUTION – MFA NKR". nkr.am.
  219. ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus – Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  220. ^ "Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000–2005)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  221. ^ "სსიპ "საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე"". სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”.
  222. ^ "The Constitution of Moldova" (PDF). The Government of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  223. ^ "Decizie istorică a CCR în privința căsătoriilor gay". Digi24. 18 July 2018.
  224. ^ "Deputatul PNL Ovidiu Raeţchi a depus un proiect de lege privind parteneriatul de viaţă, o versiune a parteneriatului civil". Digi24. 9 October 2020.
  225. ^ "Romania". travel.state.gov.
  226. ^ "Russian Gay History". community.middlebury.edu.
  227. ^ "ЗАКОН". pravo.pmr-online.com.
  228. ^ Legal Report: Ukraine, COWI (2010)
  229. ^ "Ukraine". travel.state.gov.
  230. ^ "Redirecting". fortruss.blogspot.ch.
  231. ^ "Ukraine's Parliament passes anti-discrimination law". www.ukrinform.net.
  232. ^ "Registration form". retsinformation.dk.
  233. ^ "Gay marriage legalised". The Copenhagen Post. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  234. ^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskabJyllands-Posten.
  235. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag – Udvidet adgang for registrerede partnere til adoption og overførsel af forældremyndighed m.v. - retsinformation.dk".
  236. ^ (in Danish) Retsinformation.dk Børneloven
  237. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  238. ^ "MSN New Zealand – Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology". msn.co.nz.
  239. ^ (in Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
  240. ^ "Circuit court: Same-sex marriage cannot be considered valid in Estonia". ERR. 24 November 2017.
  241. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  242. ^ "FAROE ISLANDS SAY YES TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGE – LGBT". lgbt.fo.
  243. ^ "Gerðabók" (in Faroese). Løgting. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  244. ^ "Gay News From 365Gay.com". 3 January 2007.
  245. ^ "§ 266b".
  246. ^ "Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne". Information.
  247. ^ Oy, Edita Publishing. "FINLEX ® - Uppdaterad lagstiftning: Lag om registrerat partnerskap 950/2001". www.finlex.fi.
  248. ^ "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News.
  249. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  250. ^ "Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille".
  251. ^ "Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)". Alþingi.
  252. ^ "Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)". Alþingi.
  253. ^ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". IceNews. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  254. ^ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  255. ^ [2][dead link]
  256. ^ (in Icelandic) Alþingi Barnalög
  257. ^ "Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues".
  258. ^ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  259. ^ "Same Sex Adoption in Latvia". lvportals.lv.
  260. ^ Salem-Mackall, Theo (30 June 2015). "Pride in the Baltics: Making History in Latvia". Human rights first. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  261. ^ "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org.
  262. ^ "Change of Name, Surname and Nationality". tm.gov.lv.
  263. ^ "Law on Registration of Civil Status Acts §37.2". likumi.lv.
  264. ^ "Gender Change in Latvia - Emilija's Story". www.lsm.lv.
  265. ^ "Seimas Approves the Proposal on "Cohabitation Agreements" as Alternative to Partnership Law – LGL". 31 May 2017.
  266. ^ "LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS KONSTITUCIJA". www3.lrs.lt.
  267. ^ "Lithuania". travel.state.gov.
  268. ^ (in Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
  269. ^ "Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par) – Lovdata". lovdata.no.
  270. ^ "Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle". 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  271. ^ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Latimes.com. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  272. ^ "Norway". travel.state.gov.
  273. ^ (in Nynorsk) Lovdata Barnelova
  274. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  275. ^ Moore, Matt (11 November 2020). "Norway bans hate speech against trans and bisexual people". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. The amendments [...] changed the phrase “homosexual orientation” to “sexual orientation”
  276. ^ "Svensk författningssamling" (PDF). notisum.se.
  277. ^ "Gays Win Marriage Rights". Sveriges Radio English. 1 April 2009.
  278. ^ "Sweden". travel.state.gov.
  279. ^ (in Swedish) Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk
  280. ^ Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) "LGBT in the Military: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014", Sexuality Research and Social Policy, June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html
  281. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  282. ^ "Sweden ends forced sterilization of trans". gaystarnews.com. 11 January 2003.
  283. ^ Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)
  284. ^ Criminal Code (consolidated)
  285. ^ Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005 (PDF)
  286. ^ Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014 (PDF)
  287. ^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)
  288. ^ "Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella".
  289. ^ Jump up to: a b "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (PDF).
  290. ^ "Diari d'Andorra – Enllestida la llei d'unions civils amb el procés d'adopció dels matrimonis". diariandorra.ad.
  291. ^ RTVA, Andorra Difusió. "Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or' | Andorra Difusió". www.andorradifusio.ad.
  292. ^ "Data" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
  293. ^ "Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution". Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  294. ^ "Bulgaria". travel.state.gov.
  295. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people". The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015.
  296. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments". Novinite.com. 25 March 2015.
  297. ^ "Anual Review 2018: Bulgaria" (PDF). ILGA Europe. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  298. ^ "Trans Rights Index: Europe & Central Asia 2021" (PDF). TGEU. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  299. ^ "In-Cyprus is under construction". in-cyprus.com.
  300. ^ "Army legislation".
  301. ^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  302. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014" (PDF).
  303. ^ "Gibraltar unanimously legalizes marriage equality". 26 October 2016.
  304. ^ Jump up to: a b "Equal Opportunities Act 2006" (PDF). gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  305. ^ "ΝΟΜΟΣ 4356/2015 | ΦΕΚ Α 181-2015 | σελίδα 1". nomoi.info.
  306. ^ Greece allows same-sex couples to foster children
  307. ^ "Greece improves gender recognition law but misses chance to introduce self-determination". ILGA EUROPE. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  308. ^ "Greece passes gender-change law opposed by Orthodox church". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  309. ^ "Il presidente Mattarella ha firmato la legge sulle unioni civili". 20 May 2016.
  310. ^ "Same-sex marriages performed abroad won't be recognized in Italy". www.thelocal.it. 15 May 2018.
  311. ^ (in Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme". Corriere della Sera.
  312. ^ (in Italian)"Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". Repubblica.
  313. ^ (in Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.
  314. ^ "Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015" (PDF).
  315. ^ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO – Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org.
  316. ^ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
  317. ^ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) – Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
  318. ^ "Kosovo Constitution". www.kushtetutakosoves.info.
  319. ^ "AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto".
  320. ^ "Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill". 22 November 2016.
  321. ^ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu lica istog pola". Službeni list Crne Gore (in Montenegrin) (67/2020): 1-14. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  322. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  323. ^ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  324. ^ Jump up to: a b "Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech". kaosgl.com.
  325. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
  326. ^ Kamenou, Nayia; Gavrielides, Costa; Ethemer, Enver; Bullici, Okan. "Aktivizm, Hukuk Ve İki Kesimdeki Değişim" (PDF). FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – KIBRIS LGBTİ HAREKETİ.
  327. ^ (in Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
  328. ^ "AR altera lei das uniões de facto".
  329. ^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
  330. ^ "Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho".
  331. ^ "Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República". tvi24. 20 June 2016.
  332. ^ "Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto". PÚBLICO.
  333. ^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania – The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". www.lgbt-ep.eu.
  334. ^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
  335. ^ "Constitution of Serbia". Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  336. ^ "Donet Pravilnik o načinu izdavanja i obrascu potvrde nadležne zdravstvene ustanove o promeni pola" (in Serbian). Gayten-LGBT. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  337. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  338. ^ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  339. ^ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  340. ^ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  341. ^ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  342. ^ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  343. ^ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  344. ^ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  345. ^ "9L/PPL-0018 | Asamblea Regional de Murcia". www.asambleamurcia.es.
  346. ^ "Murcia será en junio la última comunidad en regular por ley las parejas de hecho". La Verdad. 25 May 2018.
  347. ^ Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
  348. ^ "REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HEC HO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA" (PDF).
  349. ^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  350. ^ "Spain". travel.state.gov.
  351. ^ (in Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
  352. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  353. ^ "BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2007-5585". www.boe.es.
  354. ^ "Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey: A Case Report". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 18 (1): 77–88. 28 January 2011. doi:10.1177/097152151001800104.
  355. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens" (PDF).
  356. ^ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage". RTÉ News. 29 November 2002.
  357. ^ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.
  358. ^ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage". PlanetOut. 30 January 2003.
  359. ^ "Belgium". travel.state.gov.
  360. ^ (in French and Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
  361. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  362. ^ "Loi du 25 juin 2017 réformant des régimes relatifs aux personnes transgenres en ce qui concerne la mention d'une modification de du sexe dans les actes de l'état civil et ses effets/Wet van 25 juni 2017 tot hervorming van regelingen inzake transgenders wat de vermelding van een aanpassing van de registratie van het geslacht in de akten van de burgerlijke stand en de gevolgen hiervan betreft" (PDF).
  363. ^ "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  364. ^ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  365. ^ "France". travel.state.gov.
  366. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  367. ^ "France scraps transgender sterilisation". BBC News. 14 October 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
  368. ^ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg. 30 October 2012.
  369. ^ "JURIST – Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org.
  370. ^ "Data". gov.gg.
  371. ^ "Data". gov.gg.
  372. ^ "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com.
  373. ^ PO Box 23, St Peter Port (13 March 2017). "The Same-Sex Marriage (Consequential and Miscellaneous Amendments and Contrary Provisions) (Guernsey) Ordinance, 2017". www.gov.gg. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  374. ^ "Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage". Gay Times Magazine. 22 September 2016.
  375. ^ "Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage". gaytimes.co.uk.
  376. ^ "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt". BBC News. 24 June 2015.
  377. ^ "The Children (Guernsey and Alderney) Law, 2008". Guernsey Legal Resources. 6 July 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  378. ^ "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  379. ^ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg.
  380. ^ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie.
  381. ^ "Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015 (Number 5 of 2015) – Tithe an Oireachtais". www.oireachtas.ie. 21 January 2015.
  382. ^ "Unmarried gay and heterosexual couples can now adopt a child". Independent.ie.
  383. ^ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015.
  384. ^ "FAQs". The Adoption Authority of Ireland.
  385. ^ "Data". rainbow-europe.org.
  386. ^ Gartl, Fiona. "Change sought to anomaly in adoption law". The Irish Times.
  387. ^ "Children and Family Relationships Act 2015" (PDF). oireachtas.ie.
  388. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  389. ^ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  390. ^ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  391. ^ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie.
  392. ^ MacGuill, Dan. ""A historic moment" – Oireachtas signs off on gender recognition bill".
  393. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  394. ^ "Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal Assent". BBC. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  395. ^ "Employment Act 2006" (PDF).
  396. ^ "Gender Recognition Act 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  397. ^ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews.
  398. ^ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF). jerseylaw.je.
  399. ^ "Orders approved and business transacted at the Privy Council held by the Queen of Buckingham Palace" (PDF). Privy Council. 23 May 2018.
  400. ^ "Superintendent Registrar's advice for same-sex marriage planning". www.gov.je.
  401. ^ "Draft" (PDF). statesassembly.gov.je.
  402. ^ "Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010" (PDF).
  403. ^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". legilux.public.lu.
  404. ^ "Luxembourg Times – Archives – Same-sex marriages from January 1". www.wort.lu.
  405. ^ "An Error Occurred: Not Found". www.chronicle.lu.[dead link]
  406. ^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014 – Legilux" (PDF). www.legilux.public.lu.
  407. ^ "Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006" (PDF). legilux.public.lu.
  408. ^ "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier". Luxembourg Times. 27 July 2018.
  409. ^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  410. ^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  411. ^ "Travel.State.Gov"
  412. ^ (in Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie
  413. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  414. ^ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en. "Prohibition of discrimination". www.government.nl.
  415. ^ Dutch Transgender Rights Bill Approved By Senate
  416. ^ "The Netherlands Passes Landmark Gender Identity Law". BuzzFeed News.
  417. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk.
  418. ^ Jump up to: a b "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  419. ^ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  420. ^ "United Kingdom". travel.state.gov.
  421. ^ legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
  422. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  423. ^ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)". opsi.gov.uk.
  424. ^ Participation, Expert. "Public Order Act 1986". www.legislation.gov.uk.

Further reading[]

  • Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David, eds. (2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-39176-6.
  • Bilić, Bojan, ed. LGBT activism and Europeanisation in the post-Yugoslav space: On the rainbow way to Europe (Springer, 2016).
  • Friedman, Jack. Religious Freedom and Gay Rights: Emerging Conflicts in the United States and Europe (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Helfer, Laurence R. "Lesbian and Gay Rights as Human Rights: Strategies for a United Europe." Virginia Journal of International Law 32 (1991): 157+. online
  • Sremac, Srdjan. and R. Ruard Ganzevoort, eds. Religious and Sexual Nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe (BRILL, 2015). online
  • Rydström, Jens. Odd couples: A history of gay marriage in Scandinavia (Amsterdam Univ. Press, 2011).
  • Rydström J. & K. Mustola, eds. Criminally queer: homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia 1842–1999 (Amsterdam: Aksant, 2007). online
  • Slootmaeckers, Koen; Touquet, Heleen; Vermeersch, Peter, eds. (2016). The EU Enlargement and Gay Politics: The Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Rights, Activism and Prejudice. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-48093-4.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""