Leaders of the Russian Civil War

The Leaders of the Russian Civil War listed below comprise the important political and military figures of the Russian Civil War. The conflict, fought largely from 7 November 1917 to 25 October 1922, though with some conflicts in the Far East lasting until late 1923 and in Central Asia until 1934, was fought between numerous factions, the two largest being the Bolsheviks (The "Reds") and the White Movement (The "Whites"). While the Bolsheviks were centralized under the administration of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), led by Vladimir Lenin, along with their various satellite and buffer states, the White Movement was more decentralized, functioning as a loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces united only in opposition to their common enemy, though from September 1918 to April 1920, the White Armies were nominally united under the administration of the Russian State, during which, for nearly two years, Admiral Alexander Kolchak served as the overall head of the White Movement and as the internationally recognized Head of State of Russia. In addition to the two primary factions, the war also involved a number of third parties, including the anarchists of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, and the non-ideological Green Armies.

Unlike the Bolsheviks and the White Movement, the various third party factions which took part in the conflict did not form a united front and often fought against each other as much as they fought against the larger belligerents, occasionally forming alliances when convenient, and breaking them almost as often. For instance, the Black Army fought alongside the Bolsheviks against the forces of Anton Denikin in South Russia, while the members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party frequently cooperated with the White Army. A number of foreign nations also intervened against the Bolsheviks for various reasons, including the principal Allied Powers of World War I, and their German and Austro-Hungarian opponents. In addition, a number of independence movements took the opportunity to break free from Russian control in the aftermath of the collapse of the Russian Empire, primarily fighting against the Bolsheviks, as well as against the White Army on occasion.

Bolsheviks[]

Russian SFSR[]

Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Lev Kamenev
Yakov Sverdlov #
Mikhail Vladimirsky
Mikhail Kalinin

Council of People's Commissars
Vladimir Lenin

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission
Felix Dzerzhinsky
Yakov Peters

Red Army
Leon Trotsky
(People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs)
High Command:
Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
Nikolai Podvoisky
Pavel Dybenko
Nikolai Krylenko
Jukums Vācietis
Sergey Kamenev
Alexander Svechin
Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich
Nikolay Rattel
Navy:
Vasili Altfater #
Yevgeny Berens
Aleksandr Nemits
Eduard Pantserzhanskiy
Fyodor Raskolnikov
Alexey Schastny
Air Service:
Konstantin Akashev
1st Cavalry Army:
Semyon Budyonny
Alexander Yegorov
Kliment Voroshilov
Iosif Apanasenko
Grigory Kulik
†
Boris Dumenko
†
Aleksa Dundić †
Semyon Timoshenko
Ivan Tyulenev

2nd Cavalry Army:
Oka Gorodovikov
Filipp Mironov

Western Army:
Andrei Snesarev

Vasily Glagolev
Nikolai Sollogub

Latvian Riflemen:
Pēteris Stučka

Jānis Lācis
Reinholds Bērziņš

Kirill Stutzka

Eduard Berzin
Jānis Judiņš †
Red Cossacks:
Vitaly Primakov
Eastern Front:
Mikhail Muravyov †
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Alexander Samoylo
Vladimir Olderogge
Rudolf Sivers †
Sergey Lazo
Yakov Tryapitsyn
Pavel Lebedev
Hayk Bzhishkyan
Vasily Chapayev †

Yakov Korotayev
Sergei Mezheninov
Yan Gamarnik
Ivar Smilga
Ivan Smirnov
Sergey Gusev
Filipp Goloshchekin
Mikhail Alafuso
Ivan Strod
†
Mullanur Waxitov
Southern Front:
Joseph Stalin
Mikhail Levandovsky
Vladimir Yegoryev
Vladimir Gittis

Pavel Sytin
Pēteris Slavens #
Vladimir Selivachyov #
Semyon Pugachov

Iona Yakir
Ivan Fedko
Dmitry Zhloba
Nikolay Kuibyshev
Mikhail Lashevich
Béla Kun
Caucasus Front:
Sergo Ordzhonikidze
Stepan Shaumian
Grigory Korganov
Ivan Sorokin
Alexei Avtonomov #
Anatoliy Gekker
Valentin Trifonov
Mikhail Velikanov
Filipp Makharadze
Sergei Kirov
Nariman Narimanov
Northern Front:
Dmitry Nadyozhny
August Kork
Dmitri Parsky #
Semyon Nakhimson †

Ukrainian Front:
Nikolay Shchors †
Ivan Dubovoy
Stanislav Kosior
Grigory Kotovsky
Nikolai Krivoruchko

Boris Shaposhnikov
Central Asian Front:
Mikhail Frunze
Grigori Sokolnikov
Vasily Shorin
Pyotr Kobozev
Ivan Belov

Shalva Eliava
Fayzulla Khodzhayev

Far Eastern Republic[]

Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
Nikolay Matveyev
Genrich Eiche
Vasily Blyukher
Konstantin Avksentevsky
Ieronim Uborevich

Ukrainian SSR[]

Yukhym Medvedev
Volodymyr Zatonsky
Grigory Petrovsky
Georgy Pyatakov
Serafima Hopner
Emanuel Kviring
Yevgenia Bosch
Mykola Skrypnyk
Christian Rakovsky
Vasyl Shakhrai
Yuriy Kotsiubynsky
Fyodor Sergeyev †

Byelorussian SSR[]

Vilhelm Knorin
Alexander Chervyakov

Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic[]

Kullervo Manner
Yrjö Sirola
Ali Aaltonen
Eero Haapalainen
Evert Eloranta
Adolf Taimi
Eino Rahja
August Wesley
Mikhail Svechnikov
Georgy Bulatsel

Mongolian People's Party[]

Damdin Sükhbaatar
Soliin Danzan
Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj
Dambyn Chagdarjav
Dogsomyn Bodoo
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
Dansranbilegiin Dogsom
Darizavyn Losol
Rinchingiin Elbegdorj

White Movement[]

Russian State[]

Alexander Kolchak
(Supreme Ruler of Russia)
Pyotr Vologodsky
Viktor Pepelyayev

Vasily Boldyrev
Northwestern Army:
Nikolai Yudenich
(Commander-in-Chief)

Alexander Rodzyanko

Anatol von Lieven
Pavel Bermondt-Avalov

Northern Army:
Yevgeny Miller
(Commander-in-Chief)
Vladimir Marushevsky
Mikhail Kvetsinsky
Nikolai Tchaikovsky
Arctic Ocean Flotilla:

Boris Vilkitsky
Armed Forces of South Russia:
Anton Denikin
(Commander-in-Chief)
Vladimir May-Mayevsky #
#
Ivan Romanovsky †
Alexander Lukomsky
Dmitry Shcherbachev
Mikhail Drozdovsky †
†
†
#
Mikhail Rodzianko

Abram Dragomirov
Vladimir Dragomirov
Vasily Flug

Alexander Golubintzev

Viktor Pokrovsky
Black Sea Flotilla:

Mikhail Sablin #

Turkestan Army:

†

Army of Wrangel:
Pyotr Wrangel
(Commander-in-Chief)
Alexander Krivoshein
Vladimir Vitkovsky
Alexander Kutepov

Mikhail Fostikov
Nikolai Shilling
Wrangel's Fleet:
Mikhail Kedrov
People's Army of Komuch:
Vladimir Kappel #
Andrei Bakich
Konstantin Nechaev

Siberian Army:
†

Boris Annenkov

Mikhail Pleshkov
Ural Army:
†

Orenburg Independent Army:
Alexander Dutov †

Amur Front:
Ivan Kalmykov †
Women's Battalion:
Maria Bochkareva
Siberian Flotilla:

Mikhail Berens

Volunteer Army[]

Lavr Kornilov †
(Commander-in-Chief)
Mikhail Alekseyev #
Sergey Markov †
†
†
†

Don Army District[]

Alexey Kaledin †

Vasily Tchernetzov †

Don Republic[]

Pyotr Krasnov
Afrikan Bogaevsky
Great Don Army:

Vladimir Sidorin

†
Konstantin Mamontov #

Fyodor Kryukov #
#

Kuban People's Republic[]

Alexander Filimonov

Kuban Army:
Andrei Shkuro
Yakov Slashchov
Sergei Ulagay

Far Eastern Army[]

Grigory Semyonov
(Commander-in-Chief)

Boris Khreschatitsky
Nikolai Lokhvitsky
Grigory Verzhbitsky

Anatoly Pepelyayev

Mikhail Pleshkov
Georgy Matsievsky
Mikhail Korobeinikov
Asiatic Cavalry Division:
Roman Ungern-Sternberg
†

Provisional Priamurye Government[]

Mikhail Diterikhs
(Commander-in-Chief)

Viktorin Molchanov

Czechoslovak Legion[]

Sergei Wojciechowski
Radola Gajda
Jan Syrový
Stanislav Čeček
Vladimir Shokorov

Alash Autonomy[]

Alikhan Bukeikhanov

Turkestan Autonomy[]

Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev
Mustafa Shokay

Third Party Factions[]

Black Army[]

Nestor Makhno
Simon Karetnik
Fedir Shchus †
Dmitry Popov
Maria Nikiforova
Viktor Belash
Lev Zadov

Iuda Grossman
Alexei Chubenko

Green Army[]

Nikifor Grigoriev †
Danylo Terpylo †
†
Alexander Antonov †
†
†
†

Socialist-Revolutionary Party[]

Vladimir Volsky
Nikolai Avksentiev
Viktor Chernov
Fyodor Funtikov
Vladimir Zenzinov
Andrei Argunov

Boris Savinkov
Boris Donskoy

Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party[]

Maria Spiridonova
Yakov Blumkin
Boris Kamkov
Mark Natanson #
Dmitry Ivanovich Popov
Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov †
Prosh Proshian #

Kronstadt Uprising[]

Stepan Petrichenko

Independence Movements[]

Polish Republic[]

Józef Piłsudski
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Polish Army:
Edward Rydz-Śmigły
Lucjan Żeligowski
Leonard Skierski
Władysław Sikorski
Jordan-Rozwadowski
Franciszek Latinik
Bolesław Roja
Blue Army:
Józef Haller

Kingdom of Finland[]

C.G.E. Mannerheim
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
Karl Fredrik Wilkama
Hannes Ignatius
Ernst Linder
Ernst Löfström
Martin Wetzer
Hjalmar Frisell
Hans Kalm

Latvia[]

Jānis Čakste
Kārlis Ulmanis
Oskars Kalpaks †
Jānis Balodis

Estonia[]

Konstantin Päts
Andres Larka
Johan Laidoner
Ernst Põdder

Lithuania[]

Antanas Smetona
Aleksandras Stulginskis
Silvestras Žukauskas

Belarusian People's Republic[]

Jan Sierada
Pyotra Krecheuski
Jazep Losik
Vaclau Lastouski
Kyprian Kandratovich
Kastuś Jezavitaŭ
Anton Luckievich
Alés Harun #
Francišak Kušal
Paval Zhauryd
Bułak-Bałachowicz

Crimean People's Republic[]

Noman Çelebicihan

Democratic Republic of Georgia[]

Noe Ramishvili
Noe Zhordania
Giorgi Kvinitadze
Nikolay Chkheidze
Giorgi Mazniashvili

Democratic Republic of Armenia[]

Aram Manukian #
Hovhannes Kajaznuni
Alexander Khatisian
Hamo Ohanjanyan
Simon Vratsian
Tovmas Nazarbekian
Andranik Ozanian
Garegin Nzhdeh
Drastamat Kanayan
Movses Silikyan

Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan[]

Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh
Fatali Khan Khoyski †
Nasib Yusifbeyli †
Mammad Hasan Hajinski
Khosrow Sultanov
Samad Mehmandarov

Ukrainian People's Republic[]

Central Council of Ukraine:
Mykhailo Hrushevsky
Directorate of Ukraine:
Volodymyr Vynnychenko
Symon Petliura
Ukrainian Army:
Mykola Porsh

Petro Bolbochan

Oleksander Hrekov
Vsevolod Petriv
Yevhen Konovalets
Mykola Yunakiv
Volodymyr Salsky
Oleksandr Udovychenko
Mykola Kapustiansky

Yuriy Tyutyunnyk
#
Galician Army:
Myron Tarnavsky
Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko

Dmytro Vitovsky †

Archduke Wilhelm
Ukrainian Navy:
Sviatoslav Shramchenko

†
Far Eastern Ukrainian Army:
Yuri Hlushko-Mova