Liberal Party (South Korea)

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Liberal Party[note 1]
자유당
自由黨
LeaderLee Jae-hak
FounderRhee Syngman
Founded17 December 1951
Dissolved24 January 1970
Preceded byNational Youth,
National Association,
Korean Federation of Labor,
Peasant Federation,
Korean Council of Wives
Succeeded byNone (de jure)
Democratic Republican Party (factions)
HeadquartersSeoul, South Korea
IdeologyOne-People Principle
Conservatism[1][2]
Pro-American policy[2][3][4][5]
Korean nationalism[6]
Anti-communism[7][8][9]
Anti-individualism[10]
Fascism (disputed)[11]
Political positionFar-right[2][12][13][14]
Colours  Dark blue
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The Liberal Party (Korean: 자유당; Hanja: 自由黨; RR: Jayudang)[note 1] was a far-right corporatist[15] and anti-communist political party in South Korea established in 1951 by Syngman Rhee.

History[]

As the 1952 presidential elections neared, Rhee made public his intention to organize a party during his August 15 Speech in 1951.[16] Rhee called Yi Bum-seok, then the ambassador in China, and charged him with creating the Liberal Party. Yi used the strong organizational base of "Korean National Youth Association" (Korean: 조선민족청년단) as a starting point and incorporated the major five organizations: "National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence" (Korean: 대한독립촉성국민회), "Korean Federation of Labor" (Korean: 대한노동조합총연맹), "Peasant Federation" (Korean: 농민조합연맹), and "Korean Council of Wives" (Korean: 대한부인회) as temporary sub-organizations under the Liberal Party.

Ideology[]

Although the name "Liberal Party" is used, it is not the traditional definition as used in the West. For example, The Liberal Party advocated for Ilminism & viewed Western-style liberalism and individualism negatively, instead suggesting the need for "Korean-style liberal democracy". One of the main values of Ilminism was the Hongik Ingan, based on traditional conservatism, and the Students Protection Corps which is said to be similar to Hitlerjugend. To this day, the term "liberal democracy" (Korean: 자유민주주의) in South Korea is still used in a similar sense to "anti-communist system" or "free world against communism" by the conservative camp of South Korea, rather than the same meaning as Western liberal democracy.[10][7]

Ahn Ho-sang & Lee Beom-seok, the founders of Ilminism, were influenced by Nazism, Shōwa Statism and Italian fascism.[17][4][18][19] (In particular, Ahn Ho-sang is known as the most conservative and extreme nationalist in the modern history of South Korea.)[20] This maybe confusing as Japan was largely viewed negatively by South Koreans at the time (arguably even still in present day), but both Ahn Ho-sang & Lee Beom-seok admired only the political & nationalist aspects of Imperial Japan & Nazi Germany, but still opposed those regimes.

The Liberal Party put forward "anti-communist and anti-Japanese" (Korean: 반공 반일; Hanja: 反共反日) as its national values during its reign. At the same time, however, the Liberal Party showed a very pro-American tendency, so it was closer to populism than resistance nationalism.[8][9] And the Liberal Party supported a discriminatory policy against "hwagyo" (Korean: 화교; Hanja: 華僑) based on Korean ethnic supremacy and anti-PRC.[21][22]

Election Results[]

General elections[]

Election Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Status Election leader
1954
111 / 203
 2,756,081 36.8% Increase 15 seats; Majority governing Rhee Syng-man
Election Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Status Election leader
1958
126 / 233
 3,607,092 42.1% Increase 12 seats; Majority governing Rhee Syng-man

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b Sometimes translated as Liberty Party or Freedom Party. In South Korea, the terms "liberal," "liberty," "libertarian," and "freedom" all tend to be translated as Jayu (Korean: 자유; Hanja: 自由).

References[]

  1. ^ 한국정치연구회, ed. (2007). 키워드 로 읽는 한국 현대사 - 1권. 이매진. p. 253.
  2. ^ a b c 서중석 (2005). 이 승만 의 정치 이데올로기. p. 213. ISBN 9788976968029.
  3. ^ "3.15 부정선거는 이승만을 위한 것이 아니었다?". 프레시안. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b "대한민국의 탄생은, 반공산주의이자 반자본주의였다?" [The birth of Republic of Korea was anti-communism and anti-capitalism?]. OhmyNews (in Korean). 16 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  5. ^ 朴錫龍 (2007). 鄭鑑錄: 우리 민족 의 삶 과 역사. p. 319.
  6. ^ 《현대 한국정치 이론: 역사 현실 1945 ~ 2011》240p ~ 265p
  7. ^ a b "한국 보수가 사랑한 '자유'···그들이 외친 '자유'는 따로 있었다 :자유주의란 무엇인가?" [Korean conservatives loved "Liberty" but... But there was a separate "Liberty" they shouted. :What is liberalism?]. Joongang Ilbo (in Korean). 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  8. ^ a b 진방진, ed. (2004). 분단 한국 의 매카시즘. 형성사. p. 40. ISBN 9788973461325.
  9. ^ a b 정구복, ed. (2008). 우리 어머님: 한 가족사 에 비낀 현대 한국 의 사회 와 문화. 지식 산업사. p. 215. ISBN 9788942338115.
  10. ^ a b Hong Tai-young, eds. (2015). ‘Excessive Nation’ and ‘Indiscoverable Individual’: ‘One-people principle’ and particularity of Korean nationalism. KCI dissertation.
  11. ^ "파시즘의 재현(2): 자유당의 지배이데올로기" [Reproducing fascism(2): Liberal Party's ruling ideology.]. Suncheon Square Shinmun (in Korean). 18 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  12. ^ 강준만, ed. (2004). 한국 현대사 산책 1950년대편 2 : 6·25 전쟁에서 4·19 전야까지. 인물과사상사. ISBN 9788988410943.
  13. ^ 서중석 (2020). 사진과 그림으로 보는 한국 현대사 (개정). 웅진지 (Woongjin Books). ISBN 9788901243733.
  14. ^ Hwasook Nam, ed. (2009). Building Ships, Building a Nation: Korea's Democratic Unionism Under Park Chung Hee (Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies). University of Washington Press. p. 39. ... Political parties of the time, including Syngman Rhee's extreme right-wing Liberal Party (the Chayudang, which was established in 1951), seem to have felt obliged to include the goal of building a democratic and equitable ...
  15. ^ Moon, Chung-in, and Sang-young Rhyu. “‘OVERDEVELOPED’ STATE AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1950s: A REINTERPRETATION.” Asian Perspective, vol. 23, no. 1, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999, pp. 179–203.
  16. ^ Joong-Seok Seo, The Korean War and Rise in Power of the Rhee Syngman Regime, History Review《역사비평》, 9 (Summer 1990) p.141
  17. ^ ""100% 대한민국", 가능하다! 파시즘이라면" ["100% of Korea" is possible! If that's fascism.]. Pressian (in Korean). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  18. ^ "파시즘의 재현(1): 이승만의 일민주의(一民主義) 제창" [Reproducing fascism(1): Rhee Syngman proposed a Ilminism]. Suncheon Square Shinmun (in Korean). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  19. ^ 安浩相, ed. (1947). 우리의 부르짖음. 文化堂. p. 39~40.
  20. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, ‎Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 41. ISBN 9781851098507. An is regarded by many as one of the most conservative and extreme nationalists in modern Korean history. He died in Seoul on February 21, 1999. insook park See also Liberal Party; Rhee, Syngman; Yi Pom Sok References Cumings, Bruce.
  21. ^ "한국에서 '화교 여성'으로 산다는 것" [Living as a "hwagyo woman" in Korea.]. OhmyNews (in Korean). 26 September 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2021. 6·25전쟁 이전에는 8만명이 넘는 화교가 있었지만 이승만정부 시절 차별적인 화교압박정책으로 인해 많은 화교들이 다른 국가로 이주해 갔다. [Before the Korean War, there were more than 80,000 hwagyo, but many hwagyo migrated to other countries due to discriminatory hwagyo pressure policies during the Rhee Syngman administration.]
  22. ^ "한국은 어떻게 화교를 혐오해왔나 '137년의 기록'" [How Korea has hated hwagyo. "Record of 137 Years".]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2021.


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