List of Czech and Slovak Jews

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There was a large and thriving community of Jews, both religious and secular, in Czechoslovakia before World War II. Many perished during the Holocaust. Today, nearly all of the survivors have inter-married and assimilated into Czech and Slovak society.

Academics and scientists[]

Engineering[]

  • Itzhak Bentov, inventor[1]
  • Daniel Mandl (1891–1944), civil engineer, inventor, victim of the Holocaust

Social science[]

  • Guido Adler (1855–1941), musicologist, composer, writer, born in Ivančice (Eibenschütz), Moravia
  • Yehuda Bauer, Czech-born Israeli historian of the Holocaust[2]
  • Samuel Bergman, philosopher[3]
  • Pavel Bergmann, historian, philosopher and political activist; signatory of charter 77; nephew of Hugo Bergmann
  • , Moravian historian[4]
  • Vilém Flusser (1920–1991), self-taught philosopher[5]
  • Ernest Gellner (1925–1995), philosopher and social anthropologist[6]
  • Stephan Korner, philosopher[7]
  • Ernest Nagel, philosopher[8]
  • (1857–1942), Czechoslovak mediaevalist[9]

Mathematics[]

Medicine[]

  • Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis; born in Příbor (Freiberg), Moravia
  • Carl Koller (1857–1944), ophthalmologist[18]
  • Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006), pharmacologist[19] (born in Slovakia)

Natural science[]

  • Gerty Cori (1896–1957), biochemist[20]
  • Martin Fleischmann, chemist[21]

Arts/entertainment[]

  • Bedřich Feuerstein (1892–1936), architect, painter and essayist[22]
  • Miloš Forman (born 1932), film director, actor and script writer[23]
  • Juraj Herz (born 1934), film director, actor, and scenic designer[24] (born in Slovakia)
  • Arnošt Goldflam (born 1946), playwright, writer, director, screenwriter and actor[25]
  • Hugo Haas (1901–1968), actor and film director[26]
  • Miloš Kopecký (1922–1996), actor
  • Hugo Lederer (1871–1940), sculptor[27]
  • Francis Lederer (1899–2000), actor[28]
  • Herbert Lom (1917–2012), actor[29]
  • Robert Maxwell (1923–1991), media mogul[30]
  • Emil Orlik (1870–1932), painter[31]
  • Alfréd Radok (1917–1976), writer and director in theater and film[32]
  • Karel Reisz (1926–2002), film director[33]
  • Ivan Reitman (born 1946), film director (born in Slovakia)
  • Emery Roth (1871–1948), architect (born in Sečovce at the present-day territory of Slovakia)
  • Jan Saudek (born 1935), art photographer[34]
  • Anna Ticho (1894–1980), artist[35]
  • Jiří Weiss (1913–2004), film director and screenwriter[36]
  • (born 1942), Slovak-Hungarian-Canadian Journalist (Born in Košice at the present-day territory of Slovakia)[37]

Athletes[]

  • Kurt Epstein (1904–1975), Czechoslovak national water polo team, Olympic competitor, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz[38][39]
  • Arie Gill-Glick (1930–2016), Israeli Olympic runner
  • Gertrude "Traute" Kleinová (1918–1976), table tennis, three-time world champion, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz
  • Olga Winterberg (1922–2010), Israeli Olympian in the discus throw

Music[]

  • Karel Ančerl (1908–1973), conductor, respected for his performances of contemporary music and particularly cherished for his interpretations of music by Czech composers[40]
  • Karel Berman (1919–1995), opera singer and composer[41]
  • Ignaz Brüll, composer and pianist[42]
  • Arthur Chitz (1882–1944) musicologist, composer, pianist, and conductor[43][44]
  • Alexander Goldscheider (born 1950), composer and producer
  • Alfred Grünfeld (1852–1924), pianist and composer[45]
  • Pavel Haas (1899–1944), composer[46]
  • Eduard Hanslick (1825–1904), music critic[47]
  • Gideon Klein (1919–1945), composer of classical music[48][49]
  • Eliška Kleinová (1912–1999), pianist, music educator; sister of Gideon Klein
  • Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer[50]
  • Hans Krása (1899–1944), composer[51][52]
  • Egon Ledeč (1889–1944), music composer[48]
  • Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), music composer and conductor, Czech-born[53][54]
  • Herbert Thomas Mandl (1926–2007), concert violinist, professor at the of Music in Ostrava, Holocaust survivor who was a contemporary witness to the rich cultural life in the Theresienstadt (Terezín) ghetto
  • Ignaz Moscheles (1794–1870), composer and piano virtuoso[55]
  • Zuzana Růžičková (1927–2017), contemporary harpsichordist, interpreter of classical and baroque music[56]
  • Erwin Schulhoff (1894–1942), composer and pianist[57]
  • Julius Schulhoff (1825–1898), pianist and composer[58]
  • Walter Susskind (1913–1980), conductor[59]
  • Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944), composer, conductor and pianist[60]
  • Jaromír Weinberger (1896–1967), composer[61]

Politicians[]

  • Victor Adler (1852–1918), socialist politician, born in Prague[62]
  • Madeleine Albright (born 1937), served as the 64th United States Secretary of State[63]
  • Ludwig Czech (1870–1942), leader and several times minister for the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic
  • Jan Fischer (born 1951), prime minister of the Czech Republic (2009)[64]
  • Bruno Kafka (1881–1931), German-speaking Jewish Czech politician, leader from 1918 to his death of the Czechoslovak German Democratic Liberal Party, member of the National Assembly
  • Ignaz Kuranda, politician[65]
  • Artur London (1915–1986), communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský trial; born in Ostrava, Silesia, Austria-Hungary[66]
  • Rudolf Margolius (1913–1952), Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade (1949–1952), a victim of the Slánský trial[67]
  • Rudolf Slánský (1901–1952); Communist politician and the party's General Secretary after World War II; fell into disfavour with the regime and was executed after a show trial[68]
  • Michael Žantovský, politician and author; appointed to serve as the Ambassador to Israel in July 2003[69]
  • Vladimír Železný (born 1945), media businessman and politician, member of the European Parliament, founder of TV NOVA

Religious leaders[]

Salomon Weisz, Cantor & Bar Mitzvah teacher in Znojmo and Trebic, Cantor of Moravia & Bar Mitzvah teacher in Prague from 1946-1968.

Writers[]

  • Henri Blowitz, journalist[78]
  • Max Brod (1884–1968), author, composer, and journalist[79]
  • Avigdor Dagan (1912–2006), writer[80]
  • Egon Hostovsky (1908–1973), writer[81]
  • Franz Kafka (1883–1924), novelist[82][83][84]
  • Siegfried Kapper (1821–1879), writer[85]
  • Ivan Klíma (born 1931), novelist, playwright[86]
  • Leopold Kompert (1822–1886), author[87]
  • Heda Margolius Kovály, author and translator[88][89]
  • František R. Kraus (1903–1967), writer, journalist and reporter; wrote one of the first books ever about his experience in Auschwitz, published in 1945
  • Arnošt Lustig (1926–2011), author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays whose works have often involved the Holocaust[90]
  • Jiří Orten (1919–1941), poet[91]
  • Ota Pavel (1930–1973), writer, journalist and sport reporter
  • Leopold Perutz (1882–1957), German language novelist and mathematician
  • Karel Poláček (1892–1945), writer and journalist[92]
  • Tom Stoppard (born 1937), playwright, known for plays such as The Real Thing and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, and for the screenplay for Shakespeare in Love[93]
  • Hermann Ungar (1893–1929), writer of German language and an officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia[94]
  • Jiří Weil (1900–1959), writer, novels Life with a Star (Život s hvězdou) and Mendelssohn is on the Roof[95]
  • Franz Werfel (1890–1945), Czech-born writer; married Mahler's widow[96]

Other[]

  • Jacob Bassevi (1580–1634), Bohemian Court Jew and financier[97]
  • George Brady (born 1928), brother of Hana Brady[98]
  • Hana Brady (1931–1944), Holocaust victim[99]
  • , deaf memoirist[100]
  • Salo Flohr (1908–1983), leading chess master of the early 20th century[101]
  • Tomáš Galásek, football player
  • Petr Ginz (1928–1944), boy deported to the Terezín concentration camp during the Holocaust[102]
  • Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1759–1849), merchant[103]
  • Frank Lowy (born 1930), businessman[104]
  • Richard Réti (1889–1929), chess grandmaster[105]
  • (also "Yehoshua Sh'mu'el Rusnak"; died 1915),[106] diasporan Jew and Zionist based in Kosice, Slovakia; many of his family members were murdered in the Holocaust at Auschwitz[107][108][109]
  • Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900), first World Chess Champion[110]
  • Irene Capek (1925–2006), Jewish holocaust survivor, humanitarian and local Australian politician

See also[]

References[]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Review of his book, The Cosmic Book: On the Mechanics of Creation Biblio.com booksellers calls him "a Jewish scientist and inventor, who was born in Prague". Retrieved 20 October 2006. Actually born in Humenné.
  2. ^ ADL website Archived 2 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 9 February 2006
  3. ^ Jewish Agency for Israel Archived 1 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine; The Hugo Bergmann family Papers; both accessed 11 March 2007
  4. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, article "Historians", list of "Prominent Jewish General Historians".
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 July 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Vilém Flusser was born on 12 May 1920 in Prague into a family of Jewish intellectuals"
  6. ^ Obituary, by John Davis, Warden of All Souls College London School of Economics Archived 14 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, "Ernest Gellner, who has died a few days short of his 70th birthday, was brought up in Prague, in an urban intellectual Jewish family." Accessed 10 November 2006.
  7. ^ (Jewish Year Book 2005 p215, in List of Jewish Fellows of the British Academy; born Czechoslovakia; see Who's Who)
  8. ^ List of Jewish philosophers; born in Prague Biography Research Guide 10 March 2008
  9. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, article "Historians", list of "Prominent Jewish General Historians".
  10. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Nikolai Dmetrievich Brashman", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  11. ^ Public Domain Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Gans, David ben Solomon ben Seligman". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  12. ^ Cook, Mariana (2009). Mathematicians an outer view of the inner world (Online-Ausg. ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1400832880.
  13. ^ Lorentz, G. G. (2002). "Mathematics and Politics in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953" (PDF). Journal of Approximation Theory. 116 (2): 185. doi:10.1006/jath.2002.3670.
  14. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Charles Loewner", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  15. ^ "Jewish Recipients of the Bôcher Memorial Prize". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  16. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred Tauber", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 January 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Political tensions arose around this time, and like many other Jewish intellectuals, she left Germany"
  18. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., art. "Koller, Carl": "born in Bohemia"
  19. ^ Ruth Linn (13 April 2006). "Obituary: Rudolf Vrba | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  20. ^ "Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  21. ^ [1]: "Birthplace: Karlsbad, Czechoslovakia ... Religion: Jewish" accessed 8 February 2007
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Noted in "Prague Jewish Architecture"
  23. ^ Web biographies that indicate Forman's father, who died in a concentration camp, was Jewish are incorrect. Neither one of his parents was Jewish. However, according to [2], Forman's biological father was Jewish, something he found out only after WWII: "About this time Miloš received word from a woman who befriended Anna in Auschwitz. What she had to say would come as quite a shock. It seems Rudolf was in fact not Miloš's father and that his real father was an architect who had worked for Anna. He too disappeared before the war but was Jewish thereby making Miloš half Jewish. Miloš would learn that this man was in fact alive and a professor at a university in Ecuador. They would never meet."
  24. ^ Kronfeld, Martin (2012). "Židia". In Myrtil Nagy (ed.). Naše národnostné menšiny. Šamorín: Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín. p. 23. ISBN 978-80-89249-57-2.
  25. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Goldflam, Arnošt": "Czech playwright, writer, director, screenwriter, and actor. Born to Holocaust survivors in Brno (Moravia)"
  26. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Haas, Hugo": "Czechoslovak actor and film director"
  27. ^ International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies – Cemetery Project Archived 26 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007
  28. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Lederer, Francis": "Czech actor"
  29. ^ Martin Harry Greenberg (November 1979). The Jewish lists: physicists and ... ISBN 9780805237115. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  30. ^ "Robert Maxwell: Overview". Ketupa.net. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  31. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "important Jewish graphic artist and painter, Emil Orlik"
  32. ^ [3] Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine described Radok as "half Jewish"
  33. ^ [4] "Reisz arrived in Britain in 1939 as one of more than 600 Jewish children, who escaped the horrific fate of their parents thanks to Sir Nicholas Winton, who arranged for them to escape Czechoslovakia"
  34. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "in spite of the fact that due to his wartime experience as an enduring Jewish child"
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 August 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) noted in an essay on "Jewish artists"
  36. ^ Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 August 2010. 18 October 2012 <http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema>.
  37. ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/adrianna-demiany-13317323
  38. ^ "A Jewish Athlete". Mehrpatrick1.web.officelive.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  39. ^ "NEWSLETTER 2004/3". Jewishmuseum.cz. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  40. ^ Canadian Encyclopedia, art. Jewish music and musicians "Post-war Jewish immigration has related less to persecution than to professional appointments or opportunities (e.g., Karel Ančerl" Accessed 23 October 2006.
  41. ^ The concentration camp for Jews – the Terezín Ghetto Archived 1 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine lists Berman as among the Jews sent there; Accessed 3 November 2006
    Jewish Theological Seminary Archived 27 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine: "Czech opera star Karel Berman" Accessed 3 November 2006
  42. ^ Jewish: "Contemporary Review, June 1999 by Anthony Paterson" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "the Nazi ban on his compositions – he was Jewish" Accessed 6 November 2006.
    born Moravia: "Composers of Classical Music" [5] "Brull, Ignaz 1846–1907 Moravia, Prossnitz – Austria, Vienna" Accessed 6 November 2006.
  43. ^ http://www.uwes-welt.de, Uwe Scholz. "Projekt Shalom CJD Chemnitz - Arthur Chitz". www.juden-in-mittelsachsen.de (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  44. ^ ORT, The World. "Music and the Holocaust". holocaustmusic.ort.org. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  45. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia; "born at Prague" Accessed 28 November 2006.
  46. ^ "Classical Composers Database" [6] "Born: 21 June 1899, Brno (Czechoslovakia) ... Being Jewish, at the time of the Nazi invasion he divorced his Christian wife to save his family" Accessed 6 November 2006.
  47. ^ Avins, Styra "Brahms and the German Spirit (review)" Music and Letters – Volume 87, Number 1, 2006, pp. 136–141 online at [7] or [8][dead link] "three other Jews, Julius Epstein, Anton Door, and Eduard Hanslick" (Needs subscription, but found with this search: [9] Accessed 6 November 2006.)
    Born in Prague: Encyclopædia Britannica Accessed 6 November 2006.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b Czech Jewish Museum Archived 3 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine "The life and work of the Czech Jewish composers Gideon Klein and Egon Ledeč" Accessed 10 November 2006.
  49. ^ The Gideon Klein Foundation "The Gideon Klein Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Eliška Kleinová, Gideon Klein’s sister" Accessed 15 June 2007.
  50. ^ Korngold Society Archived 9 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine: "he got thrown out of Vienna because he was Jewish" Jessica Duchen, author of E. Korngold's biography); Korngold Society: "BRNO, where the composer was born"; accessed 6 February 2007.
  51. ^ Berkeley Repertory Theater "Krása, who was Jewish" Accessed 23 November 2006
  52. ^ Minnesota Public Radio "Krása was a gifted Czech composer" Accessed 23 November 2006
  53. ^ Biography for Gustav Mahler at IMDb "Mahler's Jewish faith stood in the way of his career goal"
  54. ^ Sony Essentials of Music Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Czech-born Austrian composer and conductor" Accessed 28 November 2006.
  55. ^ Art. on Moscheles in Encyclopædia Britannica "Czech pianist, one of the outstanding virtuosos of his era"; Art. on Moscheles in Columbia Encyclopedia[permanent dead link] "Prague -born Jewish virtuoso Ignaz Moscheles" Both accessed 29 November 2006.
  56. ^ Radio Praha "She was born in Pilsen in 1927 into an upper class Jewish family"; Goldberg the early-music portal Archived 5 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine "France honours Czech harpsichordist Zuzana Ruzickova" Both accessed 29 November 2006.
  57. ^ School of Oriental and African Studies, Newsletter of the Jewish Music Institute Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Erwin Schulhoff, a Czech Jew executed by the Nazis..." Accessed 8 December 2006.
  58. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 2nd ed., art. "Schulhoff, Julius": "Born in Prague"
  59. ^ Bach cantatas site "The distinguished Czech-born English conductor" Lake Placid Film Forum Archived 23 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Walter Susskind, a German Jew" Both accessed 4 January 2007
  60. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Raised a German-Czech until a 1909 move to Austria" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 August 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Viktor Ullmann, composer, pianist, choirmaster, conductor and music critic, was one of the victims from among the Prague German Jewish musicians in World War II."
  61. ^ [10] noted as one of "Jews prominent in music"
  62. ^ Encyclopedia of Austria born Prague. Retrieved 20 March 2008; "Jews and the American Soul: Human Nature in the Twentieth Century" by Andrew R. Heinze; Published 2004 Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-11755-1, p.69 (includes him in list of notable Jews in Vienna)
  63. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "When born Jews like Madeleine Albright leave Judaism to participate in new secular religions a la Karl Marx with Marxism" [11] "The Washington Post reported 4 February that Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's parents were Jewish converts to Catholicism and that her grandparents died in the Holocaust."
  64. ^ 15. dubna 2009 (15 April 2009). "Manžel tak nevypadá, ale je vtipný, říká žena nového premiéra". Ona.idnes.cz. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  65. ^ [12] Accessed 20 March 2008.
  66. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "The film tells the story of Artur London, a Czech Jewish communist who survived Nazi concentration camps"
  67. ^ [13] "Articles and books about the life of Rudolf Margolius and his international economic agreements."
  68. ^ [14] "The Czech Jewish party leader Rudolf Slansky"
  69. ^ Jewish News Weekly Michael Zantovsky, a leading Czech political figure who is of Jewish background"; Accessed 5 February 2007
  70. ^ Jewish News Weekly of Northern California "A chance meeting 13 years ago changed the course of Rabbi Samuel Abramson's life... He left his homeland, Czechoslovakia, in 1988" Accessed 8 December 2006.
  71. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, "Rabbi and scholar of varied attainments; born 16 March 1843, at Neu-Raussnitz, Moravia" Accessed 10 November 2006.
  72. ^ "Historical survey of Jewish settlement in Brno", Centropa Quarterly, Summer 2006 Archived 27 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, "Rabbi Israel ben Chajim, also known as Israel Bruna (born in Brno early 15th century, died after 1475) was the first important Hebrew scholar in the Czech lands." Accessed 30 October 2006.
  73. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia "rabbi; born at Weisskirchen, Moravia" Accessed 7 November 2006.
  74. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Joseph Herman Hertz was born in Slovakia in 1872"
  75. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: [15] Bohemian; [16] tosafist
  76. ^ Chabad.org Jewish History "Rabbi Judah ben Bezalel Lowe was born about the year 5285, probably in Posen. He became famous as a great Talmudic scholar at an early age. In his late twenties, he was invited to become the Rabbi in Nikolsburg, Moravia, a position which he held for about twenty years. His greatest fame, however, came to him as the spiritual head of the Jewish community in Prague" Accessed 22 May 2007.
  77. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: "born at Prague 1528; died there 13 March 1601. The persecution of the Jews of Prague by the fanatical Ferdinand I. occurred while Mordecai was a youth. In 1542 and 1561 his family, with the other Jewish inhabitants, was forced to leave the city" Accessed 22 May 2007.
  78. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., art. "Blowitz, Henri
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  81. ^ Egon Hostovsky Archived 9 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
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  83. ^ "KAFKA, FRANZ (1883–1924): Czech author.": The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia (fifth ed, 1977, ed. Geoffrey Wigoder), p. 1101.
  84. ^ [18] Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine "Czech writer"
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  87. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, "born at Münchengrätz, Bohemia" Accessed 8 December 2006.
  88. ^ Included in Clive James's book Cultural Amnesia.
  89. ^ List of Heda Margolius Kovály's books and translations.
  90. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Lustig was one of the few out of fifteen thousand Jewish children"
  91. ^ [20]"https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/jir%C3%AD-orten"
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  94. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Hermann Ungar was born on 20 April 1893 to a comfortable Jewish family in the small Moravian town of Boskovice, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Formerly the Jewish ghetto, the Jewish Town of Boskovice had the unusual distinction of having been established as its own municipality in 1848 (one of only two such instances, this status lasted until 1919) after the Habsburg's emancipation of the Jews in the Czech Lands... Ungar grew up speaking German and Czech..."
  95. ^ [22] "Jiri Weil, a Czech Jewish writer"
  96. ^ Feuchtwanger memorial Library Archived 28 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine: "The Czech-born, Austrian-Jewish writer Franz Werfel" accessed 27 March 08
  97. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "This provides an overview of the history of the Jews in the Czech Lands... Jacob Bassevi, the first Jew to be raised to the nobility"
  98. ^ [23] "The Bradys were Jewish. They weren't a religious family. But Mother and Father wanted their children to know about their heritage. Once a week, while their playmates were at church, Hana and George sat with a special teacher who taught them about Jewish holidays and Jewish history."
  99. ^ [24] "Alternating chapters tell not only of the Jewish Hana Brady's deportation..."
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  101. ^ http://www.geocities.com/chesschampions/bflohr-s.html. Retrieved 29 July 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link] "Since his family was Jewish, they were in great danger"
  102. ^ [25] "Recalling the diaries of another teenage victim of the Holocaust, Anne Frank, they reveal a budding Czech literary and artistic genius whose life was cut short by the Nazis... Moon Landscape connects the dream of one Jewish boy who is a symbol of the talent lost in the Holocaust"
  103. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia "born June 10, 1759, at Prostiebor, near Kladrau, in the district of Pilsen, Bohemia" accessed 23 June 2008
  104. ^ Australian Graduate School of Management "Czechoslovak-born Lowy"
    Australian Jewish Times Archived 23 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine "In Forbes magazine's second annual Top 10 rich list for Australia and New Zealand, four Jewish businessmen feature prominently. Frank Lowy (second), Richard Pratt (Third), John Gandel (sixth) and Harry Triguboff (eighth) all had reported wealth of over $1 billion; both accessed 3 December 2006.
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