List of Salvadoran coups d'état

This article lists successful and failed coups d'état that have taken place in El Salvador since 1821:

1890s[]

1890 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Francisco Menéndez was overthrown by General Carlos Ezeta on 22 June 1890.^[1]
1894 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Carlos Ezeta was overthrown by 44 rebel leaders on 9 June 1894. The rebels appointed Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez as President.^[1]^[2]
1898 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez was overthrown by General Tomás Regalado on 13 November 1898. The coup lead to the dissolution of the Greater Republic of Central America^[3]

1930s[]

1931 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Arturo Araujo was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 2 December 1931. The Civic Directory was established and appointed Vice President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as the country's Acting President on 4 December.^[4]

1940s[]

April 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état attempt – Elements of the Salvadoran Army garrisoned in San Salvador attempted to overthrow President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez on 2 April 1944.^[5]^[6]
May 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état – Civilians protested in the streets of San Salvador against Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's government and forced him to resign on 9 May 1944.^[7]^[6]
October 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état – Provisional President Andrés Ignacio Menéndez was overthrown by General Osmín Aguirre y Salinas on 21 October 1944.^[8]
– President Salvador Castaneda Castro was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 14 December 1948. The was established and elected Major Óscar Osorio as President on 14 September 1950.^[9]^[8]

1960s[]

– President José María Lemus was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 26 October 1960. The Junta of Government was established in the aftermath.^[10]^[11]
– The Junta of Government was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 25 January 1961. The Civic-Military Directory was established and appointed Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea as Provisional President on 25 January 1962.

1970s[]

1972 Salvadoran coup d'état attempt – The Military Youth attempted to overthrow Fidel Sánchez Hernández, prevent the presidency of Arturo Armando Molina, and install José Napoleón Duarte as President.^[12]
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Carlos Humberto Romero was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 15 October 1979. The Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador was established and elected Álvaro Magaña as President on 2 May 1982. The coup started the 12-year long Salvadoran Civil War.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

References[]

^ ^a ^b "Biography of Carlos Ezeta (1855-1903)".
^ Vidal, Manuel (1961). Nociones de historia de Centro América. San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria.
^ Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981., p. 17.
^ Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). "The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez". Journal of Latin American Studies. 3 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00001425. JSTOR 156558.
^ Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory, by Héctor Lindo-Fuentes, Erik Kristofer Ching, Rafael Lara Martínez, UNM Press, 2007, page 84
^ ^a ^b Zunes, Stephen. "Movements and Campaigns - Issues - Dictatorships - El Salvador: 1944". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict, by Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, St. Martin's Press, 2015, pages 256-263
^ ^a ^b Almeida, Paul. D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ F.D. Parker "The Central American Republics" Oxford University Press 1964 Pg 156
^ "Countries E". rulers.org.
^ Walter, Williams (1997). Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador’s Transition to Democracy. p. 90.
^ "El Salvador - The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
^ Pastor, Robert (1984). "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: Carter and Reagan on El Salvador". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 3 (2): 170–190. doi:10.2307/3323931. JSTOR 3323931.
^ Gleijeses, Piero (1983). "The Case for Power Sharing in El Salvador". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 61 (5): 1048–1063. doi:10.2307/20041635. JSTOR 20041635.
^ "El Salvador: A Country Study, "Right-Wing Extremism"". Federal Research Division / Library of Congress. 1988. p. 235. Retrieved 2020-02-23.

[ezeta-1] "Biography of Carlos Ezeta (1855-1903)".

[2] Vidal, Manuel (1961). Nociones de historia de Centro América. San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria.

[3] Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981., p. 17.

[grieb-4] Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). "The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez". Journal of Latin American Studies. 3 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00001425. JSTOR 156558.

[5] Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory, by Héctor Lindo-Fuentes, Erik Kristofer Ching, Rafael Lara Martínez, UNM Press, 2007, page 84

[zunes-6] Zunes, Stephen. "Movements and Campaigns - Issues - Dictatorships - El Salvador: 1944". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

[A_Force_More_Powerful_2015,_pages_256-263-7] A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict, by Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, St. Martin's Press, 2015, pages 256-263

[Almeida-8] Almeida, Paul. D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[Armstrong_&_Shenk-9] Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[10] F.D. Parker "The Central American Republics" Oxford University Press 1964 Pg 156

[11] "Countries E". rulers.org.

[Williams-12] Walter, Williams (1997). Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador’s Transition to Democracy. p. 90.

[countrystudies-13] "El Salvador - The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-10-11.

[pastor-14] Pastor, Robert (1984). "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: Carter and Reagan on El Salvador". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 3 (2): 170–190. doi:10.2307/3323931. JSTOR 3323931.

[gleijeses-15] Gleijeses, Piero (1983). "The Case for Power Sharing in El Salvador". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 61 (5): 1048–1063. doi:10.2307/20041635. JSTOR 20041635.

[extremism-16] "El Salvador: A Country Study, "Right-Wing Extremism"". Federal Research Division / Library of Congress. 1988. p. 235. Retrieved 2020-02-23.

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List of Salvadoran coups d'état

Contents

1890s[]

1930s[]

1940s[]

1960s[]

1970s[]

See also[]

References[]

v t Coups d'état in El Salvador
1890^c 1894^c 1898^c 1931^c April 1944^× May 1944^c October 1944^c ^c ^c ^c 1972^× 1979^c
^c Successful coup ^‡ self-coup ^× attempted coup