List of active separatist movements in Asia
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This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country. What constitutes an autonomist or secessionist movement is often debatable; entries on this list must be recognized by credible sources as involved, separatist, and composed of citizens of the country from which independence is sought.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto/proposed state and/or autonomous territory: a proposed term for a secessionist or anticipated sovereign state, or an area seeking greater autonomy.
- Organizations that help: Advocacy, ethnic, ethno-religious, political, regional, and/or religious group(s) that play a significant role in the movement's separatism.
- Government-in-exile: a government that is located outside of the country under consideration, with or without power.
- Recognized individuals who hold key roles within the separatist movement or organization (s)
Militant organization(s) are also classified for movements that establish a de facto state or occupy areas of territory are listed as well.
Azerbaijan[]
![]() Current military situation in the region ![]() Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic |
Territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- De facto state:
Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle[2]
- Political organisation: National Assembly
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- De facto state:
Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[3]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[4]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[3]
China[]
Taiwan is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China.
The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
Significant Secessionist Movements in China | ||||||
No. | Claimed Territory | Capital City | Area (km2) | Population (~) | Ethnic Group | Primary Independence Movement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Ürümqi | 1,828,418 | 25,000,000 | Uyghur people | East Turkestan independence movement |
2 | ![]() |
Lhasa | 2,500,000 | 3,200,000 | Tibetan people | Tibetan independence movement |
3 | ![]() |
Hohhot | 1,183,000 | 25,000,000 | Chinese Mongols | Inner Mongolian independence movement |
4 | ![]() |
Hong Kong | 2,755 | 7,500,000 | Hong Kong people | Hong Kong independence movement |
5 | ![]() |
Macau | 115 | 700,000 | Macau people | Macau independence movement |
Xinjiang (East Turkestan)
Xizang (Tibet)
Inner Mongolia
Hong Kong
Macau
Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the forces that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced racial issues as well.[8] Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots.
During the Qing dynasty, European powers (and Japan) acquired treaty ports and concessions within cities in China through unequal treaties. Most of these were returned to China during the early-to-mid 20th century, although Hong Kong and Macau were both colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively until the 1990s. Following their return to China, both were organized as special administrative regions with a degree of autonomy in their administrations. However, according to present agreements both regions will be fully integrated into China in the late-2040s.[9] The future loss of autonomy has caused the growth of separatist movements particularly in Hong Kong, as could be seen during the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests.
Despite being a special administrative region, Macau has few substantial active independence or separatist movements unlike Hong Kong.[10] This is usually attributed to Macau's reliance on tourism from mainland China, extremely high per capita GDP, and a historical support of unification with China, such as that surrounding the 12-3 incident.[11][12]
Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is fully recognized by 15 members of the United Nations with others maintaining unofficial relations.[13]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pearl_River_Delta_Area.png/257px-Pearl_River_Delta_Area.png)
Hong Kong
- Ethnic group: Hong Kongers and Cantonese people,[14] sometimes Taiwanese people, Chinese people, and ethnic minorities in Hong Kong[15]
Hong Kong independence movement:
- Proposed goals: Hong Kong Independence, separation from China[16]
- Supporting organizations: Independence-leaning localist groups including Hong Kong Independence Party, Youngspiration
- Leaders: Baggio Leung (Youngspiration) (HKIP),
Pro-democracy camp:
- Proposed goals: Universal suffrage in the election of Chief Executive,[17] increased autonomy in general, self-determination[18]
- Supporting organizations: Civil Human Rights Front, localist groups, various informal protest and activist groups
- Leaders: Figo Chan (CHRF), former Demosistō leaders include Joshua Wong and Agnes Chow
In 1997 the colony of Hong Kong was retroceded to China, leading to the creation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the jointly agreed upon Hong Kong Basic Law, the Hong Kong SAR would maintain its autonomy for 50 years until 2047,[9] after which point the region would assume full control by China. Hong Kong's autonomy, and its end in 2047, has created contention between those who support the Chinese government, and those who do not.[19] A particular source of contention in recent years is with the structure of the Hong Kong government, where the Chief Executive is appointed by the Chinese government while local elections are held directly.[20]
In 2019 the Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed, which sparked protests throughout Hong Kong.[21] During the protests which followed, the pro-democracy camp gained general support alongside the Hong Kong independence movement to a small extent as well. Many of the anti-governmental groups supported localism and universal suffrage in all Hong Kong elections. In May 2020 the National People's Congress of China passed a decision concerning Hong Kong national security legislation, whereby "secession" and "subversion" were made illegal. This move has meant that pro-independence calls are now illegal by the new decision, although some still do call for independence despite the changes to the law.[16] In Hong Kong, the pro-democracy camp enjoys general support, though the passing of the decision by the NPC has made protesting and the organization of protests more difficult.[22]
Inner Mongolia (South Mongolia; Nei Menggu)
- Ethnic group: Chinese Mongols, Mongols
- Proposed goals: Inner Mongolian independence, unification with Mongolia
- Supporting organizations: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Leader: Temtsiltu Shobtsood
Inner Mongolia (also known as Southern Mongolia or Nei Menggu from Chinese) is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization,[23] with pro-independence protests and separatism having been particularly prevalent in the early-2010s.[24] Despite Inner Mongolia being a member of the UNPO, the news agency Quartz describes Inner Mongolian separatism in 2020 as "non-existent".[25] The Chinese government asserts however that there is currently Inner Mongolian separatism resulting from the 2020 Inner Mongolia protests, although few specific examples have been noted.[26] In 2018, Chinese media reported that a man surnamed Jiang was the first in Inner Mongolia to be sentenced on charges of terrorism in the region, although it was not specified what cause he was supporting.[27]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tibet-claims.jpg/220px-Tibet-claims.jpg)
Tibet (Xizang)
- Ethnic group: Tibetans
- Proposed goals: Tibetan independence, or the creation of a highly autonomous constituent republic of China[28] encompassing the Tibetan AR, Qinghai, and parts of Yunnan and Sichuan
- Supporting organizations: Tibetan Youth Congress
- Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Major political organizations: National Democratic Party of Tibet
- Leaders: Lobsang Sangay (CTA sikyong), Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
Tibet was a protectorate controlled by the Qing dynasty from around 1720 until the latter's collapse.[29] In 1911-12 as the Xinhai revolution was occurring, Tibet gained its sovereignty once again.[30] In 1951 after the Communist Party of China won the Chinese civil war, Tibet was annexed by China after a military expedition, which was then affirmed by the Seventeen Point Agreement. With the Dalai Lama and other major figures, the Central Tibetan Administration was formed as a government in exile for Tibet in India in 1959. Within Tibet there have been various calls for autonomy and independence over the years, which the Chinese government has refused.[31] Calls for autonomy and/or independence have manifested through non-confrontational means such as self-immolation, although confrontation has occurred, like that of the Chushi Gangdruk from the 1950s to 1970s.[32]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/China_Proper_1944.png/220px-China_Proper_1944.png)
Xinjiang (East Turkestan)
- Ethnic group: Uyghurs, sometimes other ethnic groups in Xinjiang such as Kazakhs, and occasionally other Turkic peoples
East Turkestan independence movement:
- Proposed goals: Creation of the "East Turkestan Republic" as an independent, secular[33] state encompassing Xinjiang and sometimes parts of Qinghai and Gansu provinces
- Supporting organizations: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Leaders: Salih Hudayar (ETGE and ETNAM), Ghulam Osman Yaghma (ETGE)
Turkestan Islamic Party (East Turkestan Islamic Movement):
- Proposed goals: Creation of an Islamic state in Xinjiang, with the broader goal of creating a larger Islamic state and/or caliphate
- Supporting organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (sub-organization), Al-Qaeda (allied militarily)[34]
- Militant organization: Turkestan Islamic Party (the TIP is itself a military organization)
- Leader: Abdul Haq al-Turkistani (Memtimin Memet)
Xinjiang has been scene to multiple Uyghur movements and states throughout the years, particularly during the 20th-century with the First East Turkestan Republic and the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic. In Xinjiang today, some Uyghurs and other ethnicities support the region's independence due to alleged religious, cultural, and social restrictions. The East Turkestan independence movement supports the creation of a secular republic by non-violent means.[35] The World Uyghur Congress represents Xinjiang in the UNPO and is one of the largest groups supporting the region's independence.[36] The Chinese government alleges that all movements supporting independence for Xinjiang are terrorist or separatist groups.[37]
A smaller movement within the region is the Turkestan Islamic Party, whose goal is the creation of an Islamic state through violence and mostly active in China, Syria, and Afghanistan.[38][39] The Turkestan Islamic Party is not part of any international organizations, and is considered a terrorist group by China, the United Kingdom,[40] United Nations,[41] European Union,[39] among others. The United States recognized the TIP as a terrorist group from 2003 until 2020, when it was delisted.[38]
Cyprus[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cyprus_districts_named.png/250px-Cyprus_districts_named.png)
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: federation with Cyprus,[42] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[43]
- Political organization: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organization: Security Forces Command
- De facto state:
Georgia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map_of_Georgia_with_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_highlighted.svg/250px-Map_of_Georgia_with_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_highlighted.svg.png)
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[44] (recognized by 6 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[45] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
India[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg/200px-Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg)
Assam
- Proposed state: Assam
- Ethnic group: Assamese
- Militant organization:
ULFA
Jammu and Kashmir
- Proposed state:
Kashmir
- Ethnic group: Kashmiri
- Political organization: All Parties Hurriyat Conference
- Militant organization:
Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen
- Proposed state: Kamtapur
- Ethnic group: Kamtapuri
- Militant organization:
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
Manipur
- Proposed state:
Kangleipak
- Ethnic group: Meitei, , Pangal, Naga
- Militant organization:
UNLF,
PLA,
Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup,
Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
Nagaland
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga
- Militant organization:
NSCN
Punjab
- Proposed state:
Khalistan
- Ethnic group: Punjabi
- Militant organization: Babbar Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan,Khalistan Commando Force,Khalistan Liberation Force,
Khalistan Liberation Force,Khalistan Zindabad Force,ISYF,AISSF
Indonesia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/200px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg/150px-Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/150px-North_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Riau_in_Indonesia.svg/150px-Riau_in_Indonesia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Papua_in_Indonesia.svg/150px-Papua_in_Indonesia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Papua_in_Indonesia.svg/150px-West_Papua_in_Indonesia.svg.png)
Aceh
- Ethnic groups: Acehnese
- Proposed state:
Republic of Aceh
- Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Minahasan
- Proposed state:
Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
- Proposed state:
Riau
- Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Proposed state:
Riau
- Advocacy group: Gerakan Riau Merdeka[51]
- Proposed state:
South Moluccas
- Ethnic group: Moluccans
- Proposed state:
South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state:
Iran[]
Khūzestān Province
- Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arab
- Proposed state: [52]
- Militant organisations: , National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, , , Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: [52]
Iranian Kurdistan
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish
Iraq[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Iraqi_Kurdistan_in_Iraq_%28de-facto_and_disputed_hatched%29.svg/180px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_in_Iraq_%28de-facto_and_disputed_hatched%29.svg.png)
Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Majority ethnic group: Kurdish
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Military: Peshmerga
Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state:
Democratic Republic of Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
- Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
- Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization
Japan[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_Ainu_in_Hokkaido.svg/120px-Map_of_Ainu_in_Hokkaido.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ryukyu_Kingdoms_of_Sanzan_era.jpg/120px-Ryukyu_Kingdoms_of_Sanzan_era.jpg)
- Ethnic group: Ainu
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group:
Okinawa
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu[56]
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.
Malaysia[]
![]() Perlis
Kedah
Penang
Kelantan
Terengganu
Perak
Selangor
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka
Johor
Pahang
Sarawak
Sabah
Labuan
Kuala Lumpur
Putrajaya
West Malaysia
East Malaysia
(Blue) States
(Red) Federal Territories
South China Sea
Strait
of Malacca Gulf of Thailand
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Brunei
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
|
- Ethnic groups: Melanau, Dayak
- Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[57][61][62]
- Ethnic groups: Kadazan-Dusun, Sama-Bajau
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[57][61]
Myanmar[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/150px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png/150px-Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burma_en.png/150px-Burma_en.png)
Arakan
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state:
Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: , Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Kachin
- Ethnic group: Kachin
- Proposed state:
- Political party:
- Proposed state:
Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state:
Karenni
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile:
- Proposed state:
Kokang
- Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Mon State
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon Democratic People's Republic
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon Democratic People's Republic
Northern Rakhine State
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army[63]
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation,[64][65] Rohingya National Council[66]
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Political party:
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[67]
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
Wa State[68]
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
Nepal[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nepal_ethnic_groups.png/300px-Nepal_ethnic_groups.png)
- Ethnic group: Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party
- Proposed state: Kirat
Madhesh
- Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[69]
- Militant Group: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF).[70]
- Proposed state: Madhesh
Terai
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state: Terai
- Political party: Terai Army
- Proposed state: Terai
Pakistan[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Balochistan_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/200px-Balochistan_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png)
Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan
along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan.[71]
- Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army, United Baloch Army
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
- Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
Philippines[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ph_locator_car.svg/100px-Ph_locator_car.svg.png)
Sulu archipelago
Central Luzon Region
- Ethnic group: Kapampangan
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsang Kapampangan
- Advocacy group: Aguman ning Matimawang Pampanga
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group: Igorot
There are also Islamic militants operating in Mindanao which had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines such as the Abu Sayyaf,[81][82][83] and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[83][84][85]
Russia[]
Summary[]
This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
Number | Land | Capital | Area | Population | Ethnic | Main Political Party |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All of Asian Russia | ||||||
1 | ![]() |
Novosibirsk | 13,100,000 | 40,000,000 | Sibiryak people | Siberian regionalism |
2 | ![]() |
Ulan-Ude | 351,300 | 1,000,000 | Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
3 | ![]() |
Palana | 292,600 | 15,000 | Koryaks | |
4 | ![]() |
Dudinka | 879,929 | 40,000 | Dolgans | |
5 | ![]() |
Kyzyl | 170,500 | 300,000 | Tuvanians | People's Party of Sovereign Tuva |
6 | ![]() |
Ust-Ordynsky | 22,138 | 150,000 | Orda-Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
7 | ![]() |
Aginskoye | 19,600 | 80,000 | Agin-Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia | ||||||
8 | ![]() |
Khanty-Mansiysk | 534,800 | 1,500,000 | Ob-Ugrians | Association to Save Yurga |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725_true_borders.png/350px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725_true_borders.png)
Autonomist movements[]
- Ethnic group: Koryaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Koryak Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[88][89]
- Ethnic groups: Dolgans, Nganasan, Nenets, Russians
- Proposed federal subject:
Taymyr Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
Asian Russia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Siberia-FederalSubjects.svg/300px-Siberia-FederalSubjects.svg.png)
Siberia or Siberian Federal District[90][91]
- Ethnic group: Russians, (Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state:
Siberian Republic
- Movement: Siberian regionalism
- Proposed state:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_Russia_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/200px-Map_of_Russia_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png)
Buryatia[92]
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Buryatia
- Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
- Proposed state:
Siberian Federal District[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Greater_Mongolia.svg/200px-Greater_Mongolia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Taymyria_map.png/200px-Taymyria_map.png)
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug or unification with
Buryatia
- Proposed state:
Tuva
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state:
Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug or unification with
Buryatia
Ural Federal District[]
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug[93][94][95]
- Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
- Proposed state:
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
- Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yurga, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yurga Restoration
- Proposed state:
Yurga
Sri Lanka[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png/80px-Location_Tamil_Eelam_territorial_claim.png)
Tamil Eelam
- Ethnic group: Tamil
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Active, but militarily dormant since 2009)[96][97][98]
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[99][100]
- Proposed state:
Syria[]
De facto autonomous region:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Regions_of_the_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria.png/220px-Regions_of_the_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria.png)
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Taiwan[]
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Locator_map_of_the_ROC_Taiwan.svg/220px-Locator_map_of_the_ROC_Taiwan.svg.png)
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan four times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), and in 2020 (until 2024). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China".
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Claimed territories: Taiwan (Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiwan-Penghu, Taoyuan)
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 36,000 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 24,000,000 people
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed state:
Thailand[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thailand_Pattani_region.png/100px-Thailand_Pattani_region.png)
Patani
- Ethnic group: Pattani Malays
- Proposed state:
Pattani Darul Makrif,[101] unification with
Malaysia[102]
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Proposed state:
Turkey[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mother_language_in_1965_Turkey_census_-_Kurdish.png/300px-Mother_language_in_1965_Turkey_census_-_Kurdish.png)
Northern Kurdistan[103]
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
Assyria
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state:
Assyrian Democratic Republic
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
Uzbekistan[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Qaraqalpaqstan_Respublikasi_in_Uzbekistan.svg/150px-Qaraqalpaqstan_Respublikasi_in_Uzbekistan.svg.png)
Karakalpakstan
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: [104]
- Proposed state:
Vietnam[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/VietnamCentralHighlandsmap.png/70px-VietnamCentralHighlandsmap.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VietnamMekongDeltamap.png/70px-VietnamMekongDeltamap.png)
Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation
- Ethnic group: Khmer people
- Ethnic group: Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands in Vietnam
Yemen[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Divided_Yemen.svg/100px-Divided_Yemen.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FederationOfSouthArabiaMap.jpg/100px-FederationOfSouthArabiaMap.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/100px-Arabia_1914.png)
South Yemen
- Proposed state:
South Arabia,[105]
State of Aden
- De facto state: Southern Transitional Council[106][107][108]
- Political party: South Yemen Movement
- Proposed state:
Hadhramaut[109]
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed state:
Kathiri,
Qu'aiti,
Wahidi Balhaf,
Mahra[110][111][112]
- De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia
- Political party: Hadhrami League
- Proposed state:
See also[]
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Autonomous area
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- Asia-related lists
- Disputed territories in Asia
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Society-related lists
- Secessionist organizations in Asia
- Myanmar-related lists