List of active separatist movements in Asia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country. What constitutes an autonomist or secessionist movement is often debatable; entries on this list must be recognized by credible sources as involved, separatist, and composed of citizens of the country from which independence is sought.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

  • De facto/proposed state and/or autonomous territory: a proposed term for a secessionist or anticipated sovereign state, or an area seeking greater autonomy.
  • Organizations that help: Advocacy, ethnic, ethno-religious, political, regional, and/or religious group(s) that play a significant role in the movement's separatism.
  • Government-in-exile: a government that is located outside of the country under consideration, with or without power.
  • Recognized individuals who hold key roles within the separatist movement or organization (s)

Militant organization(s) are also classified for movements that establish a de facto state or occupy areas of territory are listed as well.

Azerbaijan[]

Current military situation in the region
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the former Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
  • People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
    • De facto state:  Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
      • Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle[2]
      • Political organisation: National Assembly
      • Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army

Territory of the short-lived Flag of Talysh.svg Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

China[]

Main article: Secession in China
See also: Political status of Taiwan; One country, two systems; and Ethnic minorities in China
See also: Languages of China and Demographics of China
  • Taiwan is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China.
  • The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
Significant Secessionist Movements in China
No. Claimed Territory Capital City Area (km2) Population (~) Ethnic Group Primary Independence Movement
1 Xinjiang (East Turkestan) Ürümqi 1,828,418 25,000,000 Uyghur people East Turkestan independence movement
2 Xizang (Greater Tibet) Lhasa 2,500,000 3,200,000 Tibetan people Tibetan independence movement
3 Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg Inner Mongolia Hohhot 1,183,000 25,000,000 Chinese Mongols Inner Mongolian independence movement
4 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2,755 7,500,000 Hong Kong people Hong Kong independence movement
5 Macau Macau 115 700,000 Macau people Macau independence movement

[5][6][7]

  • Xinjiang (East Turkestan)

  • Xizang (Tibet)

  • Inner Mongolia

  • Hong Kong

  • Macau

Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the forces that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced racial issues as well.[8] Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots.

During the Qing dynasty, European powers (and Japan) acquired treaty ports and concessions within cities in China through unequal treaties. Most of these were returned to China during the early-to-mid 20th century, although Hong Kong and Macau were both colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively until the 1990s. Following their return to China, both were organized as special administrative regions with a degree of autonomy in their administrations. However, according to present agreements both regions will be fully integrated into China in the late-2040s.[9] The future loss of autonomy has caused the growth of separatist movements particularly in Hong Kong, as could be seen during the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests.

Despite being a special administrative region, Macau has few substantial active independence or separatist movements unlike Hong Kong.[10] This is usually attributed to Macau's reliance on tourism from mainland China, extremely high per capita GDP, and a historical support of unification with China, such as that surrounding the 12-3 incident.[11][12]

Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is fully recognized by 15 members of the United Nations with others maintaining unofficial relations.[13]

The Pearl River Delta region including Macau (dark green) and Hong Kong (light green), both of which border Guangdong

Hong Kong

Main articles: Localism in Hong Kong, Hong Kong independence movement, and Hong Kong autonomy movement
  • Ethnic group: Hong Kongers and Cantonese people,[14] sometimes Taiwanese people, Chinese people, and ethnic minorities in Hong Kong[15]

Hong Kong independence movement:

Pro-democracy camp:

  • Proposed goals: Universal suffrage in the election of Chief Executive,[17] increased autonomy in general, self-determination[18]
  • Supporting organizations: Civil Human Rights Front, localist groups, various informal protest and activist groups
  • Leaders: Figo Chan (CHRF), former Demosistō leaders include Joshua Wong and Agnes Chow

In 1997 the colony of Hong Kong was retroceded to China, leading to the creation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the jointly agreed upon Hong Kong Basic Law, the Hong Kong SAR would maintain its autonomy for 50 years until 2047,[9] after which point the region would assume full control by China. Hong Kong's autonomy, and its end in 2047, has created contention between those who support the Chinese government, and those who do not.[19] A particular source of contention in recent years is with the structure of the Hong Kong government, where the Chief Executive is appointed by the Chinese government while local elections are held directly.[20]

In 2019 the Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed, which sparked protests throughout Hong Kong.[21] During the protests which followed, the pro-democracy camp gained general support alongside the Hong Kong independence movement to a small extent as well. Many of the anti-governmental groups supported localism and universal suffrage in all Hong Kong elections. In May 2020 the National People's Congress of China passed a decision concerning Hong Kong national security legislation, whereby "secession" and "subversion" were made illegal. This move has meant that pro-independence calls are now illegal by the new decision, although some still do call for independence despite the changes to the law.[16] In Hong Kong, the pro-democracy camp enjoys general support, though the passing of the decision by the NPC has made protesting and the organization of protests more difficult.[22]

Inner Mongolia (South Mongolia; Nei Menggu)

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement
  • Ethnic group: Chinese Mongols, Mongols
  • Proposed goals: Inner Mongolian independence, unification with Mongolia
  • Supporting organizations: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Leader: Temtsiltu Shobtsood

Inner Mongolia (also known as Southern Mongolia or Nei Menggu from Chinese) is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization,[23] with pro-independence protests and separatism having been particularly prevalent in the early-2010s.[24] Despite Inner Mongolia being a member of the UNPO, the news agency Quartz describes Inner Mongolian separatism in 2020 as "non-existent".[25] The Chinese government asserts however that there is currently Inner Mongolian separatism resulting from the 2020 Inner Mongolia protests, although few specific examples have been noted.[26] In 2018, Chinese media reported that a man surnamed Jiang was the first in Inner Mongolia to be sentenced on charges of terrorism in the region, although it was not specified what cause he was supporting.[27]

The Tibetan Autonomous Region (yellow) and areas considered part of Greater Tibet (orange and red)

Tibet (Xizang)

Main article: Tibetan independence movement
  • Ethnic group: Tibetans
  • Proposed goals: Tibetan independence, or the creation of a highly autonomous constituent republic of China[28] encompassing the Tibetan AR, Qinghai, and parts of Yunnan and Sichuan
  • Supporting organizations: Tibetan Youth Congress
  • Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Major political organizations: National Democratic Party of Tibet
  • Leaders: Lobsang Sangay (CTA sikyong), Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)

Tibet was a protectorate controlled by the Qing dynasty from around 1720 until the latter's collapse.[29] In 1911-12 as the Xinhai revolution was occurring, Tibet gained its sovereignty once again.[30] In 1951 after the Communist Party of China won the Chinese civil war, Tibet was annexed by China after a military expedition, which was then affirmed by the Seventeen Point Agreement. With the Dalai Lama and other major figures, the Central Tibetan Administration was formed as a government in exile for Tibet in India in 1959. Within Tibet there have been various calls for autonomy and independence over the years, which the Chinese government has refused.[31] Calls for autonomy and/or independence have manifested through non-confrontational means such as self-immolation, although confrontation has occurred, like that of the Chushi Gangdruk from the 1950s to 1970s.[32]

An American map of China from a 1944 film, showing broader borders of Xinjiang (Sinkiang) that East Turkestan independence supporters generally claim

Xinjiang (East Turkestan)

Main article: East Turkestan independence movement
See also: Xinjiang conflict
  • Ethnic group: Uyghurs, sometimes other ethnic groups in Xinjiang such as Kazakhs, and occasionally other Turkic peoples

East Turkestan independence movement:

  • Proposed goals: Creation of the "East Turkestan Republic" as an independent, secular[33] state encompassing Xinjiang and sometimes parts of Qinghai and Gansu provinces
  • Supporting organizations: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
  • Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
  • Leaders: Salih Hudayar (ETGE and ETNAM), Ghulam Osman Yaghma (ETGE)

Turkestan Islamic Party (East Turkestan Islamic Movement):

  • Proposed goals: Creation of an Islamic state in Xinjiang, with the broader goal of creating a larger Islamic state and/or caliphate
  • Supporting organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (sub-organization), Al-Qaeda (allied militarily)[34]
  • Militant organization: Turkestan Islamic Party (the TIP is itself a military organization)
  • Leader: Abdul Haq al-Turkistani (Memtimin Memet)

Xinjiang has been scene to multiple Uyghur movements and states throughout the years, particularly during the 20th-century with the First East Turkestan Republic and the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic. In Xinjiang today, some Uyghurs and other ethnicities support the region's independence due to alleged religious, cultural, and social restrictions. The East Turkestan independence movement supports the creation of a secular republic by non-violent means.[35] The World Uyghur Congress represents Xinjiang in the UNPO and is one of the largest groups supporting the region's independence.[36] The Chinese government alleges that all movements supporting independence for Xinjiang are terrorist or separatist groups.[37]

A smaller movement within the region is the Turkestan Islamic Party, whose goal is the creation of an Islamic state through violence and mostly active in China, Syria, and Afghanistan.[38][39] The Turkestan Islamic Party is not part of any international organizations, and is considered a terrorist group by China, the United Kingdom,[40] United Nations,[41] European Union,[39] among others. The United States recognized the TIP as a terrorist group from 2003 until 2020, when it was delisted.[38]

Cyprus[]

The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
Main article: Cyprus dispute
See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Georgia[]

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
  • People: Abkhazians
    • De facto state:  Abkhazia[44] (recognized by 6 UN members)
      • Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
      • Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict
  • People: Ossetians
    • De facto state:  South Ossetia[45] (recognized by 5 UN members)

India[]

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, and Sikkim
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, and Insurgency in Northeast India
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism
  • Proposed state: Assam
    • Ethnic group: Assamese
    • Militant organization: Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg ULFA

Jammu and Kashmir

  • Proposed state: Jammu and Kashmir Flag (1952-2019).svg Kashmir
    • Ethnic group: Kashmiri
    • Political organization: All Parties Hurriyat Conference
    • Militant organization: Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen

Kamtapur[46][47][48]

Manipur

Nagaland

  • Proposed state: Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Nagalim
Main article: Naga nationalism
    • Ethnic group: Naga
    • Militant organization: Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg NSCN

Punjab

Indonesia[]

The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.
Aceh
North Sumatra
Riau
Papua
West Papua
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia
See also: Great Timor, East Timor, West Timor, Free Papua Movement, Territory of Papua, West Papua (province), Papua (province), Republic of West Papua, and Papuan unification
See also: Languages of Indonesia and Ethnic groups in Indonesia
See also: Republic of the United States of Indonesia

Flag of Aceh, Indonesia.svg Aceh

  • Ethnic groups: Acehnese
    • Proposed state: Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg Republic of Aceh
    • Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)

Flag of North Sulawesi.svg Minahasa[49][50]

  • Ethnic group: Minahasan
    • Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa

Flag of North Sumatra.svg Riau

  • Ethnic group: Riau Malays
    • Proposed state: Flag of Riau Independists.svg Riau
    • Advocacy group: Gerakan Riau Merdeka[51]

South Moluccas

  • Ethnic group: Moluccans
    • Proposed state: Flag of South Moluccas.svg South Moluccas
    • Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
    • Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front


Iran[]

Further information: Ethnicities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iran, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, and Demographics of Iran

Khūzestān Province

  • Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arab
    • Proposed state: [52] Flag of Arabistan.svg
    • Militant organisations: , National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, , , Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
    • Advocacy group: (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Iranian Kurdistan

  • Ethnic groups: Kurdish
    • Proposed state: Kurdistan[53] Flag of Kurdistan.svg
    • Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
    • Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah

Iraq[]

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017
  • Majority ethnic group: Kurdish
  • Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
    • Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
    • Military: Peshmerga


Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains


Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region

  • Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
    • Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Japan[]

Map of the distribution of Ainu in Hokkaidō
Political map of Okinawa before unification.

Flag of Hokkaido Prefecture.svg Hokkaido[54][55]

  • Ethnic group: Ainu
    • Proposed state:
    • Advocacy group:  [ja]

Flag of Okinawa Prefecture.svg Okinawa

  • Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
    • Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu[56]
    • Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
    • Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
    • Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.

Malaysia[]

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
See also: Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia and Separation of Singapore from Malaysia
See also: Languages of Malaysia and Ethnic groups in Malaysia

Sarawak[57][58][59][60]

  • Ethnic groups: Melanau, Dayak
  • Proposed state: Sarawak
    • Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[57][61][62]

Sabah[57][58]

Myanmar[]

Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Flag of Rakhine.svg Arakan

  • Ethnic group: Rakhine

Flag of Chin State.svg Zo Asia

  • Ethnic group: Chin
  • Proposed state: Flag of Chin State.svg
    • Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Flag of Kachin State.svg Kachin

  • Ethnic group: Kachin
    • Proposed state: Flag of Kachin State.svg
    • Political party:

Flag of the Karen National Union.svg Kawthoolei

Flag of Kayah State.svg Karenni

Kokang

Flag of Mon State (2018).svg Mon State

  • Ethnic group: Mon
    • Proposed state: Mon Democratic People's Republic Flag of Mon State (2018).svg
    • Political party: New Mon State Party

Rohingya flag.png Northern Rakhine State

Flag of the Shan State.svg Shan States

Wa State[68]

  • Ethnic group: Wa
    • Proposed state: Wa State
    • Political party: United Wa State Party
    • Militant organisation: United Wa State Army

Flag of Bnei Menashe.svg Zale'n-gam

Nepal[]

Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Flag Danesh Rai.svg Kirat Autonomous State

Flagge fan Madesj.png Madhesh

  • Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).

Terai

  • Ethnic group:

Pakistan[]

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan
Balochistan
Districts of Sindh

Flag of Balochistan.svg Balochistan

  • Ethnic group: Baloch
Main article: Sindhi nationalism

Flag of Sindh.svg Sindh[72][73]

  • Ethnic group: Sindhi
    • Proposed state: Sindhudesh Flag of Sindhudesh.svg
    • Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
    • Student organization: Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
    • Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army

Philippines[]

Cordillera

Sulu archipelago

  • Ethnic group: Tausūg
    • Proposed autonomous area: Bansa Sūg[74]
    • Advocacy group: Sultanate of Sulu

Central Luzon Region

  • Ethnic group: Kapampangan
    • Proposed autonomous area: Bangsang Kapampangan
    • Advocacy group: Aguman ning Matimawang Pampanga

Cordillera Administrative Region

There are also Islamic militants operating in Mindanao which had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines such as the Abu Sayyaf,[81][82][83] and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[83][84][85]

Russia[]

Main article: Secession in Russia
See also: Russian conquest of Siberia, Khanate of Sibir, and Yeniseian languages
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Asian Russia, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Summary[]

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
All of Asian Russia
1 Siberian flag.svg Siberian Republic Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40,000,000 Sibiryak people Siberian regionalism
2 Flag of Buryatia.svg Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 1,000,000 Buryats All-Buryat Association
3 Flag of Koryakia.svg Koryakia Palana 292,600 15,000 Koryaks
4 Flag of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.svg Taymyria Dudinka 879,929 40,000 Dolgans
5 Flag of Tuva.svg Tuva Kyzyl 170,500 300,000 Tuvanians People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
6 Flag of Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.svg Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Ordynsky 22,138 150,000 Orda-Buryats All-Buryat Association
7 Flag of Agin-Buryatia.svg Agin Buryatia Aginskoye 19,600 80,000 Agin-Buryats All-Buryat Association
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia
8 Flag of Yugra.svg Khanty-Mansiysk (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,500,000 Ob-Ugrians Association to Save Yurga
Growth of Russia

Autonomist movements[]

Koryak Okrug[86][87]

  • Ethnic group: Koryaks
    • Proposed federal subject: Koryak Autonomous Okrug

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[88][89]

Asian Russia[]

Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[90][91]

  • Ethnic group: Russians,  [ru] (Siberian peoples)
    • Proposed state: Siberian Republic
    • Movement: Siberian regionalism


Buryatia

 Buryatia[92]

  • Ethnic group: Buryats
    • Proposed state:  Buryatia
    • Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture

Siberian Federal District[]

Regions commonly associated with Mongol irredentism.
Taymyria

 Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug


 Tuva

  • Ethnic group: Tuvans
  • Proposed state: Flag of Uriankhai (1918-1921).svg Tuva
    • Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu

Flag of Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.svg Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Ural Federal District[]

 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug[93][94][95]

  • Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
    • Proposed state:  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
    • Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yurga, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yurga Restoration

  • Yurga

Sri Lanka[]

Tamil Eelam
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

 Tamil Eelam

  • Ethnic group: Tamil
    • Proposed state:  Tamil Eelam
    • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Active, but militarily dormant since 2009)[96][97][98]
    • Political party: Tamil National Alliance
    • Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
    • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[99][100]

Syria[]

Main article: Syrian Civil War
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

De facto SA-NES Flag.svg Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

  • Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
  • Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
    • Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
    • Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces

Taiwan[]

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwan
    • Proposed state: Flag of World Taiwanese Congress.svg Republic of Taiwan
      • Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
        • Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan four times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), and in 2020 (until 2024). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China".
      • Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
      • Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
      • Claimed territories: Taiwan (Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiwan-Penghu, Taoyuan)
      • Area of claimed territories: Roughly 36,000 km2
      • Population of claimed territories: Roughly 24,000,000 people

Thailand[]

Patani
Main article: South Thailand insurgency
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Pattani Flag.png Patani

Turkey[]

Map showing Kurdish majority areas within Turkey
See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne

Flag of Kurdistan.svg Northern Kurdistan[103]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question
  • Ethnic group: Kurdish
    • Proposed state: Flag of Kurdistan.svg Kurdistan
    • Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Uzbekistan[]

Karakalpakstan
Main article: Uzbekification
See also: Languages of Uzbekistan and Demographics of Uzbekistan

Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg Karakalpakstan

  • Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
    • Proposed state: Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg Republic of Karakalpakstan
    • Advocacy group: [104]

Vietnam[]

Central Highlands
Mekong Delta
Further information: Partition of Vietnam, Vietnam War, and Reunification of Vietnam
See also: Languages of Vietnam and Demographics of Vietnam

Flag of KKF.svg Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation

  • Ethnic group: Khmer people

Montagnard Foundation, Inc.

  • Ethnic group: Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands in Vietnam

Yemen[]

Yemen prior to unification
Hadhramaut - Map of the Federation and the Protectorate of South Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, Aden Protectorate, and Aden Protectorate

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ "Yerevan Eyes OSCE Role in Final Nagorno-Karabakh Settlement".
  3. ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
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