List of active separatist movements in Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with living, active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are the citizen/inhabitants of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

  • De facto state: for regions with de facto autonomy from the government
  • Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
  • Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
    • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
    • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
    • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
    • Militant organisation(s): for armed separatist organisations
    • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
    • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s)

Algeria[]

See also: Tuareg people, Berberism, Demographics of Algeria, Ethnic groups in Algeria, and Kouloughlis

Kabylia

  • Ethnic group: Kabyle people[1]
    • Proposed state: Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqbaylit).
    • Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣTIL).[2]
    • Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
    • Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (Mak-Anavad).[4]

Angola[]

A map of Angola showing majority ethnic groups (Bakongo area is north, dark green)
Chokwe people
Cabinda
See also: Demographics of Angola
  • Flag of Lunda Tchokwe.svg Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
    • Proposed state: Flag of Lunda Tchokwe.svg Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé (República Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT)
    • Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
    • Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé (MJSPL), also an Advocacy group
    • Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
    • Traditional Kingdom: Lunda-Tchokwe Kingdom
    • Status: Juridical Fight on ICC
    • Leaders: Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito (The Founder Leader)
    • Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé(JULT)
    • News Broadcast: www.diariodomanifestojuridicosociologicodopovolundes.com
    • Vindicating area: The Forgotten Portuguese Protectorate of Lunda (The entire East Part of current Angola) or current North-Lunda, South-Lunda, Moxico and Kuando-Kubango
    • Extension Vindicating area: 602.709 km2
    • Population: 2.692.723 (as of 2014)

 Cabinda

Cameroon[]

See also: Demographics of Cameroon and
Proclaimed Ambazonian territory
Bakassi

 Ambazonia

Flag of the Democratic Republic of Bakassi.png Bakassi

Central African Republic[]

  Territories under control of FPRC around 2021
Further information: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present), Demographics of the Central African Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Dar El Kuti

Comoros[]

Anjouan
Mohéli
Further information: Grande Comore and Union of Comoros
  •  Anjouan
  • Ethnic group: Comorian
    • Proposed state:  Anjouan
    • Political parties: , , Mawana[11]
  •  Mohéli
  • Ethnic group: Comorian
    • Proposed state: Mwali[12]

Republic of the Congo[]

South Congo (Brazzaville)

  • Ethnic group: South Congolese
    • Pressure group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo
    • Proposed state: Flag of South Congo.svg [13][14]

Democratic Republic of the Congo[]

Bas-Congo
Map of the factions in the Congo in 1961
Region of Kivu
See also: Congo Crisis
  • Bas-Congo
    • Pressure group: Bundu dia Kongo
    • Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[15]
  •  Katanga
    • Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
    • Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
    • Status: Sporadic violence
  • Kivu
    • Proposed state: United Republic of Kivu[16]
    • Status: Insurgency[17]

Equatorial Guinea[]

Bioko

Bubi nationalist flag.svg Bioko

Ethiopia[]

Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
See also: Demographics of Ethiopia, List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia, and Tigray conflict

France[]

Map of the Réunion
Map of the Mayotte
See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in South America § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France
Secessionist movements:
  • Political party: Proposed flag of Réunion (Nationalist movement).svg Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
  • Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
  • Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
  • Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[20]

Ghana[]

Map of the Togoland
Main article: Western Togoland Rebellion

Western Togoland

  • Proposed State: Flag of Western Togoland.svg Western Togoland
    • Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

Kenya[]

Mombasa

Libya[]

Further information: Second Libyan Civil War and Libyan Crisis (2011–present)

Berbers

Main article: Berberism
Secession in Libya
Toubouland
Further information: Berberism, Kouloughlis, Fezzan, Fezzan campaign, and Tripolitania

 Cyrenaica Transitional Council


 Toubouland

Mali[]

Further information: Azawad
Map of Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA

Note for Image : Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority. The west is mainly inhabited by Moors, and the south by sub-Saharan peoples.

 Azawad

  • Ethnic Groups: Tuareg

Morocco[]

See also: Status of Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Plazas de soberanía, and Berberism
Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)

 Rif

  • Ethnic group: Riffian
    • Proposed state: Rif
    • Political party: RIM
    • Militant organisation(s): RIM
  • – occurred in Morocco during the 1920s,[23][24] and was revitalized in 2013.[25] Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[25]

Namibia[]

Map of the Caprivi

 Caprivi Strip

  • Ethnic Group: Lozi
    • Proposed state: [26]
    • Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army[27]

Nigeria[]

Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region: 1. Abia, 2. Akwa Ibom, 3. Bayelsa, 4. Cross River, 5. Delta, 6. Edo, 7.Imo, 8. Ondo, 9. Rivers
Biafra
Oyo Empire and surrounding states

 Biafra

See also: Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria


a flag option for the proposed republic of Oduduwa


Niger Delta

Rwanda[]

The northern Twa - The easternmost group are the Great Lakes Twa
  •  Batwaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Ethnic group: Twa
    • Proposed state:  Batwaland
    • Political party:

Senegal[]

Casamance

 Casamance

  • Ethnic group: Diola
    • Proposed state: Republic of Casamance
    • Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[30]

South Africa[]

See also: Afrikaans § Geographic distribution, Bantustans, and Union of South Africa
Volkstaat

Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg Boer States


Afrikaner Vryheidsvlag.svg Afrikaner Homeland

  • Linguistic group: Afrikaans speakers
  • Ethnic group: Afrikaners
Municipalities often included in Cape Independence movements

Cape party.pngCape republic.png Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope

Main Article: Cape Independence

  • Linguistic group: Afrikaans speakers, English Speakers, isiXhosa speakers
  • Ethnic groups: Coloureds, Afrikaners, South African English, Xhosa
    • Proposed State: Western Cape (Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope)[33]
    • Political Parties: Cape Independence Party[34] Freedom Front Plus[35]
    • Civic Organisations: CapeXit[36] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG)[37]

Spain[]

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Spain
Islas Canarias
Secessionist movement

 Canary Islands

Main article: Canarian nationalism
  • People: Canarians
    • Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands
      • Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
      • Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
      • Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
      • Youth movement: Azarug

Sudan[]

Darfur
See also: South Sudan, Demographics of Sudan, Languages of Sudan, Kordofan, and Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile

 Darfur

  • Ethnic group: Fur, Zaghawe, Masalit, Tama
    • Proposed state: Darfur
    • Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
    • Status: War in Darfur

Tanzania[]

Zanzibar
Main article: Zanzibar independence movement

 Zanzibar

  • Ethnic group: Arabs, Swahili
    • Proposed state:  Zanzibar
    • Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[38]

Uganda[]

Buganda

 Buganda

  • Ethnic group: Ganda
    • Proposed state: Kingdom of Buganda
    • De facto autonomous area: Kingdom of Buganda
    • Youth movement:
    • Pressure group:
    • Status:

Zambia[]

Barotseland

Flag of Barotseland.svg Barotse

  • Ethnic group: Lozi
    • Proposed state:  Barotseland
    • Militant organization: [39]

Zimbabwe[]

Matabeleland

Matabeleland

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Grace Young. "Kabyle people". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ^ The 2nd Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Congress (10 December 2011). "Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Status" (Chapter VIII): Art. 19. 21. 22. 23. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Ferhat Mehenni. "Blog". Mak-Anavad Leader Blog. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ MAK- Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie. "Official Website".
  5. ^ "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  6. ^ Official Website of the Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia (2016). "Government of Ambazonia". Government of Ambazonia Official Website. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  7. ^ "Southern Cameroons National Council plans street protests to have activists freed". The Post News. 2005-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  8. ^ Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi, by Azore Opio & Francis Tim Mbom
  9. ^ "Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north". The Washington Post. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  10. ^ Chris Roth. "Springtime of Nations". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  11. ^ "MPA - Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais". MweziNet. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  12. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Comoros : Overview". UNHCR. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  13. ^ "ETAT DU SUD CONGO". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  14. ^ "(Congo-Brazzaville) Etat du Sud-Congo : drapeau, devise, armoiries et limites géographiques". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  15. ^ "SPECIAL INQUIRY INTO THE BAS CONGO EVENTS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH 2008" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  16. ^ "United Republic of Kivu". Federation of Free States of Africa. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  17. ^ Iain Dalton (2008-11-19). "Democratic republic of Congo: Civil war erupts once again". The Socialist (UK). Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  18. ^ Temare, Getachew Gebrekiros (28 September 2019). "The Republic of Tigray? Aydeln, yekenyeley!". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  19. ^ Asefa, Abraham (22 August 2020). "'Exit' imminent as Abiy neglects the Tigrayan 'voice'". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ http://theafricareport.com/index.php/20120517501811752/east-horn-africa/kenya-s-mombasa-republican-council%E2%80%A9-the-coast-calls-for-freedom-501811752.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ^ Luc Torres. "The separatist map of Africa: interactive". the Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  23. ^ White Gypsies: Race and Stardom in Spanish Musical Films - Eva Woods Peiró. p. 46.
  24. ^ What the Arabs think - William Roe Polk. p. 52.
  25. ^ a b "The Rif Independence Movement Joins OEAS". Scribd. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  26. ^ "Caprivi Liberation Front". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  27. ^ Forrest, Joshua B. (2003). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances, and Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 188. ISBN 1-58826-227-8.
  28. ^ "Voice of Biafra International". www.biafraland.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  29. ^ "Oduduwa Grand Alliance For Independence, OGAFI". Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  30. ^ "Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques du le Casamance (MFDC)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  31. ^ "Ek is wit en trots daarop". Mail & Guardian. 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  32. ^ Members: Afrikaner, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  33. ^ "Cape Independence - CIAG - Let's Free The Cape!". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  34. ^ "Cape Party still wants to 'free' Western Cape from rest of SA". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Vryheidsfront Plus". vfplus.org.za. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  36. ^ "CapeXit.org – Own your future – Eien jou toekoms". Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  37. ^ "Cape Independence - CIAG - Let's Free The Cape!". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  38. ^ "Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline". The Economist. 3 November 2012.
  39. ^ "Assessment for Lozi in Zambia". Minorities at Risk. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  40. ^ "Bulawayo24 NEWS -". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  41. ^ "Matabeleland Freedom Party". Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  42. ^ https://mthwakazirepublicparty.co.za. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ^ https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-173507.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Retrieved from ""