List of active separatist movements in Europe
This article possibly contains original research. (September 2017) |
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities;
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan[]
|
Territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- De facto state: Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle[5]
- Political organisation: National Assembly
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- De facto state: Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[7]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
Belgium[]
|
- Autonomist movements
German-speaking Community[8][9]
- People: German-speaking
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- Political parties: ProDG (former EFA member), Party for Freedom and Progress, Christian Social Party
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
Flanders
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders
Wallonia
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the Netherlands
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), , Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the Netherlands
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Walloon Republic, unification with France
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state: Walloon Republic, unification with France
Bosnia and Herzegovina[]
- Secessionist movements
Republika Srpska
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: unification with Serbia
- Political organisation: National Assembly of the Serbian Republic (Government of the Serbian Republic)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party, Serbian Radical Party, SRS "Dr. Vojislav Šešelj"[10]
- Proposed: unification with Serbia
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina
Croatia[]
- Autonomist movements
Dalmatia
- People: Dalmatians (Croats and Dalmatian Italians)
- Proposed autonomous area: Dalmatia
- Political party: Dalmatian Action, Dalmatian National Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Dalmatia
Istria[11]
- People: Istrians (Croats and Istrian Italians)
- Proposed autonomous area: Istria
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly[12]
- Proposed autonomous area: Istria
Cyprus[]
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state: Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: federation with Cyprus,[13] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[14]
- Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- De facto state: Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
Czech Republic[]
- Autonomist movements
Moravia
- People: Moravian
- Proposed autonomous area: Moravia
- Political party: Moravané (former EFA member)
- Organisation: Moravian National Community
- Proposed autonomous area: Moravia
Czech Silesia
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area: Czech Silesia
Denmark[]
Faroe Islands
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state: Republic of the Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state: Republic of the Faroe Islands
Finland[]
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state: Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state: Åland
France[]
- Secessionist movements
Alsace
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed state: Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed state: Alsace
French Basque Country
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria[16][17][18]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria[16][17][18]
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[19]
- Political parties: Breton Democratic Union, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state: Brittany
Corsica
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state: Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state: Corsica
Occitania
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Political movement: Bastir!
- Proposed state: Occitania
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist)
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or Belgium (autonomist)
Provence
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state: Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state: Provence
Northern Catalonia
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state: Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries
- Autonomist movements
Alsace
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, , Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace
Brittany
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
Corsica
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
Alpes-Maritimes
- Proposed autonomous area: County of Nice
- Political party: (Parti niçois (fr))[27]
- Proposed autonomous area: County of Nice
Normandy
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area: Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement normand
- Proposed autonomous area: Normandy
Savoy
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
Occitania
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- People : Yvelinois
- Proposed autonomous area: Chevreuse High Valley ( Yvelines and Essonne)
Georgia[]
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state: Abkhazia[29] (recognized by 6 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state: Abkhazia[29] (recognized by 6 UN members)
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state: South Ossetia[30] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state: South Ossetia[30] (recognized by 5 UN members)
Germany[]
- Secessionist movements
Bavaria
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state: Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[31]
- Proposed state: Free State of Bavaria
- Autonomist movements
Bavaria
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed autonomous area: Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member),[31] Christian Social Union in Bavaria
- Proposed autonomous area: Bavaria
The Danes of Southern Schleswig
- People: Danish
- Proposed state: Southern Schleswig or unification with Denmark
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed state: Southern Schleswig or unification with Denmark
East Frisia (the latter includes Saterland)
- People: East Frisians, Frisians, Saterland Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous area: East Frisia
Lusatia
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
North Frisia
- People: North Frisians, Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: North Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous area: North Frisia
Schleswig-Holstein
- People: Danish, Frisians, Germans
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
Italy[]
Aosta Valley
- People: French, Italian
- Proposed state: Aosta Valley/Valdosta
- Political parties: Valdostan Union, Centre-right coalition, For the Autonomy, Edelweiss, Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta
- Proposed state: Aosta Valley/Valdosta
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state: Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: ,[32] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[33]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy
- Political parties:
- Proposed state: Friuli
Province of Trieste
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
Lombardy
- Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[37]
Northern Italy
- Proposed state: Padania
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
Sardinia
- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state: Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties (autonomist): Fortza Paris, Sardinian Reformers
- Political parties (secessionist): Sardinian Action Party, Sardinia Nation, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, Party of Sardinians, others
- Proposed state: Republic of Sardinia
Sicily
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state: Sicily
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[38]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[39] Sicilia Nazione,[40] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[41]
- Proposed state: Sicily
South Tyrol
- Proposed state: unification with Tyrol ( Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol
- Proposed state: unification with Tyrol ( Austria)
Veneto
- Proposed state: Republic of Venice
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
Kosovo[]
North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin[42][43]
- People: Kosovo Serbs
Latvia[]
- Autonomist movements
Latgale
- People Latgalians , Russians
Lithuania[]
- Autonomist movements
Samogitia
- People: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous area: Samogitia
- Political organisations: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Samogitia
Moldova[]
- Breakaway state
Transnistria
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Proposed secessionist movements
Gagauzia
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state: Republic of Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People's Assembly
- Proposed state: Republic of Gagauzia
Netherlands[]
- Proposed secessionist or autonomist movements
Frisia
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed state or autonomous area: West Frisia, or unification with foreign states : Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) Die Friesen
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[45]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: West Frisia, or unification with foreign states : Frisia
Poland[]
- Autonomist movements
Silesia
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[46]
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
Kashubia
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Kashubia
- Political party: Kashubian Unity
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Kashubia
- Secessionist movements
- People: Danzigers, Poles and Kashubians
- Proposed state: Free City of Danzig
- Government in exile: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile
- Proposed state: Free City of Danzig
Silesia
Kashubia by Bernard Sychta as the Kashubian dialects area
Romania[]
Transylvania and Banat[47][48]
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[53] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[54] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[55] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[56]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[57]
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[58]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia[]
Summary[]
This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
Number | Land | Capital | Area | Population | Ethnic | Main Political Party |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ural Federal District | ||||||
1 | Ural Republic | Yekaterinburg | 194,800 | 4,300,000 | Russians | Ural Democratic Foundation |
Volga Federal District | ||||||
2 | Idel-Ural | Kazan | 321,400 | 11,000,000 | Volga people | Free Idel-Ural |
3 | Bashkortostan | Ufa | 143,600 | 4,050,000 | Bashkorts | The Heavenly Wolf |
4 | Tatarstan | Kazan | 68,000 | 4,000,000 | Tatars | All-Tatar Public Center |
8 | Chuvashia | Cheboksary | 18,300 | 1,250,000 | Chuvash | Chuvash National Movement |
Northwestern Federal District | ||||||
9 | Komi Republic | Syktyvkar | 415,900 | 850,000 | Komi | Komi People's Congress |
11 | Karelia | Petrozavodsk | 172,400 | 600,000 | Karelians | |
12 | Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad | 84,500 | 1,800,000 | Kaliningradians | Baltic Republican Party |
13 | Permyakia | Kudymkar | 32,770 | 120,000 | Permyaks | Komi People's Congress |
14 | Leningrad | Leningrad | 15,100 | 1,000,000 | Ingrians | Free Ingria |
Southern Federal District | ||||||
15 | Don Republic | Rostov | 100,800 | 4,200,000 | Donians | Free Cossack Movement (Rostov Oblast) |
16 | Kuban | Krasnodar | 76,000 | 5,300,000 | Kubanians | Free Cossack Movement (Krasnodar Krai) |
North Caucasian Federal District | ||||||
19 | Circassia | Sochi | 50,000 | 1,000,000 | Circassians | Circassian nationalism |
20 | Chechnya | Grozny | 17,300 | 1,500,000 | Chechens | Chechen Republic of Ichkeria |
21 | Lezgistan | Derbent | 10,000 | 800,000 | Lezgins | Lezgin nationalism |
22 | Karachay-Balkaria | Karachayevsk | 10,000 | 300,000 | Karachays & Balkars | Balkar and Karachay nationalism |
25 | Abazinia | Adlersky | 2,000 | 50,000 | Abazins | World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin people |
27 | Tabasaranstan | Khuchni | 1,400 | 75,000 | Tabasarans | Tabasaran National Movement |
29 | Darginstan | Levashi | Unknown | 500,000 | Dargwa | Free Society of Dargo |
31 | Nogaia | Erken | Unknown | 100,000 | Nogais | Association of Nogais of Dagestan |
23 | Ingushetia | Magas | 3,000 | 500,000 | Ingush | Ingush People Council |
Autonomist movements[]
Komi-Permyak Okrug[59]
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject: Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
Ural Federal District[]
- People: Russians
- Proposed state: Ural Republic
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state: Ural Republic
Volga Federal District[]
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organisation: Ittifaq Party
- Proposed state: Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
Udmurtia[68]
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state: Udmurtia
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, , ,
- Political parties: ,
- Proposed state: Udmurtia
Bashkortostan[65]
- People: Bashkir
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state: Bashkortostan
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
Chuvashia[69]
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state: Chuvashia
- Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Organisation: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth
- Proposed state: Chuvashia
Northwestern Federal District[]
Komi Republic[70]
- People: Komi
- Proposed state: Komi Republic
- Political organisations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organisation: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state: Komi Republic
Karelia
- People: Karelian, Vepsians
- Proposed state: Karelia or unification with Finland
Kaliningrad Oblast
- People: Russian, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Old Prussian Descendants
- Proposed state:
- Regionalist: Kaliningrad[73]
- Pro-German / Nationalist (especially Prussian revivalists): Prussia (region) ( East Prussia), unification with Germany.
- Pro-Baltic: Prussia (region)
- Movement: Kaliningrad Public Movement
- Organisation: Prussia Reborn (Preußen Wiedergeboren)
- Proposed state:
Southern Federal District[]
- People: Kalmyk people
- Proposed state: Kalmykia
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Advocacy movements: Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host,
- Political parties: Lapin
- Proposed state: Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both) Currently asking for federalisation (Now consist of Krasnodar Krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai).
- Advocacy movements: Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host,
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state: Don Republic / Rostov Oblast
Republic of Crimea
- People: Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary Ukraine,[80] or Independent Crimea
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary Ukraine,[80] or Independent Crimea
North Caucasian Federal District[]
Chechnya
- People: Chechens
- People: Abazins
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organisation: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state: Abazinia
- Proposed entity: Abazinia, including all ethnic Abazin parts and/or districts of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria or solely the rural locality of Psyzh
Circassia
- People: Circassians
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
Nogaia
- People: Nogais
- Proposed state: Nogaia[87]
- Proposed entity: Nogaia, including all ethnic Nogai parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast
- Movement:
- Political party:
- Organisation:
- Nogaia coverage area: Eastern Nogaia, Western Nogaia
Karachay-Balkaria
- People: Balkars, Karachays
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the Karachay and Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism)
- Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state: Lezgistan[88]
- Proposed entity: Lezgistan, including all ethnic Lezgin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movement: Lezgin nationalism, Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union
- Organisation: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Lezgistan coverage area: Suleiman-Stal, Magaramkent, Kurakh, Dokuzparin, Akhtyn, Derbent
- People: Tabasaran
- Proposed state: Tabasaranstan[89]
- Movement: Tabasaran National Movement
- Militant organisation: Tabasaran Republican Front
- Proposed entity: Tabasaranstan, including all ethnic Tabasaran parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Tabasaranstan coverage area: Khiv, Tabasaransky
- Proposed state: Tabasaranstan[89]
Serbia[]
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
Vojvodina
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Hungarians of Vojvodina
- Political parties: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians.
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province: Sandžak
- Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[90]
- Breakaway state
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo, unification with Albania
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 51% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 51% of UN member states)
Slovakia[]
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[91] or unification with Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[92] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[93]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[91] or unification with Hungary
Spain[]
- Secessionist movements
Andalusia
- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state: Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Proposed state: Andalusia
Aragon
- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist: Aragon
- Federalist: Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista
- Political party (secessionist): Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Proposed state
Asturias
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state: Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda
- Proposed state: Asturias
Basque Country (autonomous community)
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[16]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[16]
Castile
- People Castilians
- Proposed state: Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Castilian Party
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed state: Castile
Catalonia
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist):
- Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves
- Political parties (independentist):
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
Galicia
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state: Galiza, or unification with Portugal
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (Galician Nationalist Bloc) (souveranist) (EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party)
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state: Galiza, or unification with Portugal
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[94]
- Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
Navarre
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011)
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed states: unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
Valencia
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[95][96]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the Valencian Country
- Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements in other autonomous communities and historical territories, e.g. Extremadura and Murcia.
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
- Political parties: Convergència Democràtica Aranesa, Unitat d'Aran, Partit Renovador d'Arties-Garòs, Esquèrra Republicana Occitana, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Partit Occitan, Aran Amassa
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
Switzerland[]
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[97] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[98]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
Jura region
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
Sweden[]
- Ethnocultural people: Scanians
- Proposed state: Scania or reunification with Denmark
- Political party: Scania Party
- Proposed state: Scania or reunification with Denmark
Ukraine[]
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[99]
- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[99]
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary Ukraine[80]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary Ukraine[80]
Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entities: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (control about 1/3 of the claimed regions)
- Proposed: recognition within federalized Ukraine,[100] unification with the Russian Federation[101]
- Political parties: Opposition Platform — For Life[102]
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- Militant organisation: Russian separatist forces in Donbas
- Religious organisation: Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)[103]
- De facto entities: Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic (control about 1/3 of the claimed regions)
United Kingdom[]
- Secessionist movements
Cornwall
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state: Cornwall
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow Cornish Nationalist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[19]
- Proposed state: Cornwall
England
- People: English
- Proposed state: England
- Political parties: English Democrats[104]
- Proposed state: England
Fife
Northern Ireland
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
Scotland
- People: Scots
- Proposed state: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Action for Independence, Alba, Restore Scotland, Red Party of Scotland,[111] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[112] Solidarity
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League,[19] Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Yes Scotland
- Proposed state: Scotland
Northern England
- Proposed state: Northern England, under the name of Northumbria
- Political Parties: Northern Independence Party
Wales
- People: Welsh
London
- People: Londoners
- Proposed state: London
- Political parties: Londependence Party
- Proposed state: London
- Autonomist movements
England
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[113] UKIP[114]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area: England
Scotland
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[115]
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
Wales
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[116] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[117][118]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[119]
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
North East England
- People: Geordies
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England or Northumbria[120]
- Political parties: North East Party[121]
Shetland
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area: Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area: Shetland
Wessex[122]
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area: Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area: Wessex
Yorkshire
- People: People of Yorkshire
- Independence movements of dependent territories
Isle of Man
- People: Manx
- Proposed State: Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[19]
See also[]
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- Independence referendum
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External links[]
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible
- Disputed territories in Europe
- Europe-related lists
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Secessionist organizations in Europe
- Society-related lists
- Stateless nationalism in Europe