List of historical separatist movements

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For currently active movements, see Lists of active separatist movements.

This is a list of historical separatist movements around the world. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. Most separatist movements do not succeed in their goal, therefore only notable ones are listed here; however, not all listed here succeeded in their goal.

Africa[]

Algeria[]

(Gained independence from France on July 5, 1962)

  • Political party: Algerian National Movement (MNA)
  • Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
  • Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA)

Angola[]

  • Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
  • Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

Botswana[]

Burundi[]

  • Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

Martyazo[]

  • Rebel organisation: Hutu

Cameroon[]

  • Political party: (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
  • Rebel organizations: (ALNK)

Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau[]

Central African Republic[]

  • Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

Côte d'Ivoire[]

Democratic Republic of the Congo[]

  • Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

Katanga[]

  • Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

Egypt[]

  • Political party: Wafd Party

Eritrea[]

France (associated territories)[]

Autonomist movement

Ghana[]

Kenya[]

Mali[]

  • Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

Mauritius[]

  • Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

Morocco[]

  • Political party: Istiqlal Party,
  • Secessionist entity: Rif Republic

Mozambique[]

  • Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

Namibia[]

Niger[]

  • Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

Nigeria[]

São Tomé and Príncipe[]

Seychelles[]

Sierra Leone[]

Somalia[]

Somaliland[]

  • Rebel organization: Somali National Movement (SNM)

South Africa[]

Sudan[]

Tanzania[]

Tanganyika[]

Zanzibar[]

  • Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

Tunisia[]

Uganda[]

Zambia[]

  • Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

Zimbabwe[]

Asia[]

Bangladesh[]

  • People: Jumma people
  • People: Bengali Hindus
    • Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
    • Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
    • Proposed State: Bangabhumi

China[]

Outer Mongolia

Cyprus[]

France (associated territories)[]

Indochina

  • Proposed state: Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia
    • Political organization: Khmer Issarak
  • Proposed state: Laos Laos
  • Militant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao
  • Proposed state: Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam
    • Political organization: Viet Minh

Mandate of Syria

India[]

Indonesia[]

Aceh

  • Proposed state: Aceh
    • Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement

Timor

  • Proposed state:  Timor-Leste
    • Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor

Japan[]

Ezo

  • De facto state: Republic of Ezo

Maldives[]

Suvadives

Netherlands (associated territories)[]

Dutch East Indies

  • Proposed state: Indonesia Republic of Indonesia
    • Political party: Nationalist Party of Indonesia

Oman[]

Dhofar

  • Militant organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG)

Pakistan[]

East Pakistan

  • People: Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
    • Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
    • Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
    • De facto state: Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
    • Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Philippines[]

Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)

  • Proposed state: Bangsamoro Republik (MNLF)
    • Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
    • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed Forces

Spain (associated territories)[]

Spanish East Indies

Sri Lanka[]

Sri Lankan Tamil people

Turkey[]

  • Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
  • Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

United Kingdom (associated territories)[]

Burma

India

  • Proposed state:  India
    • Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
    • Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
    • Rebel organization: Indian National Army
    • Political party: Muslim League responsible for Pakistan Movement

Malaya

  • Proposed state: Federation of Malaya Federation of Malaya
  • Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association, and Malayan Indian Congress)

United States (associated territories)[]

Commonwealth of the Philippines

Mindanao

  • Ethnic group: Maranao
  • Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)

Europe[]

Albania[]

Belgium[]

  • Political parties
    • Flemish
      • Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
      • Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

Bulgaria[]

Czech Republic[]

  • Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

Finland[]

  • Political movement: Fennoman
  • Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
  •  Åland Islands
    • Political movement:

France[]

Germany[]

  • Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
  • Lower Saxony
  • Alemannic Separatism
  • Bavarian Soviet Republic

Greece[]

(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

Ireland[]

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

Italy[]

North Macedonia[]

Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia
  • Ethnic group: Albanians
  • Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
  • Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
  • Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
  • Timespan: 1994–2001
Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia

Poland[]

  • Narodowa Demokracja
  • Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
  • Union of Upper Silesians
  • Silesian People's Party

Slovakia[]

  • Political party: Slovak National Party

Soviet Union[]

Spain[]

United Kingdom[]

Isle of Man[]

Yugoslavia[]

  • Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
  • Ethnic group: Croats
  • Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
  • Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
  • Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
  • Goals: Independence
Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)
  • Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
  • Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
  • Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
  • Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
  • Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)
Preševo Valley (SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

North America[]

Antigua and Barbuda[]

  • Political party: Antigua Labour Party

Bahamas[]

  • Abaco (defunct)
  • Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

Belize[]

British West Indies[]

  • Political party: Caribbean League
  • Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

Canada[]

Autonomist[]

Secessionist[]

Costa Rica[]

Dominica[]

  • Political party: Dominica Labour Party

Jamaica[]

Main article: Independence of Jamaica

Haiti[]

  • Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Mexico[]

Secessionist

Nicaragua[]

  • (anti-US occupation)

Panama[]

  • Kuna Revolution ()

Trinidad and Tobago[]

United States[]

Puerto Rico[]

  • Autonomist Party
Popular Democratic Party (PPD)
  • Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement
Puerto Rican Independence Movement
Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

Oceania[]

Australia[]

Mainland Australia

Eastern New Guinea

  • Proposed state: Papua
    • Political party: Papua Besena

New Zealand[]

Further information: South Island nationalism

South Island

  • Proposed autonomous region: New Munster
    • Political parties:
    • Pressure group: Southern Separation League

Western Samoa

  • Protest movement: Mau movement

United Kingdom (associated territories)[]

Solomon Islands

  • Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

South America[]

Argentina[]

Brazil[]

  • Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg Rio Grande do Sul
    • Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
    • Proposed state: Flag of Piratini Republic.svg Riograndense Republic
  • Bandeira de Santa Catarina.svg Santa Catarina
    • Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
    • Proposed state: Flag of República Juliana (1839).svg Juliana Republic
  • Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo.svg São Paulo
    • Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
    • Proposed state: Bandeira Separatista de São Paulo.png Republic of São Paulo
  • Parts of Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg Pernambuco, Bandeira da Paraíba.svg Paraíba and Bandeira do Ceará.svg Ceará
    • Proposed state: Bandeira da Confedereção do Equador.png Confederation of the Equator

Chile[]

Colombia[]

  • Parts of Andean Region
    • Rebel organization: Escudo Oficial de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - FARC-EP.png Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
    • Secessionist entities: Marquetalia Republic and several other communist-oriented Independent Republics
  • Flag of Antioquia.svg Antioquia
    • Pressure Group: Antioquia Rebelde (part of Medellin Cartel)
  • Flag of Arauca.svg Arauca
    • Secessionist entity: Republic of Arauca
  • Bandera no oficial regioncaribe colombiana.png Caribbean Region
    • Pressure Group: Liga Costeña
  • Cauca
    • Goals: Annexation to Ecuador
  • Isthmus
    • Secessionist entity: Isthmus State
  • Parts of Flag of Nariño.svg Nariño
    • Rebel organization: Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Royalist guerrillas
  • Panama
    • Political Party: Panamian Liberal Party
    • Proposed State: Flag of Panama.svg Republic of Panama

Guyana[]

Spanish America[]

  • Logia Lautaro

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Cairn Article (in French) "De son côté, le parti communiste s’impose à La Réunion comme la principale formation politique après avoir abjuré son mot d’ordre d’autonomie"
  2. ^ Peacehalle.com
  3. ^ Petrow, Stefan (2006). "Secession". utas.edu.au/. University of Tasmania, Australia - Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
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