List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
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The following is a chronological list of notable heads of governments and heads of state deaths that have resulted from assassination or execution.
This list considers only the incumbent head of state or government.
List[]
Target | Title | Date | Place | Country | Assassin or other entity | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rimush | King of Akkad | 2270 BC | Akkadian Empire | His courtiers. | [1] | |
Ashur-nadin-apli | King of Assyria | 1194 BC | Middle Assyrian Empire | Ashur-nirari III | [2] | |
Simbar-shipak | King of Babylon | 1008 BC | Babylonia | Ea-mukin-zeri | [3] | |
Ea-mukin-zeri | 1008 BC | Kashshu-nadin-ahi | [4] | |||
Kashshu-nadin-ahi | 1005 BC | Eulmash-shakin-shumi | [5] | |||
Titus Tatius | King of the Sabines | 748 BC | Rome | Roman Kingdom | Romulus | [6] |
Ashur-nirari V | King of Assyria | 745 BC | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Tiglath-Pileser III | [7] | |
Nabu-nadin-zeri | King of Babylon | 732 BC | Babylonia | Killed in an insurrection by Nabu-suma-ukin II. | [8] | |
Nabu-suma-ukin II | 732 BC | Nabu-mukin-zeri | [9] | |||
Nabu-mukin-zeri | 729 BC | Babylon | Killed during the Assyrian conquest of Babylon by Tiglath-Pileser III. | [10] | ||
Shalmaneser V | King of Assyria | 722 BC | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Sargon II | [11] | |
Mushezib-Marduk | King of Babylon | 689 BC | Babylon | Murdered during Sennacherib's sack of Babylon. | ||
Sennacherib | King of Assyria | 681 BC | Nineveh | Arda-Mulissu | [12] | |
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus | King of Rome | 579 BC | Rome | Roman Kingdom | The sons of Ancus Marcius | |
Labashi-Marduk | King of Babylon | 556 BC | Neo-Babylonian Empire | Nabonidus and Belshazzar, in concert with the nobles of the court. | [13] | |
Phalaris | Tyrant of Agrigento | 554 BC | Agrigento | Acragas | Telemachus | |
Servius Tullius | King of Rome | 535 BC | Rome | Roman Kingdom | Lucius Tarquinius Superbus | [14] |
Hipparchus | Tyrant of Athens | 514 BC | Athens | Athens | Harmodius and Aristogeiton | [15] |
Xerxes I | Achaemenid King of Kings | August 465 BC | Persia | Achaemenid Persia | Artabanus, commander of the royal bodyguard | [16] |
Xerxes II | 424 BC | Persepolis | Sogdianus, Xerxes' half-brother | [17] | ||
Sogdianus | 423 BC | Darius II, Sogdianus's half-brother | [17] | |||
Dion | Tyrant of Syracuse | 354 BC | Syracuse, Sicily | Syracuse | Calippus | [18] |
Callippus | 352 BC | Leptines II | [19] | |||
Philip II | King of Macedon | October 30, 336 BC | Aigai | Macedonia | Pausanias of Orestis (personal bodyguard) | [20] |
Arses | Achaemenid King of Kings | 336 BC | Achaemenid Persia | Bagoas | [21] | |
Seleucus I Nicator | Seleucid Basileus | September 281 BC | Lysimachia, Thrace | Seleucid Empire | Ptolemy Ceraunus | [22] |
Antiochus II Theos | Seleucid Basileus | July 246 BC | Anatolia | Laodice I | [23] | |
Lord Chunshen | Prime Minister of Chu | 238 BC | Shouchun | Chu | Li Yuan (李園) | [24] |
Seleucus III Ceraunus | Seleucid Basileus | June 223 BC | Anatolia | Seleucid Empire | Members of his army | [25] |
Nabis | King of Sparta | 192 BC | Sparta | Sparta | Aetolian League | [26] |
Brihadratha Maurya | Mauryan Emperor | 180 BC | Pataliputra | Maurya Empire | Pushyamitra Shunga | [27] |
Seleucus IV Philopator | Seleucid Basileus | September 3, 175 BC | Coele-Syria | Seleucid Empire | Heliodorus | [28] |
Alexander Balas | August 145 BC | Afrin River | Zabdiel | [29] | ||
Antiochus VI Dionysus | 142 BC | Coele-Syria | Diodotus Tryphon | [30] | ||
Hiempsal I | King of Numidia | 117 BC | Cirta | Numidia | Jugurtha | [31][32] |
Julius Caesar | Dictator of Rome | March 15, 44 BC | Rome | Roman Republic | Liberatores | [33] |
Caligula | Emperor of Rome | January 24, 41 | Roman Empire | Praetorian Guard | [34] | |
Claudius | October 13, 54 | Agrippina the Younger | [35][36] | |||
Galba | January 15, 69 | Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho | [37] | |||
Vitellius | December 22, 69 | Murdered by Vespasian's troops. | [38] | |||
Domitian | September 18, 96 | Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia | [39] | |||
Commodus | December 31, 192 | Narcissus | [40][41] | |||
Pertinax | March 28, 193 | Praetorian Guard | [42] | |||
Didius Julianus | June 1, 193 | [43] | ||||
Geta | December 26, 211 | Centurions under orders of Caracalla | [44] | |||
Caracalla | April 8, 217 | Near Carrhae | Justin Martialis, at instigation of Macrinus | [45] | ||
Macrinus and Diadumenian | Co-Emperors of Rome | June 8, 218 | Cappadocia | Forces of Elagabalus | [46][47][48] | |
Elagabalus | Emperor of Rome | March 11, 222 | Rome | Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea | [49] | |
Severus Alexander | March 19, 235 | Mainz, Germania Superior | Legio XXII Primigenia | [50] | ||
Maximinus Thrax | May 238 | Aquileia | Soldiers of the Legio II Parthica | [51] | ||
Pupienus and Balbinus | Co-Emperors of Rome | July 29, 238 | Rome | Praetorian Guard | ||
Gordian III | Emperor of Rome | February 20, 244 | Circesium | His own army | [52] | |
Philip I the Arab | Co-Emperors of Rome | September 249 | Verona | Betrayed by Decius and killed as a result of a Battle of Verona. | [53][54] | |
Philip II | Rome | Murdered by the Praetorian guard. | [55][56] | |||
Volusianus | August 253 | Terni | Assassinated by their own centurions, in favour of Aemilian. | [57] | ||
Trebonianus Gallus | ||||||
Aemilianus | Emperor of Rome | September 253 | Spoleto | Assassinated by his own troops. | [57] | |
Saloninus | 260 | Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium | Revolting troops, led by Postumus | |||
Gallienus | September 268 | Mediolanum | Aurelius Heraclianus | [58] | ||
Postumus | Emperor of Gall | 269 | Mainz | Gallic Empire | His own troops | [59][60] |
Marcus Aurelius Marius | Mid 269 | Trier | Victorinus | [61] | ||
Victorinus | Early 271 | Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium | , one of his soldiers. | [62] | ||
Aurelian | Emperor of Rome | September 25, 275 | Çorlu | Roman Empire | Mucapor and members of the Praetorian Guard | |
Florianus | September 276 | Tarsus | Centurions | [63][64] | ||
Probus | September 282 | Sirmium | His own soldiers | [65] | ||
Numerian | November 20, 284 | Homs | Lucius Flavius Aper | [66] | ||
Carinus | July 285 | , Moesia | Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus | [67] | ||
Carausius | Emperor of Britannia | 293 | Britannia | Allectus | [68] | |
Bunseo | King of Baekje | 304 | Lelang Commandery | Baekje | Hwang-Chang-Lang | |
Constans | Emperor of Rome | February 350 | Elne, Gaul | Roman Empire | Magnentius | [69] |
Gratian | August 25, 383 | Lyon | Andragathius | [70][71] | ||
Magnus Maximus | August 28, 388 | Aquileia | Theodosius I | [72][73] | ||
Victor | Trier | Arbogast | ||||
Valentinian II | May 15, 392 | Vienne | [74] | |||
Eugenius | Western Roman Emperor | September 6, 394 | Frigidus River | Western Roman Empire | Theodosius I | [75] |
Constantine III | Co-Western Roman Emperors | c. September 18, 411 | Ravenna | Constantius III | [76][77] | |
Constans II | Vienne | Gerontius | [78][79] | |||
Joannes | Western Roman Emperor | June 425 | Aquileia | Ardabur | [80] | |
Valentinian III | March 16, 455 | Rome | Followers of Flavius Aetius | [81] | ||
Ankō | Emperor of Japan | 456 | Kofun Japan | Mayowa no Ōkimi | [82] | |
Majorian | Western Roman Emperor | August 7, 461 | Tortona | Western Roman Empire | Ricimer | [83] |
Libius Severus | August 15, 465 | Rome | [84] | |||
Anthemius | July 11, 472 | [85][86] | ||||
Julius Nepos | June 22, 480 | Salona | Two retainers at the instigation of Glycerius | [87] | ||
Odoacer | King of Italy | March 15, 493 | Ravenna | Kingdom of Italy | Theodoric | [88][89] |
Bahram Chobin | Sasanian Shahanshah | 591 | Fergana | Western Turkic Khaganate | Assassinated under order of Khosrow II. | [90] |
Sushun | Emperor of Japan | 592 | Asuka Japan | Yamato no Aya no Ataikoma, under the orders of Soga no Umako | ||
Maurice | Emperor of the Romans | November 22, 602 | Chalcedon | Byzantine Empire | Overthrown and Executed by Phocas | |
Phocas | October 4, 610 | Constantinople | Overthrown and executed by Heraclius | |||
Yang | Emperor of China | April 11, 618 | Danyang, Jiangsu | Sui China | Yuwen Huaji and other officials in a coup | |
Umar | Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate | November 3, 644 | Medina, Arabia | Rashidun Caliphate | Abu Lulu | |
Uthman | June 17, 656 | Egyptian rebels | ||||
Ali ibn Abi Talib | January 29, 661 | Kufa | Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam | |||
Constans II | Emperor of the Romans | September 15, 668 | Syracuse | Byzantine Empire | Assassinated by an attendant while in the bath. | [91] |
Tiberios III Apsimar | February 706 | Constantinople | Executed by Justinian II | |||
Justinian II | December 711 | Overthrown and executed in a military revolt led by Phillipikos | ||||
Wu Yuanheng | Chancellor of the Tang dynasty | July 13, 815 | Chang'an | Tang China | Assassins sent by Li Shidao | |
Leo V "The Armenian" | Emperor of the Romans | December 24, 820 | Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | Assassinated as part of a conspiracy in support of the imprisoned Michael the Amorian | [92] |
Michael III | September 23, 867 | Basil the Macedonian | ||||
John VIII | Pope | December 16, 882 | Rome | Papal States | Clerics | [93] |
Wenceslaus I | Duke of Bohemia | September 28, 935 | Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav | Duchy of Bohemia | Boleslaus I | |
Edmund I | King of the English | May 26, 946 | Pucklechurch | England | Leofa, a convicted outlaw | |
Nikephoros II Phokas | Emperor of the Romans | December 11, 969 | Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | John I Tzimiskes | |
Edward the Martyr | King of the English | March 18, 978 | Wareham, Dorset | England | Ælfthryth | |
Kenneth II | King of Alba | 995 | Fettercairn | Scotland | Finella | |
Brian Boru | High King of Ireland | April 23, 1014 | Clontarf, Dublin | Ireland | Brodir and Ospak of Man | |
Boniface III | Margrave of Tuscany | May 6, 1052 | Oglio | March of Tuscany | Scarpetta Carnevari | |
Alp Arslan | Sultan of the Seljuk Empire | November 25, 1072 | Khwarazm | Seljuk Empire | Yussuf al-Kharezmi | |
Nizam al-Mulk | Vizier of the Seljuk Empire | October 14, 1092 | Nahavand | Seljuk Empire | Order of Assassins | |
Conrad | Bishop of Utrecht | April 14, 1099 | Utrecht | Utrecht | A Frisian | |
William II | King of England | August 2, 1100 | The New Forest | England | Henry I | |
Al-Afdal Shahanshah | Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate | December 11, 1121 | Fatimid Caliphate | Order of Assassins | ||
Charles I | Count of Flanders | March 2, 1127 | Bruges | Flanders | A group of knights answering to the Erembald family | |
Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | Caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate | October 7, 1130 | Cairo | Fatimid Caliphate | Order of Assassins | |
Al-Mustarshid | Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate | August 29, 1135 | Hamadan | Abbasid Caliphate | Order of Assassins | |
Harald Gille | King of Norway | December 14, 1136 | Bergen | Norway | Sigurd Slembe | |
Eric II | King of Denmark | September 18, 1137 | Urnohoved | Denmark | Murdered by Sorte Plov during a Ting | [94] |
Al-Rashid | Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate | June 6, 1138 | Isfahan | Abbasid Caliphate | Order of Assassins | |
Imad al-Din Zengi | Emir of the Zengid dynasty | September 14, 1146 | Qal'at Ja'bar | Seljuk Empire | Yarankash | |
Raymond II | Count of Tripoli | 1152 | Tripoli | County of Tripoli | Order of Assassins | |
Sverker I | King of Sweden | December 25, 1156 | Alvastra | Sweden | A trusted servant | |
Canute V | Triachial King of Denmark | August 9, 1157 | Roskilde | Denmark | Killed under the Roskilde Bloodbath | [95] |
Eric IX | King of Sweden | May 18, 1160 | Uppsala | Sweden | Magnus II | |
Charles VII | April 12, 1167 | Visingsö | Supporters of Knut Eriksson | |||
Alaungsithu | King of Pagan | 1167 | Shwegugyi Temple | Pagan Kingdom | Narathu, his son | |
Andronikos I Komnenos | Emperor of the Romans | September 11, 1185 | Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | Lynched by a popular uprising instigated by Isaac Angelos | |
Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair | King of Connacht | 1189 | Clanconway | Kingdom of Connacht | Assassins instigated by Conchobar ua nDiarmata | |
Conrad of Montferrat | King of Jerusalem | April 28, 1192 | Acre | Kingdom of Jerusalem | Order of Assassins | |
Ivan Asen I | Tsar of Bulgaria | 1196 | Tarnovo | Bulgarian Empire | Ivanko | |
Peter II | 1197 | Preslav | Unknown, possibly in a riot or as the result of a conspiracy. | |||
Alexios IV Angelos | Emperor of the Romans | February 8, 1204 | Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | Deposed and executed by Alexios Doukas | |
Alexios V Doukas | December 1204 | Executed by the participants of the Fourth Crusade | ||||
Baldwin I | Emperor of the Romans | 1205 | Tarnovo | Latin Empire | Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria | |
Boniface of Montferrat | King of Thessalonica and Marquis of Montferrat | September 4, 1207 | Thrace | Montferrat & Thessalonica |
Murdered by Bulgarian Peasants, believed to be acting on the orders of Kaloyan | |
Kaloyan | Tsar of Bulgaria | October 1207 | Thessaloniki | Bulgarian Empire | Unknown, believed to be Manastras, the Captain of his Mercenaries | |
Han Tuozhou | Grand Chancellor of the Song Dynasty | 1207 | Hangzhou | Song Dynasty | Shi Miyuan | |
Philip of Swabia | King of Germany | June 21, 1208 | Bamburg, Franconia | Kingdom of Germany | Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria | |
Csépán Győr | Palatine of Hungary | 1209 | Hungary | Tiba Tomaj | ||
Minamoto no Sanetomo | Shōgun | February 13, 1219 | Tsurugaoka Hachimangū | Kamakura shogunate | Kugyō | |
Eric IV | King of Denmark | August 10, 1250 | Gottorf Castle | Denmark | Abel of Denmark | |
Michael II Asen | Tsar of Bulgaria | 1256 | Tarnovo | Bulgarian Empire | Kaliman II Asen | |
Kaliman II Asen | His co-conspirators from the assassination of Michael II | |||||
Qutuz | Sultan of Egypt | October 24, 1260 | Mamluk Sultanate | Baibars | ||
[[Eric 05Eric V]] | King of Denmark | November 22, 1286 | Finderup, Viborg | Denmark | unknown, believed to a conspiracy by Danish nobles | |
Ladislaus IV | King of Hungary | July 10, 1290 | Körösszeg | Hungary | Three Cumans, named Árbóc, Törtel, and Kemence | |
Przemysł II | King of Poland | February 8, 1296 | Rogoźno | Kingdom of Poland | Brandenburg assassins | |
Floris V | Count of Holland | June 27, 1296 | Muiderberg | Holland | Gerard van Velsen | |
Chaka | Tsar of Bulgaria | 1300 | Tarnovo | Bulgarian Empire | Theodore Svetoslav | |
Wenceslaus III | King of Bohemia | August 4, 1306 | Olomouc | Bohemia | Unidentified assassin | |
Albert I | King of Germany | May 1, 1308 | Windisch | Further Austria | John Parricida | |
Gegeen Khan | Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty | September 4, 1323 | Nanpo | Yuan dynasty | ||
Yagi Basti | Ruler of Shiraz | 1344 | Tabriz | Chobanid realm | Malek Ashraf | |
Haidar Qassāb | Head of the Sarbadars | 1356 | Sarbadar state | Assassinated by a Turkish slave. | ||
Peter the Cruel | King of Castile | March 23, 1369 | Montiel | Toledo | Henry II | |
Murad I | Sultan of The Ottoman Empire | June 28, 1389 | Kosovo Field | Serbian Empire ( Branković) |
Lazar Hrebeljanović | |
Louis I | Duke of Orléans | November 23, 1407 | Le Marais | Orléans | 15 masked assassins under the orders of John the Fearless | |
Gian Maria Visconti | Duke of Milan | May 16, 1412 | Milan | Milan | Guelphs and Ghibellines | |
John the Fearless | Duke of Burgundy | September 10, 1419 | Montereau-Fault-Yonne | Burgundy | Tanneguy du Chastel | |
Ashikaga Yoshinori | Shōgun | July 12, 1441 | Muromachi Japan | Ashikaga shogunate | Akamatsu Mitsusuke | |
Henry VI | King of England | May 21, 1471 | Tower of London | England | Edward IV | |
Giuliano de' Medici | Lord of Florence | April 26, 1478 | Florence Cathedral | Florence | Francesco de' Pazzi | |
James III | King of Scotland | June 11, 1488 | Sauchieburn | Scotland | Rebels, led by James IV | |
Ahmad Shah of Malacca | Sultan of Malacca | 1513 | Riau Islands | Malacca Sultanate | Mahmud Shah of Malacca | |
Allesandro de' Medici | Lord of Florence | January 6, 1537 | Florence | Florence | Lorenzino de' Medici | |
Francisco Pizarro | Governor of New Castile | June 26, 1541 | Lima | Spanish New Castile | Diego de Almagro II | |
Worawongsathirat | King of Siam | November 11, 1548 | Lopburi | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Maha Thammaracha | |
Tabinshwehti | King of Burma | April 30, 1550 | Pantanaw | Toungoo dynasty | Smim Sawhtut | |
Ashikaga Yoshiteru | Shōgun | June 17, 1565 | Nijō Castle | Ashikaga shogunate | Miyoshi Yoshitsugu | |
Eric XIV | King of Sweden | February 26, 1577 | Örbyhus Castle | Sweden | Guards poisoned him on the orders of John III | |
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha | Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | October 11, 1579 | Istanbul | Ottoman Empire | Order of Assassins | |
William the Silent | Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Friesland | July 10, 1584 | Delft | Dutch Republic | Balthasar Gérard | |
Henry III | King of France | August 1, 1589 | Saint-Cloud | France | Jacques Clément | |
Michael the Brave | Prince of Wallachia | August 9, 1601 | Turda | Wallachia | Giorgio Basta | |
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak | Grand Vizier of the Mughal empire | August 12, 1602 | Deccan | Mughal Empire | Vir Singh Deo | |
Henry IV | King of France | May 14, 1610 | Paris | France | François Ravaillac | |
Concino Concini | Chief minister of France | April 24, 1617 | Guards under orders of Louis XIII | |||
Osman II | Sultan of the Ottoman Empire | May 20, 1622 | Yedikule Fortress, Istanbul | Ottoman Empire | Janissaries | |
Anaukpetlun | King of Burma | July 9, 1628 | Bago, Myanmar | Toungoo dynasty | Minyedeippa, his son | |
Charles I | King of England, Scotland and Ireland | January 30, 1649 | London | England, Scotland, Ireland | Rump Parliament | |
Mahmud II of Johor | Sultan of Johor | September 3, 1699 | Kota Tinggi, Johor | Johor Sultanate | Megat Sri Rama | |
Daniel Parke | Governor of the Leeward Islands | December 7, 1710 | Antigua | British Leeward Islands | Angry mob | |
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda | Governor-General of the Philippines | October 11, 1719 | Palacio del Gobernador, Manila | Spanish Philippines | Francisco de la Cuesta | |
Nader Shah | Shah of Iran | June 20, 1747 | Quchan | Persia | Salah Bey | |
Peter III | Emperor of Russia | July 17, 1762 | Ropsha | Russian Empire | Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov | |
Gustav III | King of Sweden | March 16, 1792 (d. March 29, 1792) |
Stockholm | Sweden | Jacob Johan Anckarström | |
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar | Shahanshah of Iran | June 17, 1797 | Shusha | Qajar Empire | A Georgian servant named Sadeq and a valet called Khodadad-e Esfahani, both of whom were due to be executed. | |
Paul I | Emperor of Russia | March 23, 1801 | St. Petersburg | Russia | Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, José de Ribas, Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil and Nikolay Zubov | |
Kirtiman Singh Basnyat | Mulkaji of Nepal | September 28, 1801 | Kathmandu | Kingdom of Nepal | Supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi | [96] |
Jean-Jacques Dessalines | Emperor of Haiti | October 17, 1806 | Pont Rouge | Haiti | unknown | [97] |
Spencer Perceval | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | May 11, 1812 | Westminster | United Kingdom | John Bellingham | [98] |
Shaka | King of the Zulus | September 22, 1828 | KwaDukuza | Zulu Kingdom | Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's younger brothers | |
Pedro Blanco Soto | President of Bolivia | January 1, 1829 | Sucre | Bolivia | unknown | |
Ioannis Kapodistrias | Governor of the Hellenic State | October 9, 1831 | Nafplion | Greece | Konstantis and Georgios Mavromichalis | |
Felipe Santiago Salaverry | President of Peru | February 18, 1836 | Arequipa | Peru | Andrés de Santa Cruz | |
Mathabarsingh Thapa | Prime Minister of Nepal | May 17, 1845 | Kathmandu | Kingdom of Nepal | Jung Bahadur Kunwar | |
Fateh Jung Shah | Prime Minister of Nepal | September 14, 1846 | Hanuman Dhoka | Kingdom of Nepal | Jung Bahadur Kunwar and brothers. | |
João Maria Ferreira do Amaral | Governor of Macau | August 22, 1849 | Macau | Portuguese Macau | Seven Chinese men | |
Charles III | Duke of Parma | March 26, 1854 | Parma | Parma | unknown | |
Danilo I | Prince of Montenegro | August 13, 1860 | Kotor | Montenegro | Todor Kadić | |
José Santos Guardiola | President of Honduras | January 11, 1862 | Comayagua | Honduras | personal body guard | |
Barbu Catargiu | Prime Minister of Romania | June 20, 1862 | Bucharest | Romania | unknown | |
Radama II | King of Madagascar | May 12, 1863 | Rova of Antananarivo | Merina Kingdom | Soldiers under orders of Rainivoninahitriniony | |
Abraham Lincoln | President of the United States | April 14, 1865 (d. April 15, 1865) |
Washington, D.C. | United States | John Wilkes Booth | [99] |
Venancio Flores | President of Uruguay | February 19, 1868 | Montevideo | Uruguay | unknown assailants, presumably of Blanco political faction | |
Mihailo Obrenović | Prince of Serbia | June 10, 1868 | Belgrade | Serbia | Pavle Radovanović, Kosta Radovanović | |
Juan Prim | Prime Minister of Spain | December 30, 1870 | Madrid | Spain | unknown | |
Richard Bourke | Governor-General of India | February 8, 1872 | Port Blair, Andaman Islands | British India | Sher Ali Afridi | |
José Balta | President of Peru | July 22, 1872 | Lima | Peru | Tomás Gutiérrez | |
Tomás Gutiérrez | July 26, 1872 | Military coup d'état | ||||
Gabriel García Moreno | President of Ecuador | August 6, 1875 | Quito | Ecuador | Faustino Rayo | |
Juan Bautista Gill | President of Paraguay | April 12, 1877 | Villarrica | Paraguay | Nicanor Silvano Godoi | |
Alexander II | Emperor of Russia | March 13, 1881 | St. Petersburg | Russia | Narodnaya Volya | [100] |
James A. Garfield | President of the United States | July 2, 1881 (d. September 19, 1881) |
Washington, D.C. | United States | Charles J. Guiteau | [101] |
Ranodip Singh Kunwar | Prime Minister of Nepal | November 22, 1885 | Kathmandu | Kingdom of Nepal | Khadga Shumsher, Chandra Shumsher, and Dambar Shumsher | |
Sadi Carnot | President of France | June 24, 1894 | Lyon | France | Sante Geronimo Caserio | |
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar | Shah of Iran | May 1, 1896 | Tehran | Iran | Mirza Reza Kermani | |
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo | Prime Minister of Spain | August 8, 1897 | Mondragón | Spain | Michele Angiolillo | |
Juan Idiarte Borda | President of Uruguay | August 25, 1897 | Montevideo | Uruguay | Avelino Arredondo | |
José María Reina Barrios | President of Guatemala | February 8, 1898 | Ciudad de Guatemala | Guatemala | Edgar Zollinger | |
Ulises Heureaux | President of the Dominican Republic | July 26, 1899 | Moca | Dominican Republic | Ramón Cáceres | |
Umberto I | King of Italy | July 29, 1900 | Monza | Italy | Gaetano Bresci | |
William McKinley | President of the United States | September 6, 1901 (d. September 14, 1901) |
Buffalo, New York | United States | Leon Czolgosz | |
Alexander I | King of Serbia | June 11, 1903 | Belgrade | Serbia | May Overthrow | |
Dimitrije Cincar-Marković | Prime Minister of Serbia | |||||
Nikolay Bobrikov | Governor-General of Finland | June 16, 1904 | Helsinki | Grand Duchy of Finland | Eugen Schauman | |
Xavier Coppolani | Governor of Mauritania | May 12, 1905 | Adrar | French Mauritania | Gudfiyya brotherhood | |
Dimitar Petkov | Prime Minister of Bulgaria | March 11, 1907 | Sofia | Bulgaria | anarchist | |
Carlos I | King of Portugal | February 1, 1908 | Lisbon | Portugal | Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça | |
Guangxu Emperor | Emperor of China | November 14, 1908 | Imperial City, Beijing | Qing China | unknown | [102] |
Itō Hirobumi | Prime Minister of Japan | October 26, 1909 | Harbin | Qing China | An Jung-geun | |
Boutros Ghali | Prime Minister of Egypt | February 21, 1910 | Cairo | Egypt | Watani Party member | |
Pyotr Stolypin | Prime Minister of Russia | September 18, 1911 | Kiev | Russia | Dmitry Bogrov | |
Ramón Cáceres | President of the Dominican Republic | November 19, 1911 | Santo Domingo | Dominican Republic | rebels | |
José Canalejas y Méndez | Prime Minister of Spain | November 12, 1912 | Madrid | Spain | Manuel Pardiñas | |
Manuel Enrique Araujo | President of El Salvador | February 9, 1913 | San Salvador | El Salvador | Mulatilo Virgilio, Fermin Perez and Fabian Graciano | |
Francisco I. Madero | President of Mexico | February 22, 1913 | Mexico City | Mexico | Francisco Cárdenas | [103] |
George I | King of Greece | March 18, 1913 | Thessaloniki | Greece | Alexandros Schinas | |
Mahmud Shevket Pasha | Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | June 11, 1913 | Istanbul | Ottoman Empire | Relative of Nazım Pasha | |
Vilbrun Guillaume Sam | President of Haiti | July 27, 1915 | Port-au-Prince | Haiti | Numerous assailants | |
Karl von Stürgkh | Minister-President of Cisleithania | October 21, 1916 | Vienna | Austria-Hungary | Friedrich Adler | |
Sidónio Pais | President of Portugal | December 14, 1918 | Lisbon | Portugal | José Júlio da Costa | |
Habibullah Khan | Emir of Afghanistan | February 20, 1919 | Laghman | Afghanistan | Mustafa Seghir | |
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid | Emir of Jabal Shammar | March 1920 | Emirate of Jabal Shammar | Abdullah bin Talal Al Rashid | ||
Venustiano Carranza | President of Mexico | May 21, 1920 | Mexico | Rodolfo Herrero | [104] | |
Eduardo Dato | Prime Minister of Spain | March 8, 1921 | Madrid | Spain | Lluís Nicolau, Pere Mateu, Ramon Casanelles | |
António Granjo | Prime Minister of Portugal | October 19, 1921 | Lisbon | Portugal | Bloody Night | |
Hara Takashi | Prime Minister of Japan | November 4, 1921 | Tokyo | Japan | Nakaoka Kon'ichi | |
Nikolaos Stratos | Prime Minister of Greece | November 15, 1922 | Athens | Greece | Coup | |
Petros Protopapadakis | ||||||
Gabriel Narutowicz | President of Poland | December 16, 1922 | Warsaw | Poland | Eligiusz Niewiadomski | |
Aleksandar Stamboliyski | Prime Minister of Bulgaria | June 14, 1923 | Slavovitsa | Bulgaria | Military coup d'état | |
Lee Stack | Governor of Sudan | November 19, 1924 | Cairo | Egypt | Egyptian students | |
Symon Petliura | President of Ukraine | May 25, 1926 | Paris | France | Sholom Schwartzbard | |
Zhang Zuolin | President of the Republic of China | June 4, 1928 | Shenyang | China | Kwantung Army | |
Paul Doumer | President of France | May 7, 1932 | Paris | France | Paul Gorguloff | |
Inukai Tsuyoshi | Prime Minister of Japan | May 15, 1932 | Tokyo | Japan | May 15 Incident | |
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro | President of Peru | April 30, 1933 | Lima | Peru | Abelardo de Mendoza | [105] |
Mohammed Nadir Shah | King of Afghanistan | November 8, 1933 | Kabul | Afghanistan | Abdul Khaliq Hazara | |
Ion G. Duca | Prime Minister of Romania | December 30, 1933 | Sinaia | Romania | Nicolae Constantinescu | |
Engelbert Dollfuss | Chancellor of Austria | July 25, 1934 | Vienna | Austria | July Putsch | |
Alexander I | King of Yugoslavia | October 9, 1934 | Marseille | France | Vlado Chernozemski | |
Armand Călinescu | Prime Minister of Romania | September 21, 1939 | Bucharest | Romania | Iron Guard members | |
Ahmad Maher Pasha | Prime Minister of Egypt | February 24, 1945 | Cairo | Egypt | ||
Ananda Mahidol | King of Siam | June 9, 1946 | Grand Palace, Bangkok | Siam | Unknown | |
Gualberto Villarroel | President of Bolivia | July 21, 1946 | La Paz | Bolivia | organized mob | |
Aung San | Premier of Burma | July 19, 1947 | Rangoon | British Burma | U Saw | |
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din | Imam of Yemen | February 17, 1948 | Sanaa | Yemen | Al-Qardaei | |
Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha | Prime Minister of Egypt | December 28, 1948 | Cairo | Egypt | Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan | |
Husni al-Za'im | President of Syria | August 14, 1949 | Damascus | Syria | Coup | |
Muhsin al-Barazi | Prime Minister of Syria | |||||
Abdolhossein Hazhir | Prime Minister of Iran | November 5, 1949 | Tehran | Iran | Fada'iyan-e Islam | |
Duncan Stewart | Governor of Sarawak | December 10, 1949 | Sibu | British Sarawak | Rukun 13 | |
Sami al-Hinnawi | President of Syria | October 31, 1950 | Beirut | Lebanon | Hersho al-Barazi | |
Carlos Delgado Chalbaud | President of Venezuela | November 13, 1950 | Caracas | Venezuela | Rafael Simón Urbina and Domingo Urbina. | |
Haj Ali Razmara | Prime Minister of Iran | March 7, 1951 | Tehran | Iran | Fada'iyan-e Islam | |
Riad Al Solh | Prime Minister of Lebanon | July 17, 1951 | Amman | Jordan | member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party | |
Abdullah I | King of Jordan | July 20, 1951 | East Jerusalem | Mustapha Shukari Usho | ||
Henry Gurney | High Commissioner for Malaya | October 6, 1951 | Fraser's Hill | Malaya | Malayan Communist Party | |
Liaquat Ali Khan | Prime Minister of Pakistan | October 16, 1951 | Rawalpindi | Pakistan | Saad Akbar Babrak | |
José Antonio Remón Cantera | President of Panama | January 2, 1955 | Panama City | Panama | unknown | |
Anastasio Somoza García | President of Nicaragua | September 21, 1956 | León | Nicaragua | Rigoberto López Pérez | |
Carlos Castillo Armas | President of Guatemala | July 26, 1957 | Guatemala City | Guatemala | Romeo Vásquez Sánchez | [106] |
Ibrahim Hashem | Prime Minister of Jordan | June 14, 1958 | Baghdad | Iraq | Revolutionaries | |
Faisal II | King of Iraq | July 14, 1958 | Baghdad | Arab Federation | Military coup d'état | |
Nuri al-Said | Prime Minister of Iraq | July 15, 1958 | Baghdad | Iraq | 14 July Revolution | |
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike | Prime Minister of Ceylon | September 26, 1959 | Colombo | Ceylon | Talduwe Somarama | |
Hazza' Majali | Prime Minister of Jordan | August 29, 1960 | Amman | Jordan | bomb explosion | |
Patrice Lumumba | Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | September 5, 1960 | Élisabethville | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Executed by firing squad | |
Abebe Aregai | Prime Minister of Ethiopia | December 17, 1960 | Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | Failed military coup d'état | |
Haile Selassie | Emperor of Ethiopia | August 27, 1975 | Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | Derg | |
Rafael Trujillo | President of the Dominican Republic | May 30, 1961 | Ciudad Trujillo | Dominican Republic | Juan Tomás Díaz, Antonio de la Maza, Amado García Guerrero, Antonio Imbert Barrera | |
Louis Rwagasore | Prime Minister of Burundi | October 13, 1961 | Bujumbura | Ruanda-Urundi | Jean (Ioannis) Kageorgis | |
Sylvanus Olympio | President of Togo | January 13, 1963 | Lomé | Togo | Military coup d'état | |
Abd al-Karim Qasim | Prime Minister of Iraq | February 9, 1963 | Baghdad | Iraq | Military coup d'état | |
Ngo Dinh Diem | President of the Republic of Vietnam | November 2, 1963 | Saigon | South Vietnam | Military coup d'état | |
John F. Kennedy | President of the United States | November 22, 1963 | Dallas | United States | Lee Harvey Oswald | [107] |
Jigme Palden Dorji | Prime Minister of Bhutan | April 6, 1964 | Phuntsoling | Bhutan | Royal Bhutan Army | |
Hassan Ali Mansur | Prime Minister of Iran | January 27, 1965 | Tehran | Iran | Fada'iyan-e Islam | |
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | Prime Minister of Nigeria | January 15, 1966 | Lagos | Nigeria | Military coup d'état | |
Hendrik Verwoerd | Prime Minister of South Africa | September 6, 1966 | Cape Town | South Africa | Dimitri Tsafendas | |
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi | Head of State of Nigeria | July 29, 1966 | Lalupon | Nigeria | Military coup d'état | |
Abdirashid Shermarke | President of Somalia | October 15, 1969 | Las Anod | Somalia | personal bodyguards | |
Wasfi Tal | Prime Minister of Jordan | November 28, 1971 | Cairo | Egypt | Black September | |
Abeid Karume | President of Zanzibar | April 7, 1972 | Zanzibar City | Zanzibar | Four gunmen | |
Luis Carrero Blanco | Prime Minister of Spain | December 20, 1973 | Madrid | Spain | ETA | |
Richard Ratsimandrava | President of Madagascar | February 11, 1975 | Antananarivo | Madagascar | Republican Security Forces | |
Faisal I | King of Saudi Arabia | March 25, 1975 | Riyadh | Saudi Arabia | Faisal bin Musaid | |
François Tombalbaye | President of Chad | April 13, 1975 | N'Djamena | Chad | Military coup d'état | |
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | President of Bangladesh | August 15, 1975 | Dhaka | Bangladesh | Bangladesh Army | |
Long Boret | Prime Minister of Cambodia | April 17, 1975 | Phnom Penh | Cambodia | Execution by shooting | |
Muhammad Mansur Ali | Prime Minister of Bangladesh | November 3, 1975 | Dhaka | Bangladesh | Bangladesh Army | |
Murtala Muhammed | Head of State of Nigeria | February 13, 1976 | Lagos | Nigeria | Buka Suka Dimka | |
Marien Ngouabi | President of the Republic of Congo | March 18, 1977 | Brazzaville | Congo-Brazzaville | suicide commando | |
Ibrahim al-Hamdi | President of North Yemen | October 11, 1977 | Sana'a | North Yemen | unknown | |
Mohammed Daoud Khan | President of Afghanistan | April 28, 1978 | Kabul | Afghanistan | Saur Revolution | |
Aldo Moro | Prime Minister of Italy | 9 May 1978 | Rome | Italy | Red Brigades | |
Ali Soilih | President of the Comoros | May 29, 1978 | Moroni | Comoros | French Colonel Bob Denard | |
Ahmad al-Ghashmi | President of North Yemen | June 24, 1978 | Sana'a | North Yemen | Military coup d'état | |
Salim Rubai Ali | Chairman of the Presidential Council | June 26, 1978 | Aden | South Yemen | Coup | |
Francisco Mendes | Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau | July 7, 1978 | Bissau | Guinea-Bissau | PAIGC dissidents | |
Nur Muhammad Taraki | General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and Chairmen of the Revolutionary Council | September 14, 1979 | Kabul | Afghanistan | Military coup d'état | |
Park Chung-hee | President of South Korea | October 26, 1979 | Seoul | South Korea | Kim Jae-gyu (president's security chief) | |
Hafizullah Amin | General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and Chairmen of the Revolutionary Council | December 27, 1979 | Kabul | Afghanistan | Operation Storm-333 | |
William Tolbert | President of Liberia | April 12, 1980 | Monrovia | Liberia | Military coup d'état | |
Sultan Ibraimov | Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan | December 4, 1980 | Cholpon Ata | Kirghiz SSR | KGB (suspected) | |
Francisco Sá Carneiro | Prime Minister of Portugal | December 4, 1980 | Camarate | Portugal | CIA (allegedly) | |
Ziaur Rahman | President of Bangladesh | May 30, 1981 | Chittagong | Bangladesh | faction of officers of Bangladesh Army | |
Mohammad-Javad Bahonar | Prime Minister of Iran | August 30, 1981 | Tehran | Iran | People's Mujahedin of Iran | |
Mohammad-Ali Rajai | President of Iran | |||||
Anwar Sadat | President of Egypt | October 6, 1981 | Cairo | Egypt | Khalid Islambouli | |
Maurice Bishop | Prime Minister of Grenada | October 19, 1983 | St. George's | Grenada | coup | |
Indira Gandhi | Prime Minister of India | October 31, 1984 | New Delhi | India | Satwant Singh and Beant Singh (personal bodyguards) | |
Haruo Remeliik | President of Palau | June 30, 1985 | Koror | Palau | unknown | |
Olof Palme | Prime Minister of Sweden | February 28, 1986 | Stockholm | Sweden | Official suspect: Stig Engström | |
Rashid Karami | Prime Minister of Lebanon | June 1, 1987 | Beirut | Lebanon | Car bomb planted by unidentified militant | |
Thomas Sankara | President of Burkina Faso | October 15, 1987 | Ouagadougou | Burkina Faso | Blaise Compaoré | |
René Moawad | President of Lebanon | November 22, 1989 | Beirut | Lebanon | car bomb | |
Ahmed Abdallah | President of the Comoros | November 26, 1989 | Moroni | Comoros | coup | |
Samuel Doe | President of Liberia | September 9, 1990 | Monrovia | Liberia | Prince Johnson | |
Mohamed Boudiaf | President of Algeria | June 29, 1992 | Annaba | Algeria | Lambarek Boumaarafi | |
Ranasinghe Premadasa | President of Sri Lanka | May 1, 1993 | Colombo | Sri Lanka | LTTE | |
Melchior Ndadaye | President of Burundi | October 21, 1993 | Bujumbura | Burundi | Military coup d'état | |
Juvénal Habyarimana | President of Rwanda | April 6, 1994 | Kigali | Rwanda | Presidential aircraft shootdown | |
Cyprien Ntaryamira | President of Burundi | |||||
Agathe Uwilingiyimana | Prime Minister of Rwanda | April 7, 1994 | Rwandan Armed Forces | |||
Yitzhak Rabin | Prime Minister of Israel | November 4, 1995 | Tel Aviv | Israel | Yigal Amir | |
Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara | President of Niger | April 9, 1999 | Niamey | Niger | Military coup d'état | |
Vazgen Sargsyan | Prime Minister of Armenia | October 27, 1999 | Yerevan | Armenia | Nairi Hunanyan | |
Laurent-Désiré Kabila | President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | January 16, 2001 | Kinshasa | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Rashidi Muzele | |
Birendra | King of Nepal | June 1, 2001 | Narayanhiti Palace, Kathmandu | Nepal | Dipendra | |
Zoran Đinđić | Prime Minister of Serbia | March 12, 2003 | Belgrade | Serbia and Montenegro | Zvezdan Jovanović | |
Rafic Hariri | Prime Minister of Lebanon | February 14, 2005 | Beirut | Lebanon | Unknown | |
João Bernardo Vieira | President of Guinea-Bissau | March 2, 2009 | Bissau | Guinea-Bissau | Armed Forces of Guinea-Bissau | |
Muammar Gaddafi | Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution | October 20, 2011 | Libya | Libya | National Transitional Council | |
Idriss Déby | President of Chad | April 20, 2021 | Chad | Front for Change and Concord in Chad | [108] | |
Jovenel Moïse | President of Haiti | July 7, 2021 | Port-au-Prince | Haiti | Unknown | [109] |
Statistics[]
Gallery[]
Assassination of Paul I on 23 March 1801, St Michael's Castle, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Assassination of Spencer Perceval on May 11, 1812, House of Commons, Westminster, United Kingdom
Assassination of Ioannis Kapodistrias on October 9, 1831, Nafplion, Greece
Execution of Lajos Batthyány on October 6, 1849, Pest, Austrian Empire
Hanging of Tomás Gutiérrez on July 26, 1872, Lima, Peru
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, Ford's Theatre, Washington D.C., United States
Assassination of Alexander II on March 13, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Assassination of James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881, Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, Washington D.C., United States
Assassination of Gabriel García Moreno on August 6, 1875, Carondelet Palace, Quito, Ecuador
Execution of Maximilian I on June 19, 1867, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
Assassination of Marie François Sadi Carnot on June 25, 1894, Lyon, France
Assassination of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo on August 8, 1897, Mondragón, Spain
Assassination of Willam McKinley on September 14, 1901, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, United States
Assassination of Carlos I on February 1, 1908, Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon, Portugal
Assassination of Sidónio Pais on December 14, 1918, Rossio railway station, Lisbon, Portugal
Assassination of Alexander I and Louis Barthou on October 9, 1934, Marseilles, France
Execution of Benito Mussolini on April 28, 1945, Giulino di Mezzegra, Italy
Executed body of Abd al-Karim Qasim on February 9, 1963, Baghdad, Iraq
Executed body of Ngô Đình Diệm on November 2, 1963, Saigon, South Vietnam
Assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Dallas, Texas, United States
See also[]
- List of assassinations
- List of people who survived assassination attempts
References[]
- ^ Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000). Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library. Museum Tusculanum. p. 394.
- ^ Chronicle P, column 4, lines 10 to 11.
- ^ GIŠ.TUKUL.TA BA.AN.SÌG.GI.IN, “by the sword.”
- ^ Dynastic Chronicle v 5-6: mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN LUGAL IM.GI DUMU mḪaš-mar iti 3 in.ak, ina raq-qa-ti šá É-mḪaš-mar qí-bir.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1982). "Babylonia, c. 1000 – 748 B.C.". In John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 3, Part 1). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–297.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1937). "Roman Antiquities vol II ch 51-52". doi:10.4159/DLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required) - ^ Healy, Mark (1991). The Ancient Assyrians. London: Osprey. p. 17. ISBN 1-85532-163-7. OCLC 26351868.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Nabû-nādin-zēri". In Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–30.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. p. 23.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. pp. 42–43.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. (2014). "Sargon II". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Simo Parpola (1980). "The Murderer of Sennacherib". Gateways to Babylon.
- ^ Albertz, R.; Israel in exile: The history and literature of the sixth century BC; Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2003, p.63 ISBN 1-58983-055-5.
- ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.42, 1.46, 1.47.
- ^ Herodotus 1920, Book V. 55
- ^ Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873
- ^ a b S. Zawadzki, "The Circumstances of Darius II's Accession" in Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 34 (1995-1996) 45-49
- ^ Plutarch, Lives: Life of Dion. (About/Wikisource)
- ^ Plut. Dion. 28-58
- ^ Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". 16.91-95. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
- ^ LeCoq, P. (1986). "Arses". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. p. 548.
- ^ "Seleucus I Nicator". Livius.
- ^ The Mausoleum of Antiochus II Theos
- ^ Han 2010, pp. 5132–5137.
- ^ "Seleucus III Keraunos". Livius.org.
- ^ Livy, 35.35
- ^ Lahiri, B. (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) , Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.24-5
- ^ "Seleucus IV Philopator". Livius.org.
- ^ Diodorus 32.9d & 10.1; Zabdiel: I Maccabees 11.17; Josephus AJ 13.118.
- ^ Makk. 13.31; Diod. Sic. 33.28; App. Syr. 68. 357; Iust. 36.1.7.; Oros. 5.4.18.
- ^ Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 5, 9, 11, 12
- ^ Diod. Exc. Vales. xxxv. p. 605
- ^ Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.1.3.
- ^ cf. Tac. Ann. XII 66–67.
- ^ Suet. Claud. 43
- ^ Greenhalgh 1975, pp. 30, 37, 45, 47–54.
- ^ Tacitus, Histories III.84, III.85
- ^ Suetonius, Life of Domitian 14;16
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LXXII, pg. 117.
- ^ Lampridius, Historia Augusta. "Life of Commodus," pg. 306.
- ^ Dio, 74:10
- ^ Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 8.8.
- ^ Gibbon, Ibid. p. 115
- ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
- ^ Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. pp. 236–237.
- ^ Vagi 2000, p. 290.
- ^ Bédoyère 2017, p. 236.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXXX.20
- ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 63
- ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67
- ^ Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg.234-238.
- ^ Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 241
- ^ Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pg. 38
- ^ Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 241
- ^ Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pg. 38
- ^ a b Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 252
- ^ Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni, XIV.4–11
- ^ Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
- ^ Aurelius Victor 33.8; Eutropius 9.9.1
- ^ Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004, pg. 266
- ^ Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 119
- ^ Meijer 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Syvanne 2015, p. 172.
- ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 37:4
- ^ Southern, Patricia (May 15, 2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9781317496946.
- ^ Leadbetter, William. Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
- ^ Panegyrici Latini 8:12; Aurelius Victor, Book of Caesars 39.40; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 22; Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 7:25.6
- ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 41:21:23
- ^ An Encyclopedia of World History, Ibid
- ^ Gibbon, p. 960
- ^ Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, Ep. 40.32
- ^ Susan Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade", W. W. Norton & Company, 22 Feb 2010 (p.68)
- ^ Historia nova, IV. 53 which relies heavily on the history by the pagan Eunapius
- ^ Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen & Sword. pp. 40–43. ISBN 978-1783831166.
- ^ Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pg. 316
- ^ Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 pg. 460
- ^ Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pg. 316
- ^ Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 pg. 460
- ^ Procopius, III.3.9; translated by Dewing, pp. 75ff
- ^ Priscus of Panium 2015, p. 129.
- ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 328–333.
- ^ John of Antioch, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31201-9, p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
- ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicles, s.a. 465.
- ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicle, 1293; Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s.a.472; Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, vii.1–3. Chronica gallica anno 511 (n. 650, s.a. 472) records both versions.
- ^ Fasti vindobonenses priores, n. 606, s.a. 472.
- ^ Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
- ^ Amory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-51152-306-9. pg. 69
- ^ Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05259-5. pg. 283
- ^ Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. London et al. pp. 514–522.
- ^ Ostrogorsky, G (March 1958). "G. Ostrogorsky: History of the Byzantine State". The Classical Review. 8 (1): 93–94. doi:10.1017/s0009840x00164169. ISSN 0009-840X.
- ^ "Theophanes Continuatus". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. doi:10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_02417. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
- ^ Kelly, J.N.D.; Walsh, Michael J. (2010). "John VIII". A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199295814.001.0001. ISBN 9780199295814. (Note: This source disputes the claim John was assassinated).
- ^ "Erik 2. Emune". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Blodgildet i Roskilde". www.roskildehistorie.dk. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 34.
- ^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2011). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. Viewpoints: Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 9781405198219 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Pentland, Gordon (2012). ""Now the great Man in the Parliament House is dead, we shall have a big Loaf!" Responses to the Assassination of Spencer Perceval". Journal of British Studies. 51 (2): 343 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Foner, Eric (2014). A Short History of Reconstruction: 1863-1877 (Updated ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 33. ISBN 9780062370860.
- ^ Moss, Walter G. (2002). Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. London: Anthem Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9781898855590 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Rosen, Fred (2016). Murdering the President: Alexander Graham Bell and the Race to Save James Garfield. Lincoln, Neb.: Potomac Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9781612347684 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Mu, Eric. Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms". Danwei. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ Martin, Cheryl E.; Wasserman, Mark (2012). Latin America and Its People. 2 (3rd ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 322. ISBN 9780205054701.
- ^ Edmonds-Poli, Emily; Shirk, David A. (2016). Contemporary Mexican Politics (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 9781442220263.
- ^ Martin & Wasserman 2012, p. 343.
- ^ Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (2005). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Revised and Expanded ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 067401930X.
- ^ Dallek, Robert (2011). John F. Kennedy (Abridged ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-19-975436-6 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Kennedy, Niamh; Busari, Stephanie; Lister, Tim; Halasz, Stephanie (April 21, 2021). "Chad's President Idriss Deby killed in frontline clashes with rebels, state TV reports". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- ^ Hu, Caitlin; Smith-Spark, Laura (July 8, 2021). "Haiti's leader has been killed. Here's what you need to know". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- Assassinated heads of state
- Assassinated heads of government
- Lists of politicians who died in office