Prime Minister of Romania
| Prime Minister of the Government of Romania | |
|---|---|
| Prim-ministrul Guvernului României | |
 Standard of the Prime Minister of Romania | |
| Style | His/Her Excellency |
| Member of | Government of Romania Supreme Council of National Defence |
| Residence | Victoria Palace, Bucharest Cabinet and Government headquarters |
| Appointer | President of Romania |
| Term length | 4 years No term limit |
| Inaugural holder | Barbu Catargiu as President of The Council of Ministers |
| Formation | January 22, 1862 |
| Salary | 15,108 lei (2015)[1] |
| Website | gov |
Politics of Romania |
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The Prime Minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the Prime Minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called The Council of Ministers (Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.[2]
The current prime minister is Nicolae Ciucă. He assumed office after nearly three months of tremendously severe and acute political crisis which was previously triggered and perpetuated by Klaus Iohannis and Florin Cîțu along with their afferent supporters from within the National Liberal Party (PNL).
Nomination[]
One of the roles of the president of the Republic is to designate a candidate for the office of prime minister. The president must consult with the party that has the majority in the Parliament or, if no such majority exists, with the parties represented in Parliament.[3]
Once designated, the candidate assembles a proposal for the governing program and the cabinet. The proposal must be approved by the Parliament within ten days, through a vote of confidence process. Both the program and the cabinet membership are debated by the Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The proposal is accepted only if a majority of all deputies and senators approves.[3]
Once the vote of confidence is obtained, the candidate becomes the prime minister and all cabinet members become ministers. The prime minister, the ministers, and other members of the Government take an oath before the president, as stipulated under Article 82 of the Constitution. The Government as a whole and each of its members exercise their mandate from the date of the oath.[4]
Functions[]
The prime minister directs Government actions and co-ordinates the activities of its members. He or she submits to the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate reports and statements on Government policy, to be debated.[5] As head of the government, the prime minister is charged with directing the internal policy of the country and leads the public administration. In this regard, the government cooperates with other interested social actors.
As with any other office of public authority, the office of prime minister is incompatible with any other office, except that of deputy or senator and is also incompatible with a professional position in a commercial organization. The term of a prime minister ends with the individual's resignation, dismissal following a motion of no confidence, loss of electoral rights (following a conviction), incompatibility with the office, death or expiration of the term of the legislature. The prime minister, together with the minister tasked with the particular field of government, can sign resolutions and ordinances to take effect as executive orders the moment they are published in the Monitorul Oficial, the official gazette of the Romanian state. Such ordinances must be sent to the appropriate chamber of Parliament where they are discussed in an urgent manner and they are then sent to the official gazette. In case the noticed chamber does not discuss or approve said ordinance after 30 days of its arrival, the ordinance is officially adopted and published in the Monitor. An emergency ordinance cannot modify a constitutional law, concern the functioning of the fundamental institutions, rights or liberties.
Unlike in the president-parliamentary semi-presidential systems, such as Russia, the Romanian prime minister is not a subordinate of the president who cannot dismiss the prime minister.[5] The president can attend the government meetings debating upon matters of national interest with regard to foreign policy, country's defense, maintenance of public order, and, at the invitation of the prime minister, in other instances as well.[6] The president will always chair the government meetings he attends.[6]
In addition to his constitutional roles, the prime minister is, generally, the leader of the major party in the majority coalition that supports the government, although this is not always the case.
Relationship with Parliament[]
The Government and the other bodies of administration must submit all information, reports or documents requested by the Chamber of Deputies, Senate or parliamentary committees as part of the parliamentary control of government.
The members of government are allowed to attend the works of Parliament and they must do so at the request of the presidents of the chambers. The prime minister and the members of his Cabinet must answer all questions or interpellations brought forward by deputies or senators as under the terms laid down in the statutes of Parliament. After such interpellations, the Chamber or the Senate can adopt a simple motion to express their position towards an issue of internal or external politics.
Parliament can dismiss an outgoing prime minister and his cabinet by adopting a motion of no confidence against the government. In order for a motion to be initiated, it must be signed by at least a quarter of deputies and senators and for it to pass, a majority of deputies and senators must vote in favour of it. After a motion of no confidence is adopted, the prime minister and his Cabinet are officially dismissed and the President must designate an individual to form a new government.[7] Since 1989, four prime ministers have been dismissed following the adoption of a motion of no confidence: Emil Boc (2009),[8] Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (2012),[9] Sorin Grindeanu (2017),[10] and Viorica Dăncilă (2019).[11]
History[]
Originally styled President of the Council of Ministers, the office was first created in 1862 during the reign of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Cuza, unlike other monarchs of his time, was not a hereditary ruler. In 1859 he was elected Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia in two separate elections, thus de facto uniting the two principalities. By 1862, he had completely fused the two administrations into a single government with its capital at Bucharest, the new country bearing the name Romania, but the union was in danger of being dissolved after the end of his rule. A liberal, in favour of the two great reform projects envisioned by the liberals of the time (the electoral and agrarian reforms), Cuza did not publicly espouse his political preferences or position himself as the leader of a faction, preferring to keep the office of the Prince politically neutral. In order to give the country a political government, Cuza created the office of Prime Minister and brought into power the leader of the Conservative faction, Barbu Catargiu.[12]
During the first years after its creation the office held considerable authority, being able to challenge the will of the Prince and together with a Legislative Assembly composed mainly of conservatives and reactionaries, Catargiu's conservative government was able to delay the adoption of several reforms. Frustrated by the government's opposition to reforms, and unable to work with an Assembly dominated by reactionary forces due to the censitary nature of the electoral system, Cuza launched a coup d'etat, followed by a constitutional referendum that replaced the Convention of Paris, an act that served as the constitution of the country, with his own version named the Statute expanding the Paris Convention (Romanian: Statutul dezvoltător al Convenției de la Paris). The new constitution created the Senate for serving Cuza's legislative purposes and vested the office of the Prince with full executive authority, while the Prime Minister remained his subordinate. Even though Cuza now had plenary powers, the office the Prime Minister remained influent, and Mihail Kogălniceanu, the 3rd Prime Minister, a liberal and former ally of Cuza often clashed with him.[13]
After Cuza's removal by coup d'etat in 1866 by a coalition formed by both members of the liberal and conservative factions, the political forces of the time settled on two objectives: bringing a foreign prince from a European noble family on the country's throne and drafting a liberal constitution. The 1866 Constitution confirmed that the Prime Minister served at the pleasure of the Prince, the latter being able to appoint and dismiss the former at any time and for any reason. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister still held considerable influence.[14]
After World War I led to the creation of Greater Romania another constitution was drafted in 1923 to reflect the changes the Romanian state had undergone since the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Trianon. The new constitution limited the powers of the King, vesting the executive power entirely in the Prime Minister and his Cabinet who now governed in the King's name after the latter appointed him.[15] The new constitution also made the first steps towards a parliamentary control of the government, stipulating that either of the chambers may put ministers under accusation to stand trial.[16]
Living former prime ministers[]
There are 16 living former Romanian prime ministers, all of them serving in post-1989 Romania:
- Living former prime ministers of Romania
Petre Roman (age 75)
(1989–1991)
(age at ascension 43)
Theodor Stolojan (age 78)
(1991–1992)
(age at ascension 47)
Nicolae Văcăroiu (age 78)
(1992–1996)
(age at ascension 48)
Victor Ciorbea (age 67)
(1996–1998)
(age at ascension 42)
Mugur Isărescu (age 72)
(1999–2000)
(age at ascension 50)
Adrian Năstase (age 71)
(2000–2004)
(age at ascension 50)
Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (age 69)
(2004–2008)
(age at ascension 52)
Emil Boc (age 55)
(2008–2012)
(age at ascension 42)
Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (age 53)
(2012)
(age at ascension 43)
Victor Ponta (age 49)
(2012–2015)
(age at ascension 39)
Dacian Cioloș (age 52)
(2015–2017)
(age at ascension 46)
Sorin Grindeanu (age 48)
(2017)
(age at ascension 43)
Mihai Tudose (age 54)
(2017–2018)
(age at ascension 50)
Viorica Dăncilă (age 58)
(2018–2019)
(age at ascension 54)
Ludovic Orban (age 58)
(2019–2020)
(age at ascension 56)
Florin Cîțu (age 49)
(2020–2021)
(age at ascension 48)
The most recent death of a former Prime Minister of Romania is that of Radu Vasile (1998–1999) on 3 July 2013 (age 70, age at ascension 55).
Residence[]
The current residence of the Prime Minister is the Victoria Palace.
Initially designed to be headquarters of the Foreign Ministry, Victoria Palace was the headquarters of Foreign Ministry and Council of Ministers during the Communist period and became, in 1990, headquarters of the first government of post-communist Romania.
The palace was declared a historical monument in 2004.
See also[]
- List of Prime Ministers of Romania
- List of Presidents of Romania
References[]
Citations[]
- ^ "Guvernul majorează, din august, prin ordonanţă, salariile demnitarilor. Cât vor câştiga Iohannis şi Ponta". gandul.info. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "CONSTITUŢIA Republicii Socialiste România din 1965 ("1965 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania")" (in Romanian). Chamber of Deputies (Romania). Article 80. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Constitution of Romania". Article 103. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ "Constitution of Romania". Article 82. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Constitution of Romania". Chapter III. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Constitution of Romania". Art. 87. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Constitution of Romania". Chapter IV. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ "Guvernul Boc 2 a căzut, moțiune de cenzură adoptată cu 254 coturi pentru". ZF (in Romanian). 2009.
- ^ "Guvernul MRU demis prin moțiune de cenzură de USL". ZF (in Romanian). 2012.
- ^ "Moțiunea de cenzură a trecut". Digi24 (in Romanian). 2017.
- ^ "Romania government collapses after no-confidence vote". DW. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Isar (2005). Nicolae. Fundația România de mâine. pp. 48–50. ISBN 973-725-240-3.
- ^ Isar (2005). Nicolae. Fundația România de mâine. pp. 57–65. ISBN 973-725-240-3.
- ^ Isar (2005). Nicolae. Fundația România de mâine. p. 83. ISBN 973-725-240-3.
- ^ Scurtu, Ioan. Istoria Românilor Vol. VIII. Editura Enciclopedică. pp. 188–189. ISBN 973-45-0381-2.
- ^ "1923 Constitution". 2 January 2000.
Sources[]
- Nicolae C. Nicolescu, Șefii de stat și de guvern ai României (1859–2003), Editura Meronia, Bucharest, 2003
- Stelian Neagoe, Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi – 1859 până în zilele noastre – 1995, Editura Machiavelli, Bucharest, 1995
- (2005). Istoria modernă a românilor (1848–1878) (II ed.). Bucharest: Fundația României de mâine. ISBN 973-725-240-3.
External links[]
- (in Romanian) Guvernele României
- Government site
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