List of avant-garde artists

Pablo Picasso 1962

Avant-garde (French pronunciation: ​[avɑ̃ ɡaʁd]) is French for "vanguard".^[1] The term is commonly used in French, English, and German to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art and culture.

Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Postmodernism posits that the age of the constant pushing of boundaries is no longer with us and that avant-garde has little to no applicability in the age of Postmodern art.

Avant Garde: Visual artists[]

Henri Matisse, 1933, photo by Carl Van Vechten

Joan Miró 1935, photo by Carl Van Vechten

Constantin Brâncuși, 1922, photo by Edward Steichen

• Pierre Alechinsky (Belgian artist, member of CoBrA)
• Alexander Archipenko (Ukrainian sculptor)
• Magdalena Abakanowicz (Polish sculptor)
• Hans Bellmer (German artist)
• Joseph Beuys (German artist)^[2]
• Francisco Bores (Spanish painter)
• Constantin Brâncuși (Romanian sculptor)^[3]
• Georges Braque (French painter)^[4]
• David Burliuk (Ukrainian painter, illustrator)
• Wladimir Burliuk (illustrator, Jack of Diamonds)
• Giorgio de Chirico (painter)^[5]
• Joseph Csaky (Hungarian-French sculptor)
• Salvador Dalí (Spanish painter)
• Theo van Doesburg (Dutch artist) the founder of De Stijl.^[6][7]
• Jean Dubuffet (French painter)^[8]
• Marcel Duchamp (French artist)^[9]
• Naum Gabo (sculptor)^[10]
• Pablo Gargallo (Spanish sculptor)
• Paul Gauguin(P GO)^[11]
• Alberto Giacometti (sculptor)^[12]
• Albert Gleizes (French painter and theorist)
• Julio González (Spanish sculptor)^[13]
• Natalia Goncharova (Russian painter)
• Arshile Gorky (painter)
• George Grosz (German painter)
• Neil Harbisson (English artist)
• Asger Jorn (Danish artist, member of CoBrA)
• Wassily Kandinsky (Russian artist)^[14]
• Allan Kaprow (painter/happenings)^[15]
• Roger Kemp (Pioneer Australian abstractionist)
• Frederick John Kiesler (designer), (sculptor), (visual artist)
• Willem de Kooning (painter)^[16]
• Yayoi Kusama (Japanese artist and writer)
• Fernand Léger (painter)
• El Lissitzky (Russian artist)^[17]
• Kazimir Malevich (Ukrainian artist)^[18]
• Agnes Martin (painter)^[19]
• Henri Matisse (painter)^[20]
• Jean Metzinger (French painter and theorist)
• Joan Miró (Spanish painter and sculptor)
• Piet Mondrian (Dutch artist)^[21]
• Henry Moore (sculptor)^[22]
• Barnett Newman (painter)^[23]
• Georgia O'Keeffe (American artist)^[24]
• Claes Oldenburg (sculptor)^[25]
• Yoko Ono (Japanese-American sculptor/installation artist/musician)
• Francis Picabia (painter)
• Pablo Picasso (Spanish painter and sculptor)
• Antoine Pevsner (sculptor)
• Jackson Pollock (painter)^[26]
• Robert Rauschenberg (painter)^[27]
• Man Ray (painter and visual artist)
• Ad Reinhardt (painter)^[28]
• Jean-Paul Riopelle (Canadian artist)
• Alexander Rodchenko (Russian artist)
• Olga Rozanova (Russian artist)
• Louis Schanker (American printmaker and sculptor)
• Kurt Schwitters (German artist)
• David Smith (American sculptor)
• Kenneth Snelson (sculptor)
• Frank Stella (painter)^[29]
• Vladimir Tatlin (Russian artist)
• Sergei Tretyakov (Russian artist)
• Remedios Varo (Mexican-Spanish painter)
• Wolf Vostell (German Artist)^[30]
• Andy Warhol (American painter and director)^[31]
• Wols (German painter and photographer)

Avant Garde: Architects[]

Frank Lloyd Wright, 1954, photo: Al Ravenna, New York World-Telegram and Sun

• Steve Baer
• Le Corbusier
• Norman Foster
• Buckminster Fuller
• Antoni Gaudí
• Frank Gehry
• Walter Gropius
• Louis Kahn
• Rem Koolhaas
• I. M. Pei
• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
• Eero Saarinen
• Ettore Sottsass
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• Zaha Hadid

Avant Garde: Jazz, composers, performance artists[]

Igor Stravinsky, 1921

Duke Ellington 1965, on tour, Frankfurt, Germany

Philip Glass, 1993 in Florence

Steve Reich, 2006

• Marina Abramović (Serbian performance artist)
• Vito Acconci (American performance artist)
• Laurie Anderson (American composer)
• George Antheil (American composer)
• Marcel·lí Antúnez Roca (Catalan performance artist)
• Albert Ayler (Free jazz)^[32]
• John Balance (Music Composer, poet)
• The Beatles (English rock lyricists, composers, and singers)^[33][34]
• Luciano Berio (Italian composer)
• Arthur Brown (English rock singer and performer)
• Pierre Boulez (French composer)
• David Bowie (English rock singer and performer)
• Glenn Branca (American guitarist and composer)
• Günter Brus (Austrian performance artist)
• John Zorn (American musician and composer)
• Harold Budd (American composer)
• John Cage (American composer)
• Les Claypool (American musician, singer, bassist, film maker, novelist, composer)
• Ornette Coleman (American jazz musician)
• John Coltrane (American jazz musician)
• Conlon Nancarrow (American composer)
• Tony Conrad (American violinist and composer)
• Ivor Cutler (Scottish avant-musician and poet)
• Miles Davis (American jazz musician)
• Claude Debussy (French composer)^[35]
• Eric Dolphy (American jazz musician)
• Marco Donnarumma (Italian performance artist)
• Duke Ellington (American jazz musician, band leader and composer)
• Don Ellis (American jazz musician, band leader and composer)
• Brian Eno (English musician and composer)
• Valie Export (Austrian performance artist)
• Aphex Twin (British musician and composer)
• Morton Feldman (American composer)
• Brigitte Fontaine (French Singer, novelist, playwright and actress)
• Aaron Funk (Canadian electronic musician)
• Diamanda Galás (American Musician, composer and performance artist)
• Philip Glass (American composer)
• Dave Holland (British jazz musician)
• Charles Ives (American composer)^[36]
• Roland Kirk (American jazz musician)
• Bill Laswell (Avant-Garde musician)
• György Ligeti (Hungarian/Austrian/Romanian composer)
• Witold Lutosławski (Polish composer)
• Béla Bartók (Hungarian composer)
• Lydia Lunch (American singer, poet, writer and actress)
• Angus MacLise (American percussionist)
• Charles Mingus (American jazz musician)
• Thelonious Monk (American jazz musician)
• Max Neuhaus (composer)
• Hermann Nitsch (Austrian performance artist)
• Mike Oldfield (English composer)
• Pauline Oliveros (American composer and accordionist)
• Yoko Ono (Japanese artist and musician)
• Harry Partch (American composer and instrument designer)
• Mike Patton (American musician, singer and composer)
• Krzysztof Penderecki (Polish composer)
• Ástor Piazzolla (Argentine Nuevo Tango pioneer)
• Jarosław Pijarowski (Polish contemporary musician, poet, photographer, creator of fine arts and theatre-music spectacles)
• Sun Ra (Free jazz innovator)
• Steve Reich (American composer)
• Stelarc (Cyprus-born performance artist)
• Terry Riley (American composer)
• Arthur Russell (American musician, singer and composer)
• Pharoah Sanders (American jazz musician)
• Erik Satie (French composer and pianist)
• Pierre Schaeffer (French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician)
• Arnold Schoenberg (Austrian/American composer)
• Archie Shepp (American jazz musician)
• Karlheinz Stockhausen (German composer)
• Igor Stravinsky (Russian composer)^[37]
• David Tudor (American composer)
• Arto Tunçboyacıyan (Armenian vocalist, multiinstrumentalist)
• Edgard Varèse (French composer, later naturalized American citizen)
• David Vorhaus (American electronic composer)
• Igor Wakhevitch (French composer)
• Anton Webern (Second Viennese School)
• Robert Wyatt (English singer and songwriter)
• Iannis Xenakis (Greek composer and architect)
• Kathleen Yearwood (Canadian composer)
• La Monte Young (American composer)
• Frank Zappa (American composer, guitarist and satirist)

Buckethead

• Autopsia (ex-Yugoslavian/Czech post-industrial band)
• Amon Düül II (German krautrock band)
• Arcturus (Norwegian avant-garde band)
• Maya Beiser (experimental cellist)
• Captain Beefheart (experimental rock singer)
• Boredoms (Japanese noise band)
• Björk (Icelandic musician)
• Buckethead (American composer and guitarist)
• Butthole Surfers (American experimental rock band)
• John Cale (Welsh avant-garde musician)
• Can (Avant-garde rock band)
• Coil (British electronic post-industrial band)
• Cluster (German krautrock group)
• Einstürzende Neubauten (German industrial band)
• Brian Eno (English avant-rock/electronic/ambient musician and producer)
• Fantomas (band) (Noise metal band)
• Faust (German krautrock band)
• Pink Floyd (English avant-garde/psychedelic/art rock Band)
• Gong (French-English avant-garde/progressive rock band)
• Half Japanese (American alternative band)
• Hella (band) (American avant-garde/experimental band)
• Henry Cow (British avant-garde/progressive rock band)
• Iwrestledabearonce (American progressive/avant-garde metal band)
• Jonathan Davis and the SFA (American avant-garde band)
• Kayo Dot (American avant-rock/metal band)
• Kraftwerk (German electronic/krautrock group)
• Laibach (Slovenian experimental/avant-garde/industrial music group)
• The Mars Volta (American experimental/fusion rock band)
• The Melvins (American experimental rock)
• Meshuggah (Swedish experimental/progressive metal band)^[38]
• Moondog (American avant-garde artist)
• Neurosis (American sludge/drone/post-metal band)
• The Observatory (Singaporean experimental rock band)
• Ours To Destroy (avant-garde folk rock band)
• Pan.Thy.Monium (Swedish progressive metal band)
• Pere Ubu (American post-punk band)
• Art Bears (British avant-rock band)
• Public Image Ltd (British post-punk band)
• Ram-Zet (Norwegian avant-garde metal band)
• Rasputina (experimental rock band)
• Recoil (band) (British avant-garde/electronic musical project)
• The Residents (American avant-rock band)
• Scars on Broadway (Experimental rock band)
• Scott Walker (American experimental avant-garde pop musician)
• Sigh (Japanese progressive/avant-garde black metal band)
• Sleepytime Gorilla Museum (American avant-garde metal/rock group)
• Soft Machine (English avant-garde/progressive rock band)
• Sonic Youth (American alternative band)
• Sunn O))) (American drone/metal/ambient band)
• Swans (American post-punk/No Wave band)
• Throbbing Gristle (English industrial band)
• Mr. Bungle (American avant garde metal group)
• The Velvet Underground (American art/protopunk band)
• Lou Reed (American alternative/avant-garde/protopunk musician)
• Patti Smith (American protopunk singer)
• Vernian Process (American steampunk/avant-garde band)
• Uz jsme doma (Czech Avant-Garde Band)
• What's He Building in There? (Canadian Avant-garde metal group)
• Waltari (Finnish progressive/avant-garde/alternative metal band)

Avant Garde: authors, playwrights, actors, directors (theater) and poets[]

James Joyce, c. 1918, Photo by C. Ruf, Zurich

Carl Van Vechten, Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1934

• JoAnne Akalaitis (writer/director/ Mabou Mines)
• Guillaume Apollinaire (writer)
• Antonin Artaud (French actor, director and theorist)
• H. C. Artmann (Austrian-born poet and writer)
• Hugo Ball (German writer, dadaist)
• J. G. Ballard (British author)
• Georges Bataille (French writer and essayist)
• Julian Beck (actor/director/ The Living Theater)
• Samuel Beckett (Irish playwright)
• Maurice Blanchot (French writer and essayist)
• Jorge Luis Borges (Argentine short story writer)
• André Breton (French author)
• Hermann Broch (Austrian writer)^[39]
• Christine Brooke-Rose (British writer and literary critic)
• William S. Burroughs (author, poet, essayist)
• Jim Carroll (avant-garde poet)
• Louis-Ferdinand Celine (author)
• Gregory Corso (experimental Beat poet)
• Jayne Cortez (American poet and spoken-word artist)
• E. E. Cummings (poet)
• Jeffrey Daniels (American Poet)
• Guy Debord (French author, and philosopher)
• John Dos Passos (American writer)
• Duncan Fallowell (English writer)
• Benjamin Fondane (Romanian/French poet, critic, existentialist philosopher)
• Richard Foreman (American Director/designer/playwright/compositional theater maker)
• Akasegawa Genpei (Japanese artist and novelist)
• Allen Ginsberg (poet)
• Witold Gombrowicz (writer)
• Eugen Gomringer (the father of concrete poetry)
• Jerzy Grotowski (director)
• Stewart Home (writer)
• Per Højholt (Danish poet)
• Ernst Jandl (Austrian writer, poet, and translator)
• Alfred Jarry (writer)
• James Joyce (writer)
• Franz Kafka (writer)
• Tadeusz Kantor (director)
• Lajos Kassák (1887–1967, Hungarian avant-garde poet and painter)
• Srečko Kosovel (Slovene poet)
• Peter Laugesen (Danish poet)
• Jackson Mac Low, American poet
• Mina Loy (British painter/poet)
• Dimitris Lyacos (writer/playwright/poet)
• Judith Malina (actor/director/ The Living Theater)
• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (founder of Italian futurism)
• Vladimir Mayakovsky (Russian futurist writer and poet)
• Vsevolod Meyerhold (director)
• Henry Miller (author)
• Ion Minulescu (Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic, playwright)
• Yukio Mishima (writer, playwright, poet)
• Vladimir Nabokov (Russian author)
• Anaïs Nin (French diarist, author, poet)
• Ezra Pound (American poet)
• Alain Robbe-Grillet (French author, playwright, filmmaker)
• Raymond Roussel (writer)
• Bruno Schulz (writer)
• Gertrude Stein (author, essayist)
• Ellen Stewart (theater director/ La MaMa)
• Jean Tardieu (artist, playwright, poet)
• Tristan Tzara (Romanian poet)
• Urmuz (Romanian writer)
• Ilarie Voronca (Romanian poet, essayist)
• William Carlos Williams (American poet)
• Miroslav Wanek (Czech composer, poet, singer)
• Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (writer)
• Robert Wilson (director)
• Virginia Woolf (English author)

Avant garde: photographers, filmmakers, video artists, directors[]

Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Paris, on June 16, 1934 making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten

Lithuanian artist Jonas Mekas, regarded as godfather of American avant-garde cinema

• John Abraham (Indian Movie Director)
• Kenneth Anger (American filmmaker)
• Diane Arbus (American photographer)
• Berenice Abbott (American photographer)
• Matthew Barney (American performance artist, filmmaker, photographer)
• Jordan Belson (American filmmaker)
• Patrick Bokanowski (French filmmaker)
• Stan Brakhage (American filmmaker)
• Luis Buñuel (Spanish filmmaker)
• John Cassavetes (American filmmaker)
• Věra Chytilová (Czech filmmaker)
• Jean Cocteau (French poet, artist, filmmaker)
• Bruce Connor (American filmmaker, sculptor, and painter)
• Tony Conrad (American video artist, experimental filmmaker)
• Maya Deren (American filmmaker)
• Nathaniel Dorsky (American filmmaker)
• Germaine Dulac (French filmmaker)
• Harun Farocki (German filmmaker)
• Rainer Werner Fassbinder (German filmmaker)
• David Gatten (American filmmaker)
• Ernie Gehr (American filmmaker)
• Jean-Luc Godard (French filmmaker)
• Philippe Grandrieux (French filmmaker)
• Peter Hutton (American filmmaker)
• Ken Jacobs (American filmmaker)
• Alejandro Jodorowsky (Chilean director)
• Mary Jordan (American filmmaker, performance artist, activist)
• Jaromil Jireš (Czechoslovak filmmaker)
• Harmony Korine (American filmmaker)
• Kurt Kren (Austrian filmmaker)
• Stanley Kubrick (American filmmaker)
• Jørgen Leth (Danish filmmaker)
• David Lynch (American filmmaker)
• Robert Mapplethorpe (American photographer)
• Jonas Mekas (Lithuanian-American filmmaker)
• Otto Muehl (Austrian filmmaker)
• Dudley Murphy (Experimental filmmaker)
• Ryūtarō Nakamura (Japanese director and animator)
• Nikos Nikolaidis (Greek filmmaker)
• Mamoru Oshii (Japanese filmmaker)
• Pier Paolo Pasolini (Italian filmmaker, poet and writer)
• Simone Rapisarda Casanova (Italian filmmaker)
• Man Ray (American/French, photographer and filmmaker)
• Alain Resnais (French filmmaker)
• Jacques Rivette (French filmmaker)
• Jean Rouch (Ethnographic filmmaker)
• Rudolf Schwarzkogler (Austrian filmmaker)
• Jack Smith (American filmmaker)
• Michael Snow (Canadian artist, filmmaker)
• Sion Sono (Japanese filmmaker, dramatist and poet)
• Straub-Huillet (French filmmakers)
• Phil Solomon (American filmmaker)
• Léopold Survage (French artist of Russian-Danish-Finnish descent)
• Shūji Terayama (Japanese dramatist, filmmaker, poet and writer)
• Lars von Trier (Danish filmmaker)
• Andy Warhol (American artist)
• Peter Weibel (Austrian filmmaker)
• Joel-Peter Witkin (American photographer)
• Fred Worden (American filmmaker)
• Kansuke Yamamoto (Japanese photographer and poet)
• Thierry Zéno (Belgian filmmaker)

Avant garde: Dancers and choreographers[]

Isadora Duncan performing barefoot. Photo by Arnold Genthe ca. 1915-1918

Martha Graham, Photo by Yousuf Karsh, 1948

• Pina Bausch (German dancer, choreographer)
• Trisha Brown (American dancer, choreographer)
• Lucinda Childs (American dancer, choreographer)
• Merce Cunningham (American dancer, choreographer)
• Isadora Duncan (pioneer of modern dance)
• Loie Fuller (pioneer of modern dance)
• Martha Graham (American dancer, choreographer)
• Sally Gross (American dancer, choreographer)
• Deborah Hay (American dancer, choreographer)
• Anna Halprin (American dancer, choreographer)
• Erick Hawkins (American dancer, choreographer)
• Hanya Holm (pioneer of modern dance)
• Doris Humphrey (pioneer of modern dance)
• Léonide Massine (pioneer of modern dance)
• Vaslav Nijinsky (pioneer of modern dance)
• Alwin Nikolais (American dancer, choreographer)
• Yvonne Rainer (American dancer, choreographer)
• Ruth St. Denis (pioneer of modern dance)
• Ted Shawn (pioneer of modern dance)
• Anna Sokolow (American dancer, choreographer)
• Helen Tamiris (pioneer of modern dance)
• Twyla Tharp (American choreographer, dancer)
• Charles Weidman (pioneer of modern dance)
• Mary Wigman (German dancer, choreographer)

Other[]

• Yuri Landman (Experimental instrument builder)

See also[]

• Russian avant-garde
• Bohemianism
• Intelligentsia
• Experimental film
• Experimental music
• Experimental theatre
• Experimental literature
• Modernism

Sources[]

• Cage, John. 1961. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. Unaltered reprints: Weslyan University press, 1966 (pbk), 1967 (cloth), 1973 (pbk ["First Wesleyan paperback edition"], 1975 (unknown binding); Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971; London: Calder & Boyars, 1968, 1971, 1973 ISBN 0-7145-0526-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk). London: Marion Boyars, 1986, 1999 ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk); [n.p.]: Reprint Services Corporation, 1988 (cloth) ISBN 99911-780-1-5 [In particular the essays "Experimental Music", pp. 7–12, and "Experimental Music: Doctrine", pp. 13–17.]
• Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
• Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187-204.
• Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5
• Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music." In Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45429-8
• Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-871200-5. Second edition, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65297-9
• A. L. Rees, A History of Experimental Film and Video (BFI, 1999).
• Malcolm Le Grice, Abstract Film and Beyond (MIT, 1977).
• Scott MacDonald, A Critical Cinema, Volumes 1, 2 and 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, 1992 and 1998).
• Scott MacDonald, Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
• James Peterson, Dreams of Chaos, Visions of Order: Understanding the American Avant-Garde Cinema (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994).
• Jack Sargeant, Naked Lens: Beat Cinema (Creation, 1997).
• P. Adams Sitney, Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
• Michael O’Pray, Avant-Garde Film: Forms, Themes and Passions (London: Wallflower Press, 2003).
• David Curtis (ed.), A Directory of British Film and Video Artists (Arts Council, 1999).
• David Curtis, Experimental Cinema - A Fifty Year Evolution. (London. Studio Vista. 1971)
• Wheeler Winston Dixon, The Exploding Eye: A Re-Visionary History of 1960s American Experimental Cinema. (Albany, NY. State University of New York Press, 1997)
• Wheeler Winston Dixon and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (eds.) Experimental Cinema - The Film Reader, (London: Routledge, 2002)
• Stan Brakhage. Film at Wit's End - Essays on American Independent Filmmakers. (Edinburgh, Polygon. 1989)
• Stan Brakhage. Essential Brakhage - Selected Writings on Filmmaking. (New York, McPherson. 2001)
• Parker Tyler, Underground Film: A Critical History. (New York: Grove Press, 1969)
• Saunders, Frances Stonor, The cultural cold war: the CIA and the world of arts and letters (New York: New Press: Distributed by W.W. Norton & Co., 2000) ISBN 1-56584-596-X
• O'Connor, Francis V. Jackson Pollock [exhibition catalogue] (New York, Museum of Modern Art, [1967]) OCLC 165852
• The Philosophy and Politics of Abstract Expressionism 1940-1960 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000 ISBN 0-521-65154-9
• Tapié, Michel. Hans Hofmann: peintures 1962 : 23 avril-18 mai 1963. (Paris: Galerie Anderson-Mayer, 1963.) [exhibition catalogue and commentary] OCLC: 62515192
• Tapié, Michel. Pollock (Paris, P. Facchetti, 1952) OCLC: 30601793
• Jeffrey Wechsler (2007). Pathways and Parallels: Roads to Abstract Expressionism. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries. ISBN 0-9759954-9-9.
• Graham, Martha (1991). Blood Memory: An autobiography. NYC: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-26503-4.
• Freedman, Russell (1998). Martha Graham: A Dancer's Life. NYC: Clarion Books. ISBN 0-395-74655-8.
• Horosko, Marian (2002). Martha Graham: The Evolution of Her Dance Theory and Training. Gainesville, FL: Univ. Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2473-0.
• Morgan, Barbara (1980). Martha Graham: Sixteen Dances in Photographs. Morgan & Morgan. ISBN 0-87100-176-4.
• Tracy, Robert (1997). Goddess - Martha Graham's Dancers Remember. Pompton Plains, NJ: Limelight Editions. ISBN 0-87910-086-9.
• Bird, Dorothy; Greenberg, Joyce (2002). Bird's Eye View: Dancing With Martha Graham and on Broadway (reprint ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5791-4.

References[]

External links[]

• Why did Soviet Photographic Avant-garde decline?
• Definition at Tate Gallery site