List of birds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: List of birds by common name, Lists of birds by region, and List of bird genera
Penguins
Ostriches

This article lists living orders and families of birds. The links below should then lead to family accounts and hence to individual species.

The passerines (perching birds) alone account for well over 5,000 species. In total there are about 10,000 species of birds described worldwide, though one estimate of the real number places it at almost twice that.[1]

Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of DNA analysis, so comments are made where appropriate, and all numbers are approximate. In particular see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy for a very different classification.

Phylogeny[]

Cladogram of modern bird relationships based on Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014)[2] with some clade names after Yuri, T. et al. (2013).[3]

Aves
Palaeognathae
Struthionimorphae

Struthioniformes (ostriches)[4]

 
Notopalaeognathae
 
Rheimorphae

Rheiformes (rheas)

 
Novaeratitae
 

Casuariiformes (cassowaries & emus)

 
 
 

Apterygiformes (kiwi)

 
 

†Aepyornithiformes (elephant birds)

 
 
 
 
Tinamimorphae
 

†Dinornithiformes (moas)

 
 
 

†Lithornithiformes (false tinamous)

 
 

Tinamiformes (tinamous)

 
 
 
 
 
Neognathae
Galloanserae
Gallomorphae

Galliformes (landfowl)

 
Odontoanserae
 

†Odontopterygiformes

 
Anserimorphae
 
 

†Vegaviiformes[5]

 
 

†Gastornithiformes

 
 
 

Anseriformes (waterfowl)

 
 
 
 
Neoaves
Columbea
Mirandornithes
 

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingoes)

 
 

Podicipediformes (grebes)

 
 
Columbimorphae
 
 

Mesitornithiformes (mesites)

 
 

Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)

 
 
 

Columbiformes (pigeons)

 
 
 
Passerea
Otidae
Otidimorphae
 

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)

 
 
 

Otidiformes (bustards)

 
 

Musophagiformes (turacos)

 
 
 
Cypselomorphae
 

Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)

 
 
 

Nyctibiiformes (oilbirds & potoos)

 
 
 

Podargiformes (frogmouths)

 
 
 

Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)

 
 

Apodiformes (hummingbirds & swifts)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gruae
 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
Cursorimorphae
 

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)

 
 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 
 
 
Ardeae
Phaethontimorphae
 

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu)

 
 

Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)

 
 
Aequornithes
 

Gaviiformes (loons)

 
 
Austrodyptornithes
 

Procellariiformes (albatross and petrels)

 
 

Sphenisciformes (penguins)

 
 
 
 

Ciconiiformes (storks)

 
 
 

Suliformes (boobies, cormorants, etc.)

 
 

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons & egrets)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Telluraves
Afroaves
Accipitrimorphae
 

Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures)

 
 

Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, etc.)

 
 
 
 

Strigiformes (owls)

 
Coraciimorphae
 

Coliiformes (mousebirds)

 
 
 

Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)

 
 
 

Trogoniformes (trogons)

 
 
 

Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes)

 
 
 

Coraciiformes (kingfishers etc.)

 
 

Piciformes (woodpeckers etc.)

 
 
 
 
Australaves
 

Cariamiformes (seriemas)

 
Eufalconimorphae
 

Falconiformes (falcons)

 
Psittacopasserae
 

Psittaciformes (parrots)

 
 

Passeriformes (songbirds and kin)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Paleognathae[]

The Paleognathae, or "old jaws", are one of the two superorders recognized within the taxonomic class Aves and consist of the ratites and tinamous. The ratites are mostly large and long-legged, flightless birds, lacking a keeled sternum. Traditionally, all the ratites were place in the order Struthioniformes. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the tinamous, so the ostriches are classified as the only members of the order Struthioniformes and other rattites placed in other orders.[6][7]

Struthioniformes[]

Greater rhea pair
Eudromia elegans
Casuarius casuarius

Africa; 2 species

Notopalaeognathae[]

Rheiformes[]

South America; 2 species

  • †Opisthodactylidae
  • Rheidae: rheas

Casuariiformes[]

Australasia; 4 species

Apterygiformes[]

Australasia; 5 species

  • Apterygidae: kiwis

Aepyornithiformes[]

Madagascar

  • †Aepyornithidae: elephant birds

Dinornithiformes[]

New Zealand

  • †Megalapteryidae: upland moas
  • †Dinornithidae: great moas
  • †Emeidae: lesser moas

Tinamiformes[]

South America; 45 species

  • Tinamidae: tinamous

Neognathae[]

Nearly all living birds belong to the superorder Neognathae or "new jaws". With their keeled sternum (breastbone), unlike the ratites, they are known as carinatae.

Galloanserae[]

Galliformes[]

Australian brush turkey

Worldwide; 250 species

Gastornithiformes[]

Anseriformes[]

Worldwide; 150 species

  • Anhimidae: screamers
  • Anseranatidae: magpie-goose
  • Anatidae: ducks, geese, and swans

Mirandornithes[]

Podicipediformes[]

Worldwide; 19 species

  • Podicipedidae: grebes

Phoenicopteriformes[]

Worldwide; 6 species

  • †Palaelodidae: swimming flamingos
  • Phoenicopteridae: flamingos

Columbimorphae[]

Columbiformes[]

Worldwide; 300 species

  • Columbidae: pigeons and doves

Pterocliformes[]

Africa, Europe, Asia; 16 species

  • Pteroclidae: sandgrouse

Mesitornithiformes[]

Madagascar; 3 species

  • Mesitornithidae: mesites

Cypselomorphae[]

Caprimulgiformes[]

Worldwide; 500 species

Tawny frogmouth
  • Caprimulgidae: nightjars
  • Steatornithidae: oilbird
  • Nyctibiidae: potoos
  • Podargidae: frogmouths
  • Daedalornithes
    • Aegothelidae: owlet-nightjars
    • Hemiprocnidae: treeswifts
    • Apodidae: swifts
    • Trochilidae: hummingbirds

Otidimorphae[]

Cuculiformes[]

Worldwide; 126 species

  • Cuculidae: cuckoos and relatives

Musophagiformes[]

Africa; 23 species

  • Musophagidae: turacos and relatives

Otidiformes[]

Africa and Eurasia; 27 species

  • Otididae: bustards

Gruae[]

Opisthocomiformes[]

South America; 1 species

  • Opisthocomidae: hoatzin

Gruiformes[]

Worldwide; 164 species

  • Grui: cranes and allies
    • Gruidae: cranes
    • Aramidae: limpkin
    • Psophiidae: trumpeters
  • Ralli: rails and allies

Charadriiformes[]

Worldwide; 350 species

  • Charadrii
    • Chionida: thick-knees and allies
      • Burhinidae: thick-knees and relatives
      • Chionididae: sheathbills
      • Pluvianellidae: Magellanic plover
    • Charadriida: plover-like waders
  • Scolopaci
    • Jacanida: jacana-like waders
      • Greater painted-snipe
        Rostratulidae: painted snipes
      • Egyptian plover
        Pluvianidae: Egyptian plover
      • Jacanidae: jacanas
      • Thinocoridae: seedsnipes
      • Plains-wanderer
        Pedionomidae: plains-wanderer
      • Scolopacidae: sandpipers and relatives
  • Lari
    • Turnicida
      • Turnicidae: buttonquail
    • Larida: gulls and allies
      • Glareolidae: coursers and pratincoles
      • Dromadidae: crab-plover
      • Stercorariidae: skuas and jaegers
      • Alcidae: auks and puffins
      • Laridae: gulls, skimmers and terns

Phaethontimorphae[]

Eurypygiformes[]

Neotropics and New Caledonia; 2 species

  • Rhynochetidae: kagu
  • Sunbittern
    Eurypygidae: sunbittern

Phaethontiformes[]

Oceanic; 3 species

Aequornithes[]

Gaviiformes[]

North America, Eurasia; 5 species

  • Gaviidae: loons

Sphenisciformes[]

Antarctic and southern waters; 17 species

  • Spheniscidae: penguins

Procellariiformes[]

Pan-oceanic; 120 species

  • Diomedeidae: albatrosses
  • Oceanitidae: austral storm petrels
  • Hydrobatidae: northern storm petrels
  • Procellariidae: petrels and relatives

Ciconiiformes[]

Worldwide; 19 species

White stork
  • Ciconiidae: storks

Suliformes[]

Worldwide; 59 species

  • Fregatae
    • Fregatidae: frigatebirds
  • Sulae
    • Sulidae: boobies and gannets
    • Anhingidae: darters
    • Phalacrocoracidae: cormorants and shags

Pelecaniformes[]

Hamerkop

Worldwide; 108 species

Afroaves[]

Accipitriformes[]

Osprey

Worldwide; 200 species

  • Cathartae
    • Cathartidae: New World vultures
  • Accipitres
    • Sagittariidae: secretarybird
    • Pandionidae: osprey
    • Accipitridae: hawks, eagles, buzzards, harriers, kites and Old World vultures

Strigiformes[]

Worldwide; 130 species

  • Tytonidae: barn owls
  • Strigidae: true owls

Coliiformes[]

Blue-naped mousebird

Sub-Saharan Africa; 6 species

  • Coliidae: mousebirds

Leptosomiformes[]

Madagascar; 1 species

  • Leptosomidae: cuckoo-roller

Trogoniformes[]

Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas, Asia; 35 species

  • Trogonidae: trogons and quetzals

Bucerotiformes[]

Old World, New Guinea; 64 species

  • Buceroidea
    • Bucerotidae: hornbills
  • Upupoidea
    • Upupidae: hoopoe
    • Phoeniculidae: woodhoopoes

Coraciiformes[]

Worldwide; 144 species

  • Meropi
    • Meropidae: bee-eaters
  • Coracii
    • Coraciidae: rollers
    • Brachypteraciidae: ground rollers
  • Coracii
    • Todidae: todies
    • Momotidae: motmots
    • Alcedinidae: kingfishers
Kingfisher

Piciformes[]

Worldwide except Australasia; 400 species

  • Galbuli
    • Galbulidae: jacamars
    • Bucconidae: puffbirds
  • Pici
    • Lybiidae: African barbets
    • Megalaimidae: Asian barbets
    • Ramphastidae: toucans
    • Semnornithidae: toucan barbets
    • Capitonidae: American barbets
    • Picidae: woodpeckers
    • Indicatoridae: honeyguides

Australaves[]

Cariamiformes[]

South America; 2 species

  • Cariamidae: seriemas

Falconiformes[]

Worldwide; 60 species

Psittaciformes[]

Pan-tropical, southern temperate zones; 330 species

  • Strigopoidea
    • Strigopidae: kakapo, kea and kakas
  • Cacatuoidea
    • Cacatuidae: cockatoos and cockatiels
  • Psittacoidea
    • Psittacidae: African and American parrots
    • Psittaculidae: Australasian parrots, Pesquet's parrot, vasa parrots

Passeriformes[]

Rock wren
Eurylaimus javanicus
Pitta cyanea
Pachyramphus castaneus
Lyrebird

Worldwide; 5,000 species

  • Acanthisitti
    • Acanthisittidae: New Zealand wrens
  • Tyranni: suboscines
    • Eurylaimides: Old World suboscines
    • Tyrannides: New World suboscines
      • Tyrannida: bronchophones
        • Pipridae: manakins
        • Cotingidae: cotingas
        • Oxyruncidae: sharpbills
        • Onychorhynchidae: royal flycatchers and allies
        • Tityridae: becards and tityras
        • Pipritidae: pipriteses
        • Platyrinchidae: spadebills
        • Tachurididae: many-colored rush tyrants
        • Rhynchocyclidae: mionectine flycatchers
        • Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers
      • Furnariida: tracheophones
  • Passeri: oscines
      • Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds
      • Menuridae: lyrebirds
      • Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds
      • Climacteridae: Australasian treecreepers
      • Maluridae: Australasian wrens
      • Dasyornithidae: bristlebirds
      • Pardalotidae: gerygones and allies (Acanthizidae)
      • Meliphagidae: honeyeaters and relatives
    • Corvides
      • Cinclosomatoidea
      • Campephagoidea
        • Campephagidae: cuckoo-shrikes
      • Mohouoidea
        • Mohouidae: whitehead and allies
      • Neosittoidea
        • Neosittidae: sittellas
      • Orioloidea
        • Eulacestomidae: wattled ploughbills
        • Psophodidae: whipbirds and quail-thrushes
        • Oreoicidae: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
        • Falcunculidae: crested shriketits
        • Paramythiidae: painted berrypeckers
        • : shrike-babblers
        • Vireonidae: vireos and relatives
        • Pachycephalidae: whistlers and relatives (Colluricinclidae)
        • Oriolidae: Old World orioles
      • Malaconotoidea
        • Machaerirhynchidae: boatbills
        • Artamidae: woodswallows and butcherbirds
        • Rhagologidae: mottled berryhunter
        • Aegithinidae: ioras
        • Pityriaseidae: bristlehead
        • Malaconotidae: bushshrikes and relatives
        • Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes and batises
        • Vangidae: vangas (Tephrodornithidae; Prionopidae)
      • Corvoidea
        • Rhipiduridae: fantails
        • Lamproliidae: silktail, drongo fantail
        • Dicruridae: drongos
        • Ifritidae: blue-capped ifrits
        • Melampittidae: melampittas
        • Corcoracidae: Australian mudnesters
        • Paradisaeidae: birds-of-paradise
        • Monarchidae: monarch flycatchers
        • Laniidae: shrikes
        • Corvidae: jays and crows
    • Passerides
        • Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers
        • Cnemophilidae: satinbirds
        • Petroicidae: Australasian robins
        • Notiomystidae: stitchbird
        • Callaeidae: wattlebirds
        • Picathartidae: rockfowl
        • Chaetopidae: rock-jumpers
        • Eupetidae: rail-babbler
        • Paroidea
        • Alaudoidea
          • Nicatoridae: nicators
          • Panuridae: bearded reedling
          • Alaudidae: larks
        • Macrosphenidae: African warblers
        • Locustelloidea
        • Hirundinidae: swallows and martins
        • Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
        • Aegithaloidea
        • Sylvioidea
          • Sylviidae: true warblers
          • Paradoxornithidae: parrotbills, fulvettas
          • Zosteropidae: white-eyes
          • Timaliidae: babblers and relatives
          • Pellorneidae: fulvettas, ground babblers
          • Leiothrichidae: laughing thrushes
      • Muscicapida
        • Reguloidea
          • Regulidae: kinglets
        • Bombycilloidea
          • Elachuridae: spotted wren-babblers
          • †Mohoidae: Hawaiian honeyeaters
          • Ptiliogonatidae: silky-flycatchers
          • Bombycillidae: waxwings
          • Dulidae: palmchat
          • Hypocoliidae: hypocolius
        • Certhioidea
          • Tichodromidae: wallcreeper
          • Sittidae: nuthatches
          • Certhiidae: treecreepers
          • Troglodytidae: wrens
          • Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers
        • Muscicapoidea
          • Cinclidae: dippers
          • Turdidae: thrushes and relatives
          • Muscicapidae: flycatchers and relatives
          • Buphagidae: oxpeckers
          • Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers
          • Sturnidae: starlings and mynas (Rhabdornithidae)
      • Passerida
        • Promeropidae: sugarbirds
        • Arcanatoridae: dapplethroat and allies
        • Dicaeidae: flowerpeckers
        • Nectariniidae: sunbirds
        • Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds
        • Chloropseidae: leafbirds
        • Peucedramidae: olive warbler
        • Prunellidae: accentors
        • Ploceoidea
          • Urocynchramidae: pink-tailed bunting
          • Ploceidae: weavers and relatives
          • Viduidae: whydahs and indigobirds
          • Estrildidae: weaver finches
        • Passerid clade
          • Passeridae: Old World sparrows
          • Motacillidae: wagtails and pipits
          • Fringillidae: finches and relatives
          • Calcariidae: longspurs, snow buntings
          • Rhodinocichlidae: rosy thrush-tanagers
          • Emberizidae: Old World buntings and New World sparrows
          • Passerellidae: American sparrows
          • Phaenicophilidae: palm-tanager and allies
          • Icteridae: New World blackbirds and New World orioles
          • Teretistridae: Cuban warblers
          • Parulidae: wood warblers
          • Mitrospingidae
          • Cardinalidae: cardinals, grosbeaks, and New World buntings
          • Thraupidae: tanagers and relatives (Coerebidae)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Barrowclough, GF; Cracraft, J; Klicka, J; Zink, RM (2016). "How Many Kinds of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter?". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166307. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166307. PMC 5120813. PMID 27880775.
  2. ^ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  3. ^ Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
  4. ^ Boyd, John (2007). "NEORNITHES: 46 Orders" (PDF). John Boyd's website. Retrieved 30 December 2017.[unreliable source?]
  5. ^ Worthy, T.H.; Degrange, F.J.; Handley, W.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. (2017). "The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (10): 170975. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470975W. doi:10.1098/rsos.170975. PMC 5666277. PMID 29134094.
  6. ^ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
  7. ^ Yuri, T (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–44. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
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