List of birds of Nova Scotia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The osprey is the provincial bird of Nova Scotia.

This is a list of bird species confirmed in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Unless otherwise noted, the list is that of the Nova Scotia Bird Society (NSBS) as of March 2014.[1][2] The Society's field checklist contains 308 species, some of which are seen regularly but only in small numbers. To that list are added an additional 169 uncommon species from the full NSBS list. Of the resulting 477 species presented here, 232 are accidental and seven were introduced to North America. Birds that are considered probable escapees or to have been released, although they may have been sighted flying free, are not included.

This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[3] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

  • (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Nova Scotia
  • (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Nova Scotia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl[]

Order: Anseriformes   Family: Anatidae

Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.

  • Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis (A)
  • Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
  • Snow goose, Anser caerulescens
  • Ross's goose, Anser rossii (A)
  • Greylag goose, Anser anser (A)
  • Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (A)
  • Tundra bean-goose, Anser serrirostris (A)
  • Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (A)
  • Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii (A)
  • Canada goose, Branta canadensis
  • Brant, Branta bernicla
  • Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (A)
  • Mute swan, Cygnus olor (I) (A)
  • Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (A)
  • Wood duck, Aix sponsa
  • Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A)
  • Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors
  • Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera (A)
  • Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
  • Gadwall, Mareca strepera
  • Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
  • American wigeon, Mareca americana
  • Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
  • American black duck, Anas rubripes
  • Northern pintail, Anas acuta
  • Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
  • Canvasback, Aythya valisineria (A)
  • Redhead, Aythya americana
  • Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
  • Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A)
  • Greater scaup, Aythya marila
  • Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
  • King eider, Somateria spectabilis (A)
  • Common eider, Somateria mollissima
  • Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus
  • Labrador duck, Camptorhynchus labradorius (Extinct)
  • Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata
  • White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
  • Black scoter, Melanitta americana
  • Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis
  • Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
  • Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
  • Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica
  • Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
  • Common merganser, Mergus merganser
  • Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
  • Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (A)

Pheasants, grouse, and allies[]

Order: Galliformes   Family: Phasianidae

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.

  • Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus
  • Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (A)
  • Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus mutus (A)
  • Spruce grouse, Canachites canadensis
  • Grey partridge, Perdix perdix (I) (A)
  • Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I)

Flamingos[]

Order: Phoenicopteriformes   Family: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

  • American flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (A)

Grebes[]

Order: Podicipediformes   Family: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

  • Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
  • Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus
  • Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena
  • Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (A)
  • Western grebe, Aechmorphorus occidentalis (A)

Pigeons and doves[]

Order: Columbiformes   Family: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They feed on seeds, fruit and plants. Unlike most other birds, the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk," which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.

  • Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
  • Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata (A)
  • Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I)
  • Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius (Extinct)
  • Common ground dove, Columbina passerina (A)
  • White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica (A)
  • Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura

Cuckoos[]

Order: Cuculiformes   Family: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.

Nightjars and allies[]

Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.

Swifts[]

Order: Apodiformes   Family: Apodidae

The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

  • Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica

Hummingbirds[]

Order: Apodiformes   Family: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.

Rails, gallinules, and coots[]

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Limpkin[]

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Aramidae

The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to the cranes. It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean, South America, and southern Florida.

  • Limpkin, Aramus guarauna (A)

Cranes[]

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Gruidae

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".

  • Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (A)

Stilts and avocets[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

  • Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus (A)
  • American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (A)

Oystercatchers[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

Plovers and lapwings[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

  • Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (A)
  • Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
  • European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria (A)
  • American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
  • Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
  • Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A)
  • Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
  • Piping plover, Charadrius melodus
  • Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia (A)
  • Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A)

Sandpipers and allies[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Skuas and jaegers[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Stercorariidae

Skuas and Jaegers are in general medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.

Auks, murres, and puffins[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Alcidae

Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.

  • Dovekie, Alle alle
  • Common murre, Uria aalge
  • Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia
  • Razorbill, Alca torda
  • Great auk, Pinguinus impennis (Extinct)
  • Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle
  • Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica

Gulls, terns, and skimmers[]

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.

  • Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla
  • Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (A)
  • Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A)
  • Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
  • Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
  • Little gull, Hydrocoleus minutus (A)
  • Ross's gull, Rhodostethia rosea (A)
  • Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A)
  • Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)
  • Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A)
  • Common gull/short-billed gull, Larus canus/Larus brachyrhynchus (A)[note 1]
  • Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
  • California gull, Larus californicus (A)
  • Herring gull, Larus argentatus
  • Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides
  • Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
  • Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus (A)
  • Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus
  • Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus
  • Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
  • Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A)
  • Least tern, Sternula antillarum (A)
  • Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica (A)
  • Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
  • Black tern, Chlidonias niger (A)
  • Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii
  • Common tern, Sterna hirundo
  • Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea
  • Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri (A)
  • Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus (A)
  • Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (A)
  • Black skimmer, Rynchops niger (A)

Tropicbirds[]

Order: Phaethontiformes   Family: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.

  • White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
  • Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (A)

Loons[]

Order: Gaviiformes   Family: Gaviidae

Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.

  • Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata
  • Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)
  • Common loon, Gavia immer

Albatrosses[]

Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Diomedeidae

The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.

Southern storm-petrels[]

Wilson's storm-petrel

Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Oceanitidae

The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.

Northern storm-petrels[]

Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.

  • European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A)
  • Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous
  • Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hydrobates castro (A)

Shearwaters and petrels[]

Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Frigatebirds[]

Order: Suliformes   Family: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

  • Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens (A)

Boobies and gannets[]

Order: Suliformes   Family: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

  • Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A)
  • Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
  • Northern gannet, Morus bassanus

Cormorants and shags[]

Order: Suliformes   Family: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.

  • Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
  • Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum

Pelicans[]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.

  • American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (A)
  • Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis (A)

Herons, egrets, and bitterns[]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.

  • American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus
  • Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis (A)
  • Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
  • Great egret, Ardea alba
  • Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A)
  • Western reef-heron, Egretta gularis (A)
  • Snowy egret, Egretta thula
  • Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
  • Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor (A)
  • Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A)
  • Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A)
  • Green heron, Butorides virescens (A)
  • Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
  • Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea (A)

Ibises and spoonbills[]

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Threskiornithidae

The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.

  • White ibis, Eudocimus albus (A)
  • Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)

New World vultures[]

Order: Cathartiformes   Family: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.

  • Black vulture, Coragyps atratus (A)
  • Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura

Osprey[]

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Pandionidae

Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.

  • Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

Hawks, eagles, and kites[]

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.

  • Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus (A)
  • Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (A)
  • Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius
  • Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
  • Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii (A)
  • Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis
  • Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
  • Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis (A)
  • Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (A)
  • Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
  • Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni (A)
  • Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus (A)
  • Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
  • Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus

Barn-owls[]

Order: Strigiformes   Family: Tytonidae

Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces.

  • Barn owl, Tyto alba (A)

Owls[]

Order: Strigiformes   Family: Strigidae

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

  • Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio (A)
  • Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
  • Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus
  • Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula (A)
  • Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
  • Barred owl, Strix varia
  • Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (A)
  • Long-eared owl, Asio otus (A)
  • Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
  • Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus (A)
  • Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus

Kingfishers[]

Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

  • Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon

Woodpeckers[]

Order: Piciformes   Family: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

  • Lewis's woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis (A)
  • Red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (A)
  • Red-bellied woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus
  • Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
  • American three-toed woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis (A)
  • Black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus
  • Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens
  • Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus
  • Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
  • Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus

Falcons and caracaras[]

Order: Falconiformes   Family: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

  • Crested caracara, Caracara plancus (A)
  • Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (C)
  • American kestrel, Falco sparverius
  • Merlin, Falco columbarius
  • Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus
  • Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

Tyrant flycatchers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.

Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.

Shrikes[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.

  • Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A)
  • Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus (A)
  • Northern shrike, Lanius borealis

Crows, jays, and magpies[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

  • Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis
  • Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
  • Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (A)
  • Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula (A)
  • American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
  • Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus (A)
  • Common raven, Corvus corax

Tits, chickadees, and titmice[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Paridae

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Larks[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

  • Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris

Swallows[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

  • Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
  • Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
  • Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
  • Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis (A)
  • Purple martin, Progne subis (A)
  • Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
  • Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
  • Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)

Kinglets[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Regulidae

The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.

Waxwings[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Bombycillidae

The waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.

  • Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus
  • Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum

Nuthatches[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.

  • Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis
  • White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis

Treecreepers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.

Gnatcatchers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.

  • Blue-grey gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea (A)

Wrens[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Troglodytidae

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.

  • Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus (A)
  • House wren, Troglodytes aedon (A)
  • Winter wren, Troglodytes hiemalis
  • Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis (A)
  • Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris (A)
  • Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus (A)
  • Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii (A)

Mockingbirds and thrashers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.

  • Grey catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
  • Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (A)
  • Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos

Starlings[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sturnidae

Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.

  • European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)

Thrushes and allies[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

  • Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
  • Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A)
  • Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (A)
  • Veery, Catharus fuscescens
  • Grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus (A)
  • Bicknell's thrush, Catharus bicknelli (A)
  • Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
  • Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus
  • Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina (A)
  • Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris (A)
  • Redwing, Turdus iliacus (A)
  • American robin, Turdus migratorius
  • Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (A)

Old World flycatchers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Muscicapidae

The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.

  • Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe (A)

Old World sparrows[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passeridae

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

  • House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)

Wagtails and pipits[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.

  • American pipit, Anthus rubescens

Finches, euphonias, and allies[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

  • Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (A)
  • Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla (A)
  • Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus
  • Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator
  • House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (Native to the southwestern U.S.; introduced in the east)
  • Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus
  • Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea
  • Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (A)
  • Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
  • White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera
  • Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
  • American goldfinch, Spinus tristis

Longspurs and snow buntings[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Calcariidae

The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.

New World sparrows[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passerellidae

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.

Yellow-breasted chat[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteriidae

This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.

  • Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens

Troupials and allies[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteridae

The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

  • Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
  • Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
  • Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
  • Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta (A)
  • Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
  • Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii (A)
  • Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
  • Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
  • Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis (A)
  • Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus (A)
  • Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater
  • Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus
  • Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus (A)
  • Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
  • Boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major (A)
  • Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (A)

New World warblers[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Parulidae

The wood-warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

  • Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
  • Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum (A)
  • Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (A)
  • Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
  • Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera (A)
  • Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (A)
  • Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
  • Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea (A)
  • Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii (A)
  • Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina
  • Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
  • Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
  • Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae (A)
  • Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (A)
  • MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
  • Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
  • Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa (A)
  • Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas
  • Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina (A)
  • American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
  • Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
  • Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea (A)
  • Northern parula, Setophaga americana
  • Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
  • Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
  • Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
  • Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
  • Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
  • Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata
  • Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens
  • Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
  • Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus
  • Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
  • Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica (A)
  • Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor
  • Black-throated grey warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A)
  • Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
  • Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A)
  • Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
  • Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
  • Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla

Cardinals and allies[]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

  • Summer tanager, Piranga rubra (A)
  • Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea (A)
  • Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana (A)
  • Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
  • Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
  • Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus (A)
  • Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea (A)
  • Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena (A)
  • Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
  • Painted bunting, Passerina ciris (A)
  • Dickcissel, Spiza americana (A)

Notes[]

  1. ^ NSBS lists mew gull, which the AOS has split.

References[]

  1. ^ "Field checklist of birds regularly found in Nova Scotia and surrounding coastal waters" (PDF). Nova Scotia Bird Society. March 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  2. ^ "The Birds of Nova Scotia". Nova Scotia Bird Society. March 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.

See also[]

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