List of firsts in aviation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Period drawing of Montgolfier hot air balloon that made the first confirmed flight by man in 1783

This is a list of firsts in aviation. For a comprehensive list of women's records, see Women in aviation.

First person to fly[]

The first flight (including gliding) by a person is unknown. Several have been suggested.

1920 Stained glass window of the monk Eilmer of Malmesbury holding his wings (early 11th century)
  • In 559 A.D., several prisoners of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi, including Yuan Huangtou of Ye, were said to have been forced to launch themselves with a kite from a tower, as an experiment. Only Yuan Huangtou survived, only to be executed later.[citation needed]
  • In the 9th century, the Andulasian-Muslim Abbas ibn Firnas attempted a short gliding flight with wings covered with feathers from the Tower of Cordoba but was injured while landing.[1]
  • In the early 11th century, Eilmer of Malmesbury, an English Benedictine monk, attempted a gliding flight using wings. He is recorded as travelling a modest distance before breaking his legs on landing.[2]
  • Between 1630 and 1632, Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi is said to have glided over the Bosphorus strait from the Galata Tower to the Uskudar district in Istanbul.[3][4]
  • In 1633 his brother Lagari Hasan Çelebi may have survived a flight on a 7-winged rocket powered by gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[5][6]

None of these historical accounts are adequately supported by corroborating evidence nor have any been widely accepted. The first confirmed human flight was accomplished by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier in a tethered Montgolfier balloon in 1783.

Lighter than air (aerostats)[]

  • First animals to fly in a balloon: a sheep called Montauciel, along with a duck and a rooster were sent on a balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers on September 19, 1783[7][8]
  • First manned flight Étienne Montgolfier went aloft in a tethered Montgolfier hot air balloon on October 15, 1783.[9]
  • First manned free flight in an untethered balloon Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes flew in a Montgolfier hot air balloon from the Château de la Muette to the Butte-aux-Cailles, Paris, on November 21, 1783.[10][11]
  • First manned gas balloon flight: Professor Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert flew from Paris to Nesles-la-Vallée in a hydrogen-filled balloon on December 1, 1783.[12]
  • First women to fly: The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon over Paris, on May 20, 1784.[citation needed]
  • First woman in free flight in an untethered balloon: Élisabeth Thible flew over Lyon singing arias on June 4, 1784, in order to entertain Gustav III of Sweden.[13]
  • First flight in a steerable balloon (or airship): On July 15, 1784, the Robert brothers (Les Frères Robert) flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres, in an elongated balloon designed by Jacques Charles, following Jean Baptiste Meusnier's suggestions (1783–85), but the oars did not work.[12]
  • First flight across the English Channel: was made by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries in a balloon on January 7, 1785.[14]
  • First aviation disaster: Occurred in Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland, when a hot air balloon caused a fire that burned down about 100 houses on May 10, 1785.[15]
  • First known fatalities in an air crash: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Pierre Romain died when their Rozière balloon deflated and crashed near Wimereux in Pas-de-Calais, on June 15, 1785.[16]
  • First jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jean-Pierre Blanchard used a parachute in 1793 to escape his hot air balloon when it ruptured.[citation needed]
  • First successful jump from a balloon with a parachute: Andre Jacques Garnerin in Paris in 1797.[17]
  • First balloon ascent on horseback. Pierre Testu-Brissy ascended from Belleville Park in Paris.[18]
  • First woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse jumped from an altitude of 900 m (3,000 ft) on October 12, 1799.[citation needed]
  • First woman to pilot her own balloon: Sophie Blanchard flew solo from the garden of the Cloister of the Jacobins in Toulouse on August 18, 1805.[citation needed]
  • First woman to be killed in an aviation accident: Sophie Blanchard was killed when her hydrogen balloon ignited on July 6, 1819.[19]
Zeppelin LZ 1, first rigid airship to fly, 1900
  • First successful steerable powered balloon: The Giffard dirigible was developed and flown by Henri Giffard, from the Paris Hippodrome to Trappes on September 24, 1852.[20]
  • First balloon mail service: passed vital information over Prussian lines during the 1870–71 Siege of Paris.[21]
  • First flight in an airship powered by an internal combustion engine: was made by Alberto Santos Dumont in 1898.[22]
  • First flight of a rigid airship: was made by the Zeppelin LZ 1 from Lake Constance (the Bodensee) on July 2, 1900.
  • First woman to pilot a powered aircraft: , in Stanley Spencer's Airship Number 1, at Crystal Palace, London on July 14, 1902.[23][24]
  • First trans-Atlantic rigid airship flight: was made by the R34 from RAF East Fortune to Mineola, New York from July 2 to July 6, 1919.[25][26]
The Breitling Orbiter 3 in which the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation was achieved in 1999
  • First helium-filled rigid airship to fly: was the USS Shenandoah on August 20, 1923, although it did not make a powered flight until September 24, 1923.[27]
  • First people to reach the stratosphere: were Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer, who ascended to the height of 51,000 ft (15,500 m) in a hydrogen balloon on May 27, 1931.[28]
  • First crossing of the Atlantic by balloon: was made by Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman in the helium-filled Double Eagle II, on August 17, 1978.
  • First non-stop balloon crossing of North America: Maxie and Kris Anderson in the helium-filled Kitty Hawk, on May 12, 1980.[29]
  • First trans-Pacific crossing by balloon: Ben Abruzzo, Larry Newman, Ron Clark and Rocky Aoki, in gas-filled Double Eagle V, in November 1981.
  • First non-stop balloon circumnavigation of the Earth: was made by Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones who flew from Château d'Oex, Switzerland, to Egypt, on Breitling Orbiter 3, between March 1 and March 21, 1999, in 19 days, 21 hours and 47 minutes.[30]
  • First solo non-stop balloon flight around the Earth: Steve Fossett, in the Spirit of Freedom, circumnavigated the globe between June 19 and July 3, 2002.[31]

Heavier than air[]

Pioneer era 1853–1916[]

Otto Lilienthal in mid-flight, c. 1895
  • First manned glider flight: was made by an unnamed boy in an uncontrolled glider launched by George Cayley in 1853.[32][33]
  • First confirmed manned powered flight: was made by Clément Ader in an uncontrolled monoplane of his own design, in 1890.
  • First controlled manned glider flight: was made by Otto Lilienthal in a glider of his own design, in 1891.[34]
The Wright brothers' Wright Flyer making the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered airplane in 1903. Orville piloting while Wilbur observes
  • First controlled, sustained flight in a powered airplane: was made by Orville Wright in the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903, during which they travelled 37 m (120 ft).[note 1][35]
  • First circular flight by a powered airplane: was made by Wilbur Wright who flew 1,240 m (4,080 ft) in about a minute and a half on September 20, 1904.[36]
  • First aircraft to fly using ailerons for lateral control: was Robert Esnault-Pelterie's October 1904 glider, although ailerons were only named that in 1908 by Henry Farman.[37]
  • First heavier-than-air unaided takeoff and flight of more than 25 m (82 ft) in Europe: was made by Alberto Santos-Dumont, flew a distance of 60 m (200 ft) in his 14-bis to win the Archdeacon Prize on October 23, 1906.[38]
  • First flight certified by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI): was made by Alberto Santos Dumont, when he flew his 14-bis, without liftoff aid, over a distance of 220 m (720 ft) in the presence of official observers from the newly founded FAI on November 12, 1906.[39]
  • First airplane passenger: was Léon Delagrange, with pilot Henri Farman, on March 29, 1908.[40]
  • First use of the modern aircraft flight control system: was in the Blériot VIII, which took to the air with Robert Esnault-Pelterie's control layout, using a joystick for pitch and roll control, and a foot-bar for lateral control, in April 1908.[41][42]
  • First person to die in a crash of a powered airplane: was Thomas Etholen Selfridge, a passenger on an aircraft flown by Orville Wright which crashed on September 17, 1908.[43] Wright was badly injured, and was hospitalised for seven weeks.
  • First return flight between two towns: was made by Louis Blériot, who flew from Toury to Artenay, and back on October 30, 1908, for a total distance of 23 km (14 mi).[44]
  • First official pilot's licence: was licence number 1, which was issued to Louis Blériot by the Aéro Club de France on January 7, 1909.[45]
Louis Blériot crossing the English Channel, 1909
  • First aircraft to fly with a rotary engine: was a Farman III biplane, in April 1909.[46]
  • First ditching of an airplane: was made by Hubert Latham, while attempting to complete the first powered flight across the English Channel in an Antoinette IV monoplane, but experienced an engine failure on July 19, 1909.[47]
  • First airplane flight across the English Channel: was completed by Louis Blériot in a Blériot XI on July 25, 1909, [48] to win a £1,000 Daily Mail prize.[49]
  • First pig to fly on an airplane (or any animal): happened when John Moore-Brabazon, in the Short Biplane No. 2 (not a Voisin as sometimes reported) took a pig later named Icarus II aloft on November 4, 1909, as a joke to prove the adage that pigs could fly.[50][51]
  • First flight in Latin America: , flies a constructed with help of his assistant Lourenço Pellegatti, he flew a distance of 105 m (344 ft) in Osasco-Brazil, on January 7, 1910.[52]
  • First flight in complete darkness: Henry Farman, flies a Farman biplane without the benefit of moonlight, on March 1, 1910.[53]
  • First woman to earn a pilot license: was Raymonde de Laroche, on March 8, 1910.[54][55]
  • First flight in Asia: was made by Giacomo D'Angelis, in a biplane built by D'Angelis entirely from his own designs, experimenting with a small horse-power engine, on March 29, 1910 in Chennai, India (formerly known as Madras).
  • First documented and witnessed seaplane flight under power from water's surface: was made by Henri Fabre, in the Fabre Hydravion Le Canard (the duck), on March 28, 1910.[56]
  • First aircraft flight simulator: was built by aircraft manufacturer Antoinette to teach pupils to fly their monoplanes on May 7, 1910.[57]
  • First Chief of State to fly on an airplane: was Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, as a passenger in a Farman III biplane flown by during a visit in Belgium on July 15, 1910.[58]
  • First airborne radio communications: were made by Frederick Walker Baldwin and Douglas McCurdy with a morse radio message from a Curtiss biplane while in flight, which was received by a nearby ground station on August 27, 1910.[59] They were also responsible for the first radio message received by an aircraft in flight, on March 6, 1911.[60]
Eugene Burton Ely making the first shipboard takeoff from the USS Birmingham in 1910
  • First flight across the Alps: was by Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez in a Blériot XI on 23 September 1910, during which he reached an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[61]
  • First mid-air collision between two airplanes: happened when an Antoinette IV, flown by René Thomas, rammed Bertram Dickson's Farman III biplane on October 1, 1910.[62][63]
  • First shipboard take-off and landing by an airplane: was made by Eugene Burton Ely, in a Curtiss Model D pusher, from a temporary platform aboard light cruiser USS Birmingham on November 14, 1910.[64] Ely was also the first to land an airplane on a ship, touching down on a temporary platform aboard armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania on January 11, 1911.[65]
  • The first non-stop flight from London to Paris: flew a Blériot XI on April 12, 1911 from London to Paris in 3 hours and 56 minutes.[66]
  • First woman to die in a crash of a powered airplane: was Denise Moore, who fell from a Farman III, on July 21, 1911.[67]
  • First known spin recovery: was made by F. P. Raynham in an Avro Type D biplane on September 21, 1911.[68]
  • First flight across the Continental Divide of the Americas (the Rocky Mountains): was made by Cromwell Dixon in a Curtiss pusher on September 30, 1911, reaching an altitude of 2,200 m (7,100 ft).[69]
Armour Company poster showing Calbraith Perry Rodgers's Vin Fiz Flyer transcontinental flight route, 1911
  • First ordnance dropped from an airplane: Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti dropped grenades from his Etrich Taube airplane on Ottoman troops in Libya on November 1, 1911.[70]
  • First transcontinental flight across North America: Calbraith Perry Rodgers flew the Vin Fiz Wright Model EX biplane through a seventy-plus-stop trek across the United States from Sheepshead Bay, New York to Long Beach, California from September 17 to December 10, 1911.[71]
  • First parachute jump from an airplane: was made by Grant Morton from a Wright Model B over Venice, California, in 1911.[72][73] However credit is generally given to Albert Berry, who jumped from a Benoist biplane over Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, on March 1, 1912.[74][72]
  • First night mission: was made by Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti during the campaign against the Ottoman Empire on March 4, 1912.[75]
  • First woman to fly across the English Channel:was Harriet Quimby, who flew from Dover to Hardelot-Plage on April 16, 1912.[76]
  • First airplane flight across the Irish Sea: was made by Denys Corbett Wilson took 100 minutes to fly a Blériot XI from Goodwick in Wales to Enniscorthy in Ireland, on April 22, 1912.[77]
  • First take-off by an airplane from a moving ship: Commander Charles R. Samson took off from a platform aboard the battleship HMS Hibernia in a Short Improved S.27 No. 38, on May 9, 1912.[78]
  • First flight of an all-metal aircraft: The , designed by Professor Hans Reissner (with engineering help from Hugo Junkers), whose structure and skin were both all metal, was first flown on May 23, 1912 by Robert Gsell.[79][80]
  • first national identification markings used on aircraft: was in France following instructions from the Inspection Permante de l'Aeronautique to paint roundels with an outer diameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in red, with a white ring of 70 cm (28 in) and an inner blue dot of 40 cm (16 in) on July 26, 1912.[81] Proportions and diameter would later be adjusted. Both Germany and the UK issued orders for national markings only when they mobilized in 1914, for the First World War.[81]
  • First observed spin recovery: was made by Wilfred Parke in an Avro Type G on August 25, 1912.[82]
  • First aircraft to be captured: was that of Captain Moizo of the Italian Servizio Aeronautico, on September 10, 1912 during the Italo-Turkish War, but sources disagree on whether he was shot down, or had mechanical problems.[83][84]
First four-engine aircraft to fly, the Sikorsky Bolshoi Baltiskiy, after two of the engines had been moved out on the wings, 1910
  • First use of a flight data recorder: Invented by George M. Dyott and used in the 1913 Dyott monoplane. It used three pointers to record movements of the control surfaces on a strip of paper run between two rollers.[85]
  • First four-engine aircraft to fly: The Russian Russo-Baltic Wagon Works Большой Балтийский (Bolshoi Baltiskiy – Great Baltic), developed by Igor Sikorsky; took to the air on May 10, 1913 after having two additional engines installed in pusher configuration, in tandem behind the pair of installed engines; when the original pair were found to leave it underpowered.[86]
  • First bombing attack against a surface ship: Didier Masson and Captain Joaquín Bauche Alcalde dropped dynamite bombs on Federalist gunboats at Guaymas, Mexico, on May 10, 1913 while flying for Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza[87]
  • First propaganda leaflet flight: Didier Masson distributed propaganda leaflets from the air for the Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza, post May 10, 1913.[87]
Pyotr Nesterov with the Nieuport IV.G he looped in 1913
  • First loop: Pyotr Nesterov looped a Nieuport IV, on September 9, 1913.[88]
  • First flight across the Mediterranean: Roland Garros flew a Morane-Saulnier G from the South of France to Tunisia, on September 23, 1913.[89]
  • First aircraft to exceed 160 km/h (100 mph) in level flight: Maurice Prévost flew a Deperdussin Monocoque in the 1913 Gordon Bennett Trophy race averaging over 160 km/h (100 mph) during a lap on September 28, 1913.[90]
  • First dogfight: Dean Ivan Lamb flying a Curtiss pusher and Phil Rader in a Christofferson biplane traded pistol shots while airborne, during the Siege of Naco, Mexico in November or December 1913.[91]
  • First scheduled commercial airplane flight:Tony Jannus flew a Benoist XIV biplane flying-boat of the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa in 23 minutes on January 1, 1914 with a paying passenger. This service ran until May 5, 1914.[92]
  • First piloted flight indoors: Lincoln Beachey flew inside the Palace of Machinery intended for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, in San Francisco, California on either February 16 or 17, 1914.[93]
  • First flight across the North Sea: On July 30, 1914, Tryggve Gran flew the 510 km (320 mi) from Cruden Bay in Scotland to Jæren in Norway in 4 hours and 10 minutes.[94]
  • First aircraft downed by ground fire: On August 20, 1914 during the Battle of Cer, an Austro-Hungarian Lohner B.I of Fliegerkompagnie 13 was damaged by Royal Serbian Army small arms fire near Lešnica. The pilot escaped and the Serbs failed to repair his aircraft.[citation needed]
  • First aircraft intentionally downed by another aircraft: Pyotr Nesterov rammed an Austrian Albatros B.II of FLIK 11 with his Morane-Saulnier G on September 7, 1914 following previous attempts using a grappling hook. Both aircraft were destroyed and all were killed.[95]
  • First aircraft to shoot down another aircraft: A French Voisin III, piloted by Sergeant Joseph Frantz, and Corporal Louis Quénault as passenger, engaged a German Aviatik B.II near Rheims on October 5, 1914. After expending his machine-gun ammunition, Quénault shot the German pilot (Wilhelm Schlichting) with his rifle, causing the Aviatik to crash.[96]
  • First female military pilot: Eugenie Mikhailovna Shakhovskaya was a reconnaissance pilot in the Imperial Russian Air Service, having been ordered to active service on November 19, 1914.[97]
  • First aircraft operated from a submarine: was a Friedrichshafen FF.29 floatplane flown by Friedrich von Arnauld de la Perière from the U-boat SM U-12 (Germany) on January 6, 1915, when the aircraft was unlashed from the U-boat, which submerged out from under it.[98]
  • First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a fixed forward-firing machine gun: Roland Garros, while with Escadrille 23 of the Aéronautique Militaire worked with Raymond Saulnier on a synchronized machine gun, however when that failed, they attached steel wedges to the propeller blades, and he proceeded to down three German aircraft in March 1915 before his engine failed behind enemy lines.[99]
Kurt Wintgens' Fokker M.5K/MG used on July 1, 1915
  • First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a forward-firing synchronized machine gun: Leutnant Kurt Wintgens of Feldflieger Abteilung 6b of the German Army's Fliegertruppe air arm, flying a Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker, downed a French Morane-Saulnier L near Lunéville, France, on July 1, 1915.[100][101]
  • First female combat fighter pilot: Marie Marvingt flew combat missions for France in 1915.[102][103]
  • First sinking of a ship with an aerial torpedo: Charles Edmonds in a Short 184 torpedoed and sank an abandoned Turkish supply ship in the Sea of Marmara on August 12, 1915.[104][105]
  • First downing of a military aircraft with artillery fire: Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac hit an Austro-Hungarian aircraft on September 30, 1915 during a bombing raid on Kragujevac.[106][107]
  • First combat search and rescue by airplane: Richard Bell Davies landed his Nieuport 10 to rescue another pilot who had been shot down in Bulgaria on November 19, 1915.[108]
  • First medical evacuation (medevac) by air: Louis Paulhan evacuated the seriously ill Milan Stefanik from the Serbian front in 1915.[109]
Felixstowe Porte Baby with Bristol Scout composite before flight, 1916
  • First Black military pilot: Ahmet Ali Çelikten a.k.a. Arap Ahmet Ali was the first black military pilot, served in Ottoman Aviation Squadrons from 1914 or 1915.[110][111][112]
  • First flight of a parasite or composite airplane: A Felixstowe Porte Baby carried aloft and then launched a Bristol Scout while in flight on May 17, 1916.[113]
  • First air-to-air rocket attack to down an aircraft: Eight aces including Nungesser downed six observation balloons on May 22, 1916 while flying Nieuport 16s armed with Le Prieur rockets, blinding the German Army for a French counter-attack on Fort Douaumont.[114]
  • First air-to-ground rocket attack: A roving Nieuport 16 equipped with Le Prieur rockets found a large ammunition dump, on June 29, 1916 and blew it up.[115]
  • First submarine sunk by aircraft: HMS B10 was sunk by Lohner L aircraft of the Kaiserliche und Königliche Seeflugwesen (Austrian Naval Air Service) while tied up at Venice on August 9, 1916.[116]
  • First submarine sunk while underway by aircraft: French submarine Foucault was bombed by two Austro-Hungarian Lohner L seaplanes while off Cattaro on September 15, 1916, which resulted in Foucault being forced to surface and her crew to abandon ship.[117]
  • First authenticated membership in the "Mile-high club": by pilot/engineer Lawrence Sperry and socialite Dorothy Rice Sims in her Curtiss Model F flying boat, which was equipped with an autopilot near New York on November 21, 1916, however Sperry bumped the autopilot, and a botched landing resulted in both of them being discovered unclothed.[118][119]

Practical flight 1917–1938[]

Edwin Dunning landing a Sopwith Pup on HMS Furious in 1917
  • First unmanned (drone) aircraft to respond to control from the ground (RPV):The Aerial Target on 21 March 1917 [120]
  • First landing by an airplane on a moving ship: Squadron Commander Edwin Dunning landed a Sopwith Pup on HMS Furious on August 2, 1917.[121]
  • First flight by an all-metal aircraft with a stressed skin monocoque primary structure: by the Zeppelin-Lindau (Dornier) D.I cantilever biplane on June 4, 1918. It would also be the first such aircraft to enter production.[122][123]
  • First flight by an airplane across the Andes: Luis Candelaria flew from Zapala, Argentina, to Cunco, Chile, in a Morane-Saulnier Type L parasol monoplane on April 13, 1918, reaching an altitude of 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[124]
  • First attack by aircraft launched from an aircraft carrier: Sopwith Camels flown from HMS Furious for the Tondern raid on July 19, 1918 destroyed Zeppelins L 54 and L 60.[125]
  • First flight across the Andes above highest peaks: Teniente Dagoberto Godoy crossed from Chile to Argentina in a Bristol M.1C, on December 12, 1918, reaching an altitude of 6,300 m (20,700 ft), without oxygen.
  • First transatlantic flight: Albert Cushing Read with a crew of five in a US Navy Curtiss NC flying boat, the NC-4, flew from New York City to Plymouth, England via the Azores and Portugal from May 8–31, 1919, stopping 23 times.[126]
Alcock and Brown beginning their non-stop transatlantic flight in their Vickers Vimy, 1919
  • First non–stop transatlantic flight: John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew a Vickers Vimy from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, on June 14–15, 1919.[127]
  • First transatlantic stowaways: William Ballantyne and his tabby cat, Wopsie, aboard the R34 airship for a flight from the UK to Mineola, New York from July 2 to 6, 1919. Wopsy and two homing pigeons were the first animals to fly the Atlantic, with Wopsie being the first quadruped known to have flown across a major body of water.[128][129]
  • First England to Australia flight: brothers Keith and Ross Macpherson Smith, with mechanics Sergeant Wallace H. Shiers and James M. Bennett, flew from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Darwin in a Vickers Vimy on December 10, 1919, winning a prize of £A10,000.[130]
  • First Rome to Tokyo flight: Arturo Ferrarin (and engineer Gino Cappannini) in an Ansaldo SVA biplane in winning the Rome–Tokyo Raid on May 31, 1920
  • First flight across the Andes by a woman: Adrienne Bolland flew a Caudron G.3 from Mendoza, Argentina, to Santiago on April 1, 1921.[131]
  • First flight by an aircraft with a pressurized cabin for high altitude flight: by a modified Engineering Division USD-9A A.S.40118 on June 8, 1921 by Art Smith.[132]
  • First African–American or Native American or Black person to obtain an international pilot's license: Bessie Coleman on June 15, 1921 on a Nieuport 82.[133][134]
  • First capital ship sunk by aircraft: Under orders from Brigadier General William L. Mitchell, one Handley-Page O/400 and six Martin NBS-1 bombers led by Capt. Walter R. Lawson bombed the captured ex-German World War I battleship, Ostfriesland during a series of airpower tests, sinking it on July 21, 1921.[135]
  • First crop duster: John Macready successfully flew a Curtiss Jenny that had been specially modified in a joint U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Army Signal Corps project from McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio to spray crops with lead arsenate to control a caterpillar infestation on August 3, 1921.[136][137]
Fairey III.D that completed the first crossing of the South Atlantic in 1922
  • First flight to sustain a speed over 320 km/h (200 mph): Joseph Sadi-Lecointe flew a Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan racer over a distance of 100 km (62 mi) at an average speed in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph) on September 30, 1922.[138]
  • First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (with aircraft replacement): Artur de Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho flew from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in a total of three Fairey III.D floatplanes between March 30 and June 17, 1922.[139] The first to use astronomical navigation (and to rely solely on it during the crossing), with an artificial horizon for aeronautical use.[140][141]
  • First autogyro/autogiro flight: Alejandro Gomez Spencer made the first successful Autogyro flight in the Cierva C.4 on January 9, 1923 (O.C.), previous designs having failed to achieve flight.[142]
  • First aerial refueling: A DH-4B biplane of the United States Army Air Service successfully refuelled another DH.4B, piloted by Lowell Smith, in mid-air on June 27, 1923.[143]
  • First flight from Portugal to China: Using two different aircraft, Sarmento de Beires and Brito Pais flew 16,380 km (10,180 mi) in 115 hours 45 minutes of flying time[144][145] from Vila Nova de Milfontes, Alentejo to Shenzhen, near Hong Kong, between April 7 and June 20, 1924,[146][147][page needed]
USAAS Douglas World Cruisers on their world circumnavigation flight in 1924
  • First aerial circumnavigation: Pilots Lowell H. Smith, Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr., in a pair of Douglas World Cruisers of the United States Army Air Service completed an aerial east–west circumnavigation of the world starting and ending in Seattle Washington, between April 6 and September 28, 1924.[148][note 2]
  • First Amsterdam to Tokyo flight: Pedro Leandro Zanni and mechanic Felipe Beltrame, flew 17,015 km (10,573 mi), with a change of aircraft in Hanoi, from July 26 to October 11, 1924, with a flight time of 119 hours 50 minutes.[149][150]
  • First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (single aircraft): Ramón Franco, Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz, Juan Manuel Duran and Pablo Rada, made between Spain and South America in the Plus Ultra, in January 1926.
Charles Lindbergh and his monoplane the Spirit of St. Louis that made the non-stop flight from New York to Paris on May 21, 1927
  • First flight of a flying wing airplane: was made by the Chyeranovskii BICh-3 in 1926.[151]
  • First successful flight of a glider tow plane: was made with a Raab-Katzenstein RK.6 Kranich flown by Kurt Katzenstein, towing a glider flown by Antonius Raab on April 13, 1927.[152][153]
  • First solo non-stop New York to Paris (city to city) transatlantic flight: Charles Lindbergh, flying the Spirit of St. Louis, made the 33-hour journey from New York to Paris on May 20–21, 1927, winning the Orteig Prize.[154]
  • First outside loop: Jimmy Doolittle, in a Curtiss P-1B Hawk on May 25, 1927.[155]
  • First flight from U.S. mainland to Hawaii: U.S. Army lieutenants Albert Francis Hegenberger and Lester J. Maitland flew from California to Hawaii in the Bird of Paradise, a C-2 transport, on June 28–29, 1927.[156]
  • First female airline pilot: Marga von Etzdorf was hired by Lufthansa in 1927.[157]
  • First east–west non–stop transatlantic crossing: the Bremen, a Junkers W 33 flown by Hermann Köhl with James Fitzmaurice as copilot, flew from Baldonnel, Ireland to Greenly Island in Quebec from April 12–13, 1928[158]
  • First long distance mass formation flight: Italo Balbo led 60 Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boats from May 25 to June 2, 1928 from Tuscany over the Balearic Islands, along Spanish and French coasts, and finally returning to Italy.[159]
  • First transpacific flight (US to Australia): Charles Kingsford Smith and crew, in the Southern Cross, flew from Oakland, California, to Brisbane, Australia via Hawaii and Fiji, between May 31 and June 9, 1928.[160]
  • First rocket-powered aircraft to fly: was the Lippisch Ente flown by Fritz Stamer on June 11, 1928, using solid fuel rockets.[161]
  • First woman to fly across the Atlantic (as passenger): Amelia Earhart was flown by Wilmer Stultz and Louis Gordon, in a Fokker F.VII, from Trepassey, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales, on June 17, 1928.[162]
  • First aircraft to fly powered with a diesel engine: was a Stinson SM-1DX Detroiter powered with a Packard DR-980 flown by Walter E. Lees on September 19, 1928.[163]
  • First deployment of a whole-aircraft parachute recovery system: was made by Roscoe Turner flying a Thunderbird W-14 biplane on April 14, 1929.[164]
  • First ship-launched flight to deliver transatlantic mail: Jobst von Studnitz flew a Heinkel HE 12 with 11,000 pieces of mail from the SS Bremen while still at sea, to New York City several hours before the ship docked, on July 26, 1929.[165]
  • First aircraft to be flown only on instruments (blind flying): was by Jimmy Doolittle in a Consolidated NY-2 on September 24, 1929. [166]
  • First flight over the South Pole: in the "Floyd Bennett", a Ford 4-AT-B trimotor flown by Bernt Balchen with Harold June as co-pilot and Richard E. Byrd navigating, arriving shortly after midnight on November 29, 1929.[167][168]
Amelia Earhart with the Lockheed Vega 5B she crossed the Atlantic in May 1932
  • First aircraft to fly with a de-icing system: was a National Air Transport Boeing Model 40 modified by William C. Geer with an expanding rubber boot mounted on a strut, which was flown by Wesley L. Smith in late March 1930 for the first of three test flights than continued into April.[169][170]
  • First trans-oceanic mass formation flight: Italo Balbo led twelve Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boats from Orbetello Airfield, Italy to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between December 17, 1930 and January 15, 1931 which was documented in the first Italian aviation film Atlantic Flight (1931 film).[159]
  • First flight by an aircraft with variable-sweep wings: was by the tailless Westland-Hill Pterodactyl IV with Flight-Lieutenant Louis G. Paget at the controls in April or May 1931. The wing sweep could be adjusted by 4.75 degrees in flight to provide trim adjustment.[171]
  • First nonstop flight across the Pacific: Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon flew 41 hours, 13 minutes in a heavily modified Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket named Miss Veedol from Samushiro, Japan, to Wenatchee, Washington, on October 4–5, 1931.[172]
  • First female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean: Amelia Earhart, in a Lockheed Vega 5B, flew from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, to Culmore, Ireland, on May 20, 1932.[173]
  • First successful helicopter with a single main lifting rotor: Alexei Cheremukhin and Boris Yuriev's TsAGI-1EA, which flew to a record altitude of 605 m (1,985 ft) on August 14, 1932.[174][175]
  • First flight over Mount Everest: Lord Clydesdale in a Westland PV-3 and David McIntyre, in a Westland PV-6 flew over Everest on April 3, 1933 during their Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition.[176]
  • First proven act of sabotage to a commercial aircraft in flight: The crash of a United Airlines Boeing 247 near Chesterton, Indiana, United States on October 10, 1933, killing all seven people aboard, was found to have been caused by a nitroglycerin-based bomb detonated during flight; eyewitnesses on the ground had seen the explosion.[177] The perpetrator or perpetrators were never identified.[178]
  • First scheduled commercial trans-Pacific passenger service: A Pan-American Martin M-130 began a proving flight on November 22, 1935 that led to passengers being carried on a regularly scheduled service from San Francisco to Manila that began on October 21, 1936.[179]
Tupolev ANT-25RD which completed the first polar crossing in 1937
  • First flight by a delta wing aircraft: was made by the Moskalyev SAM-9 Strela, flown by A.N.Rybko in early 1937.[180][181]
  • First trans–polar flight: A Tupolev ANT-25RD flown by Valery Pavlovich Chkalov with copilot Georgy Filippovich Baydukov and navigator Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov from Schelkovo air base on the outskirts of Moscow, to Pearson Field in Vancouver, Washington, crossing the Arctic for the first time from June 18–20, 1937 over a distance of 9,130 km (5,670 mi) in 63 hours and 25 minutes.[182]
  • First transatlantic commercial proving flights and quadruple crossing: An Imperial Airways Short Empire flying boat and a Pan-American Sikorsky S-42 flying boat both crossed the Atlantic on July 5, 1937, and then made the return flight. Both aircraft were operating at the extreme limits of their respective ranges, and so commercial service didn't start until a few years later.[183]
  • First flight of a commercial aircraft with a pressurized cabin: was made on December 31, 1938 by the Boeing 307 Stratoliner.[184]

Jet age, 1939–present[]

Heinkel He 178, the first turbojet-powered aircraft to fly
  • First flight by a liquid-fueled rocket-powered aircraft: was made by a Heinkel He 176 flown by Erich Warsitz on June 20, 1939.[185]
  • First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service: Pan American Boeing 314 Clipper Yankee Clipper flying boats made the first scheduled commercial flight between New York City and Marseille, France on June 28, 1939.[186]
  • First flight by a turbojet-powered aircraft: was made with a Heinkel He 178, flown by Erich Warsitz on August 27, 1939.[187]
  • First Ramjet powered flight: was made by Petr Yermolayevich Loginov in a Polikarpov I-15bisDM modified with 2 DM-2 ramjets on January 25, 1940, with prior flights being made in December without the ramjets being powered.[188][189]
  • First operational use of a military assault glider: was by the Luftwaffe, which used DFS 230 gliders to take the Fort Eben-Emael, and to capture critical bridges over the Albert Canal on May 10, 1940.[190]
  • First flight of an aircraft powered by a motorjet/thermojet: was with a Caproni Campini N.1 flown by Mario de Bernardi on August 27, 1940[191]
  • First flight with an afterburner: was made by a Caproni Campini C.C.2 motorjet on 11 April 1941.[192][193]
  • First capital ships sunk by aircraft while underway: were HMS Repulse, followed by HMS Prince of Wales, by Japanese Mitsubishi G4Ms of the Kanoya, Genzan and Mihoro Air Groups on December 10, 1941.[194]
  • First use of an Airborne Early Warning radar system: Vickers Wellington Mk.Ic R1629 was modified with a rotating radar array to increase detection range, and to direct fighters to intercept Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor bombers being used in the anti-shipping role, with the first operational trials occurring in April 1942. Advances in radar technology quickly made it obsolete, but similar conversions were also made in 1944 to Wellington Mk.XIV bombers to direct the interceptions of Heinkel He 111s that were launching V-1 flying bombs (cruise missiles) under the name "Air Controlled Interception". Beaufighters were directed toward the Heinkels while Mosquitos were directed to the V-1s, if a launch occurred.[195][196]
  • First purpose-built jet bomber to fly: was the Arado Ar 234 which made its first flight on July 30, 1943.[197]
  • First rocket-powered aircraft used in combat: Major Späte of the EK 16 service test unit flew a Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet interceptor against Allied aircraft on May 13, 1944.[198]
  • First jet fighter used in combat: A Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter flown by Leutnant Alfred Schreiber of Ekdo 262 service test unit attacked an RAF 540 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito, but failed to shoot it down on July 26, 1944.[199]
  • First jet on jet aerial victory: was scored by Flying Officer Dean of the Royal Air Force in a Gloster Meteor Mk.I EE216 against a V-1 flying bomb on August 4, 1944.[200]
First turboprop to fly, the Gloster Meteor F.I powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent turboprops in 1945
  • First fully automatic blind landing was made with Boeing 247D DZ203 by Flight Lieutenant Frank Griffiths of the Royal Air Force on 16 January 1945, while subsequent tests confirmed it in inclement weather. Previous landing systems required the pilot to see for the final approach.[201]
  • First aircraft to use a nuclear weapon: was USAAF Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay" flown by Paul Tibbets and under the command of William Sterling Parsons which dropped Little Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima,[202][203] where it detonated at an approximate altitude of 1,800 to 2,000 ft (550 to 610 m) and with a force of 16 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (66.9 ± 8.4 TJ)[204] on August 6, 1945.[202][203]
  • First turboprop powered aircraft to fly: was a modified Gloster Meteor F.I powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent turbine engines driving propellers, on September 20, 1945.[205]
  • First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service using landplanes: was made with an American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 between New York City and Hurn Airport in England via Gander, Newfoundland, and Shannon, Ireland on October 23, 1945.[206]
Bell X-1, first aircraft confirmed to have exceeded Mach 1, flown by Chuck Yeager on October 14, 1947
  • First known wheel-well stowaway: An Indonesian orphan, Bas Wie, 12, hid in the wheel well of a Dutch Douglas DC-3 flying from Kupang to Darwin, Australia, on August 7, 1946. He survived the three-hour flight despite severe injuries, and later became an Australian citizen.[207]
  • First documented supersonic flight: was by Chuck Yeager in a Bell X-1 on October 14, 1947.[208]
  • First flight by a jet transport: was by a Rolls-Royce Nene-powered Vickers VC.1 Viking on April 6, 1948.[209]
  • First nonstop around-the-world flight: Starting on February 26, Capt. James Gallagher and his crew refuelled inflight four times in Boeing B-50A Superfortress Lucky Lady II while flying around the world, to return to where they started at Carswell AFB in Texas on March 2, 1949.[210]
  • First criminal prosecution of an aircraft bombing: Albert Guay along with two accomplices was convicted of murder and hanged for the bombing of Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-3 Flight 108 on September 9, 1949, which killed all 23 occupants.[211]
  • First jet on manned jet aerial victory: was thought to have been by Lt. Brown in a F-80 over a MiG-15 on November 8, 1950, however that MiG survived.[212] Instead the first victory was made in a Grumman F9F-2B Panther flown by Lt. Cdr. William T. Amen, commanding officer of VF-111, over Captain Mikhail Grachev in a MiG-15 from the on November 9, 1950.[212]
  • First propeller driven aircraft to exceed the speed of sound (in a dive): was a McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo (without assistance from the jet engines) flown by Capt. Fitzpatrick in late June, 1953.[213][214]
  • First aircraft to exceed Mach 2: Scott Crossfield was first to fly at twice the speed of sound in a Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket on November 20, 1953.[215]
  • First aircraft to fly with an area rule design: was the Grumman F9F-9 Tiger[note 3] flown by Corwin Meyer on July 30, 1954.[216]
  • First supercruise sustained supersonic flight in horizontal flight without using afterburner: was made by a Nord Gerfaut I research aircraft on August 3, 1954.[217][218]
  • First aircraft shot down with a Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM): was a Taiwanese Martin RB-57D Canberra over China that was hit by three SA-2/V-750 missiles on October 7, 1959.[219]
  • First manned Jetpack flights: Engineer made the first flight at Bell Laboratories in February 1961.[220]
  • First pole-to-pole circumnavigation: was completed by Captains Fred Austin and Harrison Finch in Boeing 707-349C "Pole Cat", in 57 hours, 27 minutes on 15 November 1965.[221]
  • First woman to fly for a major U.S. airline: Bonnie Tiburzi became the first female pilot for a major U.S. airline, American Airlines, in March 1973.
  • First manned flight by an electrically powered aeroplane: was made with a Brditschka MB-E1, a modified motor glider with an 8–10 kW (11–13 hp) Bosch KM77 electric motor on October 23, 1973.[222]
  • First scheduled supersonic passenger flights: were made with Concorde SSTs from London to Bahrain, and simultaneously from Paris to Rio de Janeiro on January 21, 1976.[223]
  • First circumnavigation by helicopter: H. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn in Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II Spirit of Texas, from September 1 to 30, 1982.[224]
  • First non-stop, un-refueled flight around the Earth: was made by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager in the Rutan Voyager over 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds, running from December 14 to 23, 1986.[223][225][226]
  • First all-female airliner crew: was the American Airlines Boeing 727 flown from Washington D.C. to Dallas, Texas captained by Beverley Bass on December 30, 1986.[227]
  • First helicopter to the North Pole: was a Bell Jetranger III flown by Dick Smith on April 28, 1987.[228]
Tupolev Tu-155, the first aircraft to fly solely on hydrogen
  • First flight by an aircraft fuelled only with hydrogen: was made by a Tupolev Tu-155 (a modified Tu-154 airliner) powered only by hydrogen on April 15, 1988.[229] A NACA Martin B-57B flew on hydrogen in February 1957, but only for 20 minutes before reverting to jet fuel.[230]
  • First circumnavigation which landed at both poles: was made in a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter flown by Dick Smith, who carried out landings on both poles during 1988 and 1989.[231][232]
  • First east-west circumnavigation by helicopter: was completed in a Sikorsky S-76 by Dick Smith in 1995.[233]
  • First to land a helicopter at both Poles: Quentin Smith & Steve Brooks landed a Robinson R44 at the North Pole in October 2002 and at the South Pole in January 2005,[234]
The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer that Steve Fossett piloted solo around the world non-stop in 2005
  • First solo non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight around the Earth: was made in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, flown by Steve Fossett, from Salina, Kansas, from February 28 to March 3, 2005, in 67 hours.[235]
  • First solo flight by an armless pilot: Just using her legs Jessica Cox earned her pilot's license on May 10, 2008, flying a Ercoupe from San Manuel Airport, Arizona.[236]
  • First piloted overnight solar-powered flight in a fixed-wing aircraft: was made by Andre Borschberg on the Solar Impulse 1 between July 7–8, 2010.[237]
  • First trans-Atlantic flight by autogyro: Norman Surplus flew solo from Belfast, Maine, to Larne, Northern Ireland in a Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro "Roxy" between July 8, 2015 and August 11, 2015.[238][239]
  • First piloted non-stop solar-powered transatlantic flight: Bertrand Piccard flew from New York City to Seville in the Solar Impulse 2 between June 20–23, 2016.[240]
  • First circumnavigation of the world by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power: Solar Impulse 2 between March 2015 and July 2016; Borschberg and Piccard alternated piloting stages of the journey.[241]
  • First circumnavigation by helicopter passing antipodal points[note 4] was completed with a Robinson R66 by and on August 7, 2017.[242][243]
  • First electroaerodynamic thrust winged Ion-propelled aircraft test flight: MIT EAD Airframe Version 2 using ionic wind on November 21, 2018.[244]
  • First circumnavigation by autogyro: Norman Surplus flew a RotorSport UK MT-03 between June 1, 2015 and June 28, 2019 from McMinnville, Oregon, USA, for an eastbound circumnavigation.[238][239]
  • First female circumnavigation via both poles: were Payload Specialist Jannicke Mikkelsen, and Flight Attendant Magdelena Starowicz, as part of the crew of a Gulfstream G650ER One More Orbit between July 9, 2019 and July 11, 2019.[245]
  • First powered, controlled takeoff and landing on another planet or celestial body: was the NASA rotorcraft Ingenuity on Mars on April 19, 2021.[246]

See also[]

  • Australian aviation firsts
  • Circumnavigation
  • List of circumnavigations
  • Firsts in human spaceflight
  • Timeline of women in aviation

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Note that each of these has been accomplished before, but each had lacked a key ingredient – control being the most difficult to achieve – the Wrights contribution was in having them all at once.
  2. ^ Unless specified, most circumnavigation flights were not done along the greatest distance, at the equator, but merely crossed all lines of longitude – often at high latitudes, and as far north as possible.
  3. ^ The Grumman F9F-9 Tiger was redesignated after its first flight as F11F-1 Tiger
  4. ^ Points on opposite sides of the globe

Citations[]

  1. ^ White, Lynn (Spring 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". Technology and Culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2 (2): 97–111. [100f.]
  2. ^ William of Malmesbury – ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom (1998–99). Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English kings. Oxford Medieval Texts.
  3. ^ "Who is Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi?". Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  4. ^ "The First Man to Fly". Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  5. ^ Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80
  6. ^ Harding, John (2006), Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history, Robson Publishing, p. 5, ISBN 978-1861059345
  7. ^ Gillispie, CC (1983). The Montgolfier brothers and the invention of aviation 1783–1784. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691083216.
  8. ^ Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962). "Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960". US Naval School of Aviation Medicine. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581): 11. Retrieved June 14, 2011. On Sept. 19, 1785 a balloon launched a sheep, a cock, and a duck to an altitude of 1500 ft and returned them to earth unharmed from the world's first successful air-passenger flight.
  9. ^ Ryan, Craig (2003). The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space. Naval Institute Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1591147480.
  10. ^ Brady, Tim (2000). The American Aviation Experience: A History. SIU Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0809323715.
  11. ^ Oborne, Michael W. (1998). A History of the Château de la Muette. OECD Publishing. pp. 86–7. ISBN 978-9264161610.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "CIA Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame 2000 Inductees". The International Air Sports Federation. September 2000. Archived from the original on July 2, 2004.
  13. ^ Hallion, Richard P. (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0195160352.
  14. ^ "Boston's first aeronaut". The New York Times. July 10, 1885.
  15. ^ Byrne, Michael (January 9, 2007). "The Tullamore Balloon Fire – First Air Disaster in History". Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society website. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  16. ^ Fulgence, Marion. "Part 2, Chapter 10: The Necrology of Aeronautics". Wonderful Balloon Ascents. Cassel Petter & Galpin.
  17. ^ Davy 1937, p.46
  18. ^ Ballooning History, Who's Who.
  19. ^ "Sophie Blanchard – First Woman Balloon Pilot". Historic Wings. July 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.
  20. ^ "The Giffard Airship, 1852". The Science Museum, London. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  21. ^ Loving, Matthew (2011). Bullets and Balloons: French Airmail during the Siege of Paris. Franconian Press.
  22. ^ "Was Brazilian first to fly?". The Leader-Post. November 12, 1986.
  23. ^ Motoring Illustrated, August 2, 1902, pp 215–216
  24. ^ "A Lady navigates an airship". Manawatu Times. September 11, 1902. p. 3.
  25. ^ "The Airship Heritage Trust – R34 – The Record Breaker – Atlantic Crossing". airshipsonline.com. The Airship Heritage Trust. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  26. ^ The Transatlantic Voyage of R.34 Flight 10 July 1919, pp. 906–10
  27. ^ "Shenandoah II (ZR-1)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
  28. ^ Ryan, Craig (2003). The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space. Naval Institute Press. pp. 40–44. ISBN 978-1591147480.
  29. ^ Harden, Blaine (May 13, 1980). "Balloonists Cross the Continent". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  30. ^ Johnson, Glen (September 24, 1999). "Historic balloon on show". The Free Lance-Star.
  31. ^ Tinkler, Emma (July 7, 2002). "Fossett lands after first around-the-world solo balloon quest". The Daily Courier. Yavapai County, Arizona.
  32. ^ Wragg, David (1974). Flight before Flying. Osprey. ISBN 978-0850451658.
  33. ^ Fairlie, Gerard; Cayley, Elizabeth (1965). The Life of a Genius. Hodder & Stoughton. ASIN B0000CMTCD.
  34. ^ Anderson, John D. (1999). A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0521669559.
  35. ^ Gray, Carrol F. (August 2002). "The First Five Flights". WW1 Aero – the Journal of the Early Aeroplane (117): 26–39.
  36. ^ Howard, Fred (1988). Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-0486402970.
  37. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.62
  38. ^ "The Prize Patrol". Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  39. ^ "A Century of Sporting Achievements". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.
  40. ^ Vivian, E. Charles (2004). A History of Aeronautics. [S.l.]: Kessinger Pub. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1419101564.
  41. ^ Crouch, Tom (1982). Blériot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 22.
  42. ^ AFP (July 25, 2009). "English Channel Armada to Mark Centenary of Louis Blériot Flight". Times of Malta. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  43. ^ "Fatal Fall Of Wright Airship". New York Times. September 18, 1908. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  44. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.58
  45. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.66
  46. ^ Smithsonian Institution (2018). "Gnome Omega No. 1 Rotary Engine". National Air and Space Museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  47. ^ Pattison, Jo (October 1, 2009). "First to fly across the Channel". BBC News – Kent. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  48. ^ "Blériot Tells of his Flight" (PDF). The New York Times. July 26, 1909. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  49. ^ "The New 'Daily Mail' Prizes". Flight. Vol. 5 no. 223. April 5, 1913. p. 393.
  50. ^ Arnold-Baker, Charles (1996). The Companion to British History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415185831.
  51. ^ "Aviation notes of the week - Mr. Moore-Brabazon Flies Across Country". Flight. Vol. 1 no. 46. November 13, 1909. p. 731. Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  52. ^ Alexandria, Suzana; Nogueira, Salvador (2010). 1910 O Primeiro Voo do Brasil. Brazil: Aleph. ISBN 978-8576570950.
  53. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.80
  54. ^ Air Trails, July 1953. "The Brave Baroness – First Licensed Ladybird" by Harry Harper.
  55. ^ "First 10 women in the world to earn a pilot license". Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  56. ^ Thurston, David E. (2000). The World's Most Significant and Magnificent Aircraft: Evolution of the Modern Airplane. SAE. p. 67. ISBN 978-0768005370.
  57. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.78
  58. ^ "King up in aeroplane" (PDF). The New York Times. July 16, 1910.
  59. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.81
  60. ^ Haddon, Gerald (March 29, 2019). "J.A.D. McCurdy: the father of Canadian military aviation". Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  61. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.82
  62. ^ "Aeroplanes in Collision". New York Times. October 2, 1910. p.11.
  63. ^ Driver, Hugh (1997). The Birth of Military Aviation: Britain, 1903–1914. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 110. ISBN 978-0861932344.
  64. ^ "Eugene Ely's Flight from USS Birmingham, 14 November 1910". Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  65. ^ "Eugene Ely's Flight to USS Pennsylvania, 18 January 1911". Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  66. ^ "London To Paris By Aeroplane." Times [London, England] 13 April 1911: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.
  67. ^ "Month of achievement in aviation". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. August 1911. p. 350.
  68. ^ Jackson, A.J. (1965). Avro Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam Publishing. p. 30. LCCN 65-17460.
  69. ^ "Flies over the Rockies" (PDF). The New York Times. October 1, 1911.
  70. ^ Hippler, Thomas (2013). Bombing the People. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1107037946. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  71. ^ Strother, French (January 1912). "Flying Across The Continent: C. P. Rodgers And The First Aerial Trans-Continental Trip". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Vol. XXIII. pp. 339–345. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  72. ^ Jump up to: a b Bates, Jim (1990). Parachuting: From Student to Skydiver. Tab Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-0830634064.
  73. ^ Poynter, Dan (1984). The Parachute Manual: A Technical Treatise on Aerodynamic Decelerators. Para Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-0915516353.
  74. ^ Wright, Robert K.; Greenwood, John T. (2007). Airborne Forces at War: From Parachute Test Platoon to the 21st Century. Naval Institute Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1591140283.
  75. ^ "Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era". BBC News Website. May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  76. ^ "Miss Quimby flies English Channel" (PDF). The New York Times. April 17, 1912.
  77. ^ "This day in Irish History 1912: The 1st Flight across the Irish Sea". Politics.ie. April 22, 2012.
  78. ^ "The Naval Review and the Aviators". Flight. Vol. IV no. 20. May 18, 1912. p. 442.
  79. ^ Ballhaus, W.F., Jr.; Hussaini, M.Y. (2012). Advances in Fluid Dynamics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1461236849.
  80. ^ Zoeller, Horst (September 19, 2019). "Reissner Ente". hugojunkers.bplaced.net. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  81. ^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Bruce (1996). WWI British Aeroplane Colours and Markings. Herttfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications. p. 24. ISBN 978-0948414657.
  82. ^ Jackson, A.J. (1965). Avro Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam Publishing. p. 50. LCCN 65-17460.
  83. ^ Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1596915794.
  84. ^ Crabtree, James D. (1994). On air defense. Greenwood Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 0275947920.
  85. ^ Van Hare, Thomas (April 28, 2013). "Dyott's Flight Data Recorder". fly.historicwings.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  86. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.109
  87. ^ Jump up to: a b Hagedorn, Dan (2008). Conquistadors of the Sky: A History of Aviation in Latin America. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. p. 76. ISBN 978-0813032498.
  88. ^ Diamond, Karen (April 2000). "Classic memories from the world of aerobatics". Air Sports International. Archived from the original on April 24, 2001.
  89. ^ "Roland Garros Flies Over Mediterranean Sea". Dalje. September 23, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  90. ^ "The Gordon Bennett Race". Flight International. October 4, 1913.
  91. ^ "This Week in USAF and PACAF History – 24–30 November 2008" (PDF). Pacific Air Forces. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2013.
  92. ^ Glines, C. V. (May 1997). "St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line: World's First Scheduled Airline Using Winged Aircraft". Aviation History.
  93. ^ "NA". (New York) Evening Post. Vol. LXXXVII no. 41. February 18, 1914. p. 4.
  94. ^ "Lieut. Gran's Flight To Norway". Flight. Vol. VI no. 293. August 7, 1914. p. 837.
  95. ^ Jon Guttman, et al. Pusher Aces of World War 1. London: Osprey Pub Co, 2009. ISBN 978-1846034176 p.9
  96. ^ Guttman, John (2009). Pusher Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1846034176.
  97. ^ Robson, Pamela (2011). Wild Women: History's Female Rebels, Radicals and Revolutionaries. Pier 9. ISBN 978-1741966329.
  98. ^ Layman, R. D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0870212109.
  99. ^ Bruce, J.M. (1989). Morane Saulnier Type L. Windsock Datafile 16. Herts, UK: Albatros Publications. p. 3. ISBN 0948414200.
  100. ^ vanWyngarden, Greg (2006). Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #73: Early German Aces of World War 1. Botley, Oxford UK & New York City, USA: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11 & 12. ISBN 978-1841769974.
  101. ^ Sands, Jeffrey, "The Forgotten Ace, Ltn. Kurt Wintgens and his War Letters", Cross & Cockade USA, Summer 1985.
  102. ^ "1915 – First woman pilot in combat missions as a bomber pilot – Marie Marvingt (France)". Centennial of Women Pilots. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  103. ^ Historic Wings – Online Magazine; Article on Hélène Dutrieu Coupe Femina and Marie Marvingt:, Published on December 21, 2012: http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/12/helene-dutrieux-and-the-coupe-femina Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  104. ^ Nicolaou, Stéphane (1998). Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905. Bay View Books Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 978-1901432206.
  105. ^ Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats (3rd ed.). 1977.
  106. ^ "How was the first military airplane shot down". National Geographic. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  107. ^ "Radoje Raka Ljutovac – first person in the world to shoot down an airplane with a cannon". Pečat. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  108. ^ Galdorisi, George; Phillips, Thomas (2009). Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue. Zenith Imprint. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0760323922.
  109. ^ L'homme-vent, special issue of L'Ami de Pézenas, 2010, ISSN 1240-0084.
  110. ^ "Türk Deniz Havacılık Tarihi" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  111. ^ Kurter, Ajun (2009). Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Tarihi (History of Turkish Air Force, Volume 5) (in Turkish). 5. Air Force Command. p. 299.
  112. ^ Dünyanın ilk siyahi pilotu: ARAP AHMET −4 "Pilotlarla Dolu Bir Aile", Posta, March 20, 2011. (in Turkish)
  113. ^ Bruce, J.M. (December 2, 1955). "The Felixstowe Flying-Boats: Historic Military Aircraft No. 11 Part 1". Flight. p. 845.
  114. ^ Guttman, Jon (2005). Balloon-busting aces of World War 1. Osprey aircraft of the aces 66. Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 12. ISBN 978-1841768779.
  115. ^ Albin, Denis. "Escadrille MF 62 – N 62 – SPA 62". Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  116. ^ Kemp, Paul J. (1990). British Submarines of World War One. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1854090102.
  117. ^ Price, A (1973). Aircraft versus Submarine. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1844150917.
  118. ^ staff writer (November 22, 2016). "Someone Had to Be First..." Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  119. ^ John Baxter (February 10, 2009). Carnal Knowledge: Baxter's Concise Encyclopedia of Modern Sex. HarperCollins. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0060874346. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
  120. ^ "A Brief History of Drones". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  121. ^ Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Zenith Imprint. p. 106. ISBN 978-0760320051.
  122. ^ Grosz, Peter (1998). Dornier D.I Windsock Mini datafile # 12. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications. ISBN 978-0948414923.
  123. ^ Gray, Peter; Thetford, Owen (1970). German Aircraft of the First World War (second ed.). London: Putnam. p. 580.
  124. ^ Luis Casabal (April 13, 1998). "A 80 años del primer cruce aéreo de los Andes" (in Spanish). Diario La Nación. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  125. ^ Layman, R. L. (1973). "Furious and the Tondern Raid". Warship International. Vol. X no. 4. pp. 374–385.
  126. ^ "First Across".
  127. ^ "Alcock and Brown". The Aviation History Online Museum. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  128. ^ Baker, Hannah (July 2, 2018). "Bristol children invited to invent aircraft for cat". bristolpost.
  129. ^ "Did others fly across the Atlantic before Lindbergh?". The Straight Dope. March 25, 2003.
  130. ^ McCarthy, John. "Smith, Sir Ross Macpherson (1892–1922)". Sir Ross Macpherson Smith. Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  131. ^ Branchu, Marc (2012). "Rebel on high". Air France. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  132. ^ Jackson, A. J. (1978). De Havilland Aircraft since 1909. Putnam. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0870218965.
  133. ^ "U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission". United States Government. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012.
  134. ^ Bix, Amy Sue (2005). "Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Behind Aviation Dreams". In Dawson, Virginia Parker; Bowles, Mark D. (eds.). Realizing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Honor of the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003. NASA. pp. ix, 5. OCLC 60826554.
  135. ^ "Winged Defense," William Mitchell, Originally published by G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1925. (ISBN 0-486-45318-9) Reissued by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 2006.
  136. ^ Johnson, Mary Ann (2002). McCook Field 1917–1927. Dayton, OH: Landfall Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0913428841.
  137. ^ Houser, J.S. (1922). "The Airplane in Catalpa Sphinx Control". Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Monthly Bulletin (7): 126–136.
  138. ^ "The Race for the Coupe Deutsch Trophy". Flight. Vol. XIV no. 40. October 5, 1922. p. 573.
  139. ^ Dierikx, Marc (2008). Clipping the Clouds: How Air Travel Changed the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 7. ISBN 978-0313059452.
  140. ^ Neves, F. M. S. P.; Barata, J. M. M.; Silva, A. R. R. (2010). "Gago Coutinho and the Aircraft Navigation" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  141. ^ Bud, Robert; Warner, Deborah Jean (1998). Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 533. ISBN 978-0815315612.
  142. ^ Charnov, Bruce H (March 3, 2016). "Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight" (PDF). Hofstra University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  143. ^ "First air-to-air refuelling". National Museum of the US Air Force. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
  144. ^ Força Aérea Portuguesa: De Lisboa a Macau
  145. ^ Swopes, Brian R. "7 April 1924". Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  146. ^ d’Assumpção, H A (April 17, 2018). "From Portugal to Macau". Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  147. ^ Taylor, John W R; Munson, Kenneth (1972). History of Aviation. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0706402414.
  148. ^ Glines, Charles (2001). Around the world in 175 days. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560989677.
  149. ^ "Visitors: the Argentine Connection". January 3, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  150. ^ "World Flier Zannii arrives in Hong Kong-22 Sept. 1924". Gwulo: old Hong Kong. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  151. ^ Andersson, Lennart (1997). Soviet Aircraft and Aviation 1917–1941. London, UK: Putnam. p. 331. ISBN 978-0851778594.
  152. ^ Nowarra, Heinz J. (1997). German Gliders in WWII – DFS 230 DFS 331 Go 242 Go 345 Ka 430 Me 321 Ju 322. Schiffer Military History Volume 48. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. p. 4. ISBN 978-0887403583.
  153. ^ Jean-Marie M. and Claude L., ed. (December 4, 2015). "Raab-Katzenstein RK-7 Schmetterling" (in French). Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  154. ^ "Lindbergh Flies the Atlantic, 1927". Charles Lindbergh – An American Aviator. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  155. ^ Groom, Winston (2013). "3". The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight. Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 75. ISBN 978-1426211560.
  156. ^ Maurer, Maurer (1987). Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939. Maxwell AFB: United States Air Force Historical Research Center. pp. 256–260.
  157. ^ "Marga von Etzdorf – Germany". Institute for Women of Aviation Worldwide. July 25, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  158. ^ Hotson, Fred W. (1988). The Bremen. Toronto, ON: CANAV Books. ISBN 978-0921022022.
  159. ^ Jump up to: a b Esposito, Fernando (2015). Fascism, Aviation and Mythical Modernity. Springer. p. 326. ISBN 978-1137362995.
  160. ^ Harris, Bruce (December 17, 2003). "Magnificent machines, home-grown legends". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  161. ^ Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London, UK: Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 978-1909160569.
  162. ^ Bryan, C.D.B. (1979). The National Air and Space Museum. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 978-0810906662.
  163. ^ Meyer, Robert B. (1964). First Airplane Diesel Engine: Packard Model DR-980 of 1928. Smithsonian Annals of Flight Volume 1 Number 2. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 2. hdl:10088/18672. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  164. ^ Glines, Carroll V. (1999). Roscoe Turner: Aviation's Master Showman. Smithsonian History of Aviation Series. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. p. 108. ISBN 9781560987987.
  165. ^ Grace, Michael L. "The S.S. Bremen: Last Voyage of a great Luxury Liner".
  166. ^ Groom, Winston (2013). "3". The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight. Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 57. ISBN 978-1426211560.
  167. ^ "Richard E. Byrd 1888–1957". www.south-pole.com. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  168. ^ Rodger, Eugene (1990). Beyond the Barrier: The Story of Byrd's First Expedition to Antarctia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 173–191. ISBN 978-1612511887.
  169. ^ Geer, William C.; Scott, Merit (1930). The prevention of the ice hazard on airplanes (PDF) (Report). Technical notes No. 345. Washington, DC: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
  170. ^ Leary, William M. (2002). We Freeze to Please – A History of NASA's Icing Research Tunnel and the Quest for Flight Safety (PDF). The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration – NASA History Office. p. 10.
  171. ^ Meekcoms, K. J.; Morgan, E. B. (1994). The British Aircraft Specification File. Kent, UK: Air-Britain. p. 143. ISBN 978-0851302201.
  172. ^ Heikell, Edward; Heikell, Robert (2012). One Chance for Glory: First Nonstop Flight Across the Pacific. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1468006087.
  173. ^ Briand, Paul (1964). Daughter of the Sky. Duell, Sloan, Pearce. p. 77.
  174. ^ "video".
  175. ^ Savine, Alexandre. "TsAGI 1-EA." ctrl-c.liu.se, March 24, 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  176. ^ Bonds, Ray (2003). The Illustrated Dictionary of a Century of Flight. Zenith Imprints. pp. 136–139. ISBN 978-0760315552.
  177. ^ "Accident details". Plane Crash Info. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  178. ^ Rogers, Phil (October 7, 2013). "80 Years Later, Plane Bombing Remains A Mystery". NBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  179. ^ Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am: An Airline and Its Aircraft. Crown. pp. 31 and 38. ISBN 978-0517566398.
  180. ^ Gunston, Bill (1981). Aircraft of the Soviet Union – The Encyclopedia of Soviet Aircraft since 1917. London, UK: Osprey. p. 205. ISBN 978-0850454451.
  181. ^ Andersson, Lennart (1997). Soviet Aircraft and Aviation 1917-1941. London, UK: Putnam. p. 300. ISBN 978-0851778594.
  182. ^ "A Red Bolt from the Blue: Valery Chkalov and the World's First Transpolar Flight". www.nps.gov. June 19, 2019.
  183. ^ Norris, Geoffrey (1966). The Short Empire Boats. Aircraft in Profile Number 84. Surrey, UK: Profile Publications. p. 10.
  184. ^ Gunston, 1992, p.361
  185. ^ van Pelt, Michel (2012). Rocketing Into the Future: The History and Technology of Rocket Planes. Springer. p. 70. ISBN 978-1461432005.
  186. ^ Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am: An Airline and Its Aircraft. Crown. p. 42. ISBN 978-0517566398.
  187. ^ Pavelec, Sterling Michael (2007). The Jet Race and the Second World War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 22. ISBN 978-0275993559.
  188. ^ Gordon, Yefim; Dexter, Kieth (2002). Polikarpov's Biplane Fighters. Red Star Volume 6. Hincklet, England: Midland Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 978-1857801415.
  189. ^ Shcherbakov, A. Ya (November 1967). "Flight Tests of the Ramjet on Aircraft Designed by N. N. Polikarpov in 1939-1940 (translation in NACA N68-13572)". History of Aviation and Cosmonautics (in Russian). Vol. 3. p. 34.
  190. ^ Nowarra, Heinz J. (1997). German Gliders in WWII - DFS 230 DFS 331 Go 242 Go 345 Ka 430 Me 321 Ju 322. Schiffer Military History Volume 48. West Chester, PA: Schiffer. p. 3. ISBN 978-0887403583.
  191. ^ Enzo Angelucci; Paolo Matricardi. Campini Caproni C.C.2 in Guida agli Aeroplani di tutto il Mondo. Mondadori Editore. Milano, 1979. Vol. 5, pp. 218–219.
  192. ^ Buttler, Tony (September 19, 2019). Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1472835970.
  193. ^ Alegi, Gregory (January 15, 2014). "Secondo's Slow Burner, Campini Caproni and the C.C.2". The Aviation Historian. No. 6. UK. p. 76. ISSN 2051-1930.
  194. ^ Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho (1992). Bloody Shambles: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. I. London: Grub Street. pp. 120–121. ISBN 094881750X.
  195. ^ Hodges, R. (1989). "Air controlled interception". In Burns, Russell (ed.). Radar Development to 1945. Inst of Engineering & Technology. ISBN 978-0863411397.
  196. ^ Jackson, Robert (2007). Britain's Greatest Aircraft. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books. p. 217. ISBN 978-1844153831.
  197. ^ Smith, J. Richard; Creek, Eddie J. (2006). Military Aircraft in Detail: Arado Ar 234A. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland. ISBN 185780225X.
  198. ^ de Bie, Rob. "Me 163B Komet - Me 163 units - Erprobungskommando 16 (EK 16)". robdebie.home.xs4all.nl/me163.htm. Rob de Bie. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  199. ^ Morgan, Hugh; Weal, John (1998). German Jet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No 17). London, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1855326347.
  200. ^ Butler, Tony (1999). Gloster Meteor. Warpaint Series No. 22. Buckinghamshire, UK: Hall Park Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0013630364. ISSN 1363-0369.
  201. ^ Burrows, Stephen; Layton, Michael (2020). Top Secret Worcestershire. Brewin Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1858586151.
  202. ^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air. London, England: Hamilton. ISBN 978-0241897263.
  203. ^ Jump up to: a b Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 705–711. ISBN 978-0684813783.
  204. ^ Malik, John (September 1985). "The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
  205. ^ King, H. F. (May 27, 1955). "Mars to Javelin, Gloster aircraft of forty years". Flight. Vol. 67 no. 2418. p. 727.
  206. ^ Picollet, Alain (1984). Douglas DC-4/C-54 Skymaster (in French). Ouest France. p. 20. ISBN 2858827389.
  207. ^ Louise Maher (June 17, 2015). "The Kupang Kid: Orphaned boy who risked life to come to Australia as stowaway in 1946". ABC Online. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  208. ^ "Chuck Yeager Biography". Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  209. ^ Bryce, Jock (August 28, 1969). "First All-Jet Airliner" (PDF). Flight International. p. 323.
  210. ^ "Factsheets: Lucky Ladies I, II and III". Air Force Historical Support Division. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  211. ^ "1951: Albert Guay". Executed Today. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  212. ^ Jump up to: a b Tillman, Barrett; van der Lugt, Henk (2010). VF-11/111 'Sundowners' 1942-95. Aviation Elite Units 36. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-1849082631.
  213. ^ Dorr, Robert F (1995). McDonnell F-88/F-101 Variant Briefing. Wings of Fame Volume 1. London, UK: Aerospace Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 1874023689.
  214. ^ Easley, Ronald (2015). The F-101 Voodoo: An Illustrated History of McDonnell's Heavyweight Fighter. Schiffer. ISBN 978-0764347993.
  215. ^ Creech, Gray (November 19, 2003). "Mach 2 Milestone Anniversary". Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  216. ^ Meyer, Corwin (1997). Grumman F11F Tiger. Naval Fighters 40. Simi Valley, California: Ginter Books. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-0942612400.
  217. ^ Gunston, Bill (2006). The Development of Jet and Turbine Aero Engines (4th ed.). Haynes. p. 160. ISBN 978-1852606183.
  218. ^ "1956 - 0414 - Flight Archive". flightglobal.com. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  219. ^ Steven J. Zaloga (2007). Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1846030628.
  220. ^ "Jetpacks: why aren't we all flying to work?". The Guardian. May 15, 2018.
  221. ^ Edward D. Muhlfeld, ed. (June 1966). "North Pole...South Pole - Crossing aviation's almost forgotten frontier". Flying. New York, NY: Ziff-Davis. pp. 102–103.
  222. ^ Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1974). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 0354005022.
  223. ^ Jump up to: a b Patrick, Michael (December 1993). "90 Years of Flight". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 170 no. 12. p. 32.
  224. ^ "Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II "Spirit of Texas". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  225. ^ Onkst, David H. "Dick Rutan, Jeana Yeager, and the Flight of the Voyager". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012.
  226. ^ "Official FAI database". Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  227. ^ "All-female flight crew is aviation first". UPI Archives. United Press International. December 30, 1986. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  228. ^ "Smith's Copter over N Pole". Canberra Times. April 30, 1987.
  229. ^ Dieter Scholz, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (November 19, 2020). "Design of Hydrogen Passenger Aircraft" (PDF).
  230. ^ Guy Norris (October 1, 2020). "Will Contrails Be Hydrogen Fuel's Achilles' Heel?". Aviation Week.
  231. ^ Robert Gott (1998). "10: Further adventures" (pdf). Makers & Shakers. Heinemann Library. pp. 38–41. ISBN 978-1863918787. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  232. ^ "The Dome is Home--South Pole history 1975-90". Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  233. ^ Gott, Robert (1998). Makers & Shakers, Heinemann Library. p. 46. ISBN 1863918787.
  234. ^ "Earthrounders Noticeboard". Earthrounders. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  235. ^ "Fossett just makes it". The Age. March 5, 2005. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  236. ^ "Meet world's first armless pilot Jessica Cox". thetelegraph.com.au. December 9, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  237. ^ "Solar Impulse completes record-breaking flight". The Daily Telegraph. July 8, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  238. ^ Jump up to: a b "First autogyro round-the-world trip completed by Larne pilot". BBC. June 29, 2019.
  239. ^ Jump up to: a b "Gyrocopter pilot Norman Surplus arrives back in Northern Ireland". August 11, 2015.
  240. ^ Carrington, Damian (June 23, 2016). "Solar Impulse 2 completes first ever Atlantic crossing by solar plane". The Guardian.
  241. ^ "Solar Impulse completes historic round-the-world trip", BBC News, 26 July 2016
  242. ^ "First antipodal circumnavigation by helicopter". Guinness World Records. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  243. ^ Hirchman, David. "Three journeys round". AOPA. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  244. ^ https://news.mit.edu/2018/first-ionic-wind-plane-no-moving-parts-1121
  245. ^ https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/travel/fastest-aerial-circumnavigation-of-the-earth-via-both-geographical-poles-one-more-orbit-219360
  246. ^ Chang, Kenneth (April 19, 2021). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Completes First Flight on Another Planet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 19, 2021.

Bibliography[]

  • Conquistadors of the Sky: A History of Aviation in Latin America. Dan Hagedorn. University Press of Florida, 2008. ISBN 978-0813032498.
  • Interpretive History of Flight. M.J.B Davy. Science Museum, London, 1937.
  • Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue. George Galdorisi, Thomas Phillips. MBI Publishing Company, 2009. ISBN 978-0760323922.
  • Gunston, Bill, ed. (1992). Chronicle of Aviation. Liberty, MO: JL International Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-1872031309.
Retrieved from ""