List of large historical volcanic eruptions

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This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the last 5000 years or in recorded history. There are no eruptions with a VEI of 8 in historic times, and only few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during the past 5000 years.

List[]

Infrared image of Mount Tambora, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, from Space Shuttle Endeavour. The 1815 eruption that created the caldera is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history as well as one of the largest volcanic events in the past 10,000 years and the deadliest volcanic event in recorded history killing upwards more than 100,000 to more than 200,000 people (directly and indirectly). This event was the only VEI-7 eruption that has been directly observed in recorded history.
Color infrared view of Rinjani Volcano on the island of Lombok, May 1992. The eastern part of the island of Bali to the west is visible in the top right corner, separated from Lombok by the Lombok Strait; the Alas Strait and the western part of the island of Sumbawa are visible on the bottom left.The 1257 eruption is one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years (comparable with the 1815 Tambora eruption), and this may have helped trigger the Little Ice Age. The death toll from this eruption ranges between 15,000 to 20,000 due to post-eruption famine and diseases.
Mount Paektu, April 2003. The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain also known as the Millennium eruption or Tianchi eruption is considered one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions in China and Korea’s recorded history and one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years.
VEI Volcano Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot		 Bulk or DRE material volume (km3) Historical date Tephra or eruption name Notes
7 Mount Tambora[1] Sunda Arc, Sumbawa 175-213[2][3] 10 Apr 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history and caused the year without a summer, which caused crops to fail and killed over 100,000-200,000+ people
7 Mount Samalas Sunda Arc, Lombok 130–200[4] 1257 AD 1257 eruption of Mount Samalas May have triggered the Little Ice Age[5] and one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the Holocene
7 Paektu Mountain China and North Korea 120–160[6] 946 AD Millennium eruption One of the largest and most violent eruptions in the last 5000 years along with the Minoan eruption of Thera in the 2nd millennium BC, the Hatepe eruption of Lake Taupō at around 180 AD, the 1257 eruption of Mount Samalas, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
7 Lake Taupō Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand 120–150[7] 180 AD, 232 CE ± 5[8] Hatepe eruption This was New Zealand's largest volcanic eruption in the past 10,000 years
7 Thera South Aegean Volcanic Arc 117-129[9] 1610 BC Minoan eruption The eruption created tsunamis about 100-150 meters tall.
6-7 Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador 84-104 450±30 AD Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
6 Huaynaputina Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 30 19 Feb 1600
6 Novarupta[1] Aleutian Range 30 6 Jun 1912
6 Krakatoa[1] Sunda Arc 26 26 Aug 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa The eruption of Krakatoa caused the loudest sound in recorded history.
6 Mount Pinatubo[1] Luzon Volcanic Arc 16 15 Jun 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
6 Santa María[1] Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 10 24 Oct 1902
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 3.25 24 Oct 79 AD? Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
5 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 1 4 Jun 2011 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5 Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 4.35 8 Aug 1991
5 El Chichón[1] Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2 4 Apr 1982 Tephra unit A
5 Mount St. Helens[1] Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.3 18 May 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens Landslide volume 0.7 mi3 (2.9 km3)
5 Mount Awu Sangihe Volcanic Arc 3 12 Aug 1966 More than 8,000 dead
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1 17 Mar 1963
5 Bezymianny Kamchatka 0.45 1955
5 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1 1933
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 1.75 28 Mar 1907
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 2 10 Jun 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
5 Askja Iceland 1.83 28 Mar 1875
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 2 18 Feb 1854
5 Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 4.25 20 Jan 1835
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 2 8 Oct 1822 Killed over 4,000 people

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
  2. ^ "Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption? | Discover Magazine".
  3. ^ doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.013
  4. ^ Newhall, Chris; Self, Stephen; Robock, Alan (February 28, 2018). "Anticipating future Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 eruptions and their chilling impacts". Geosphere. 14 (2): 572–603. Bibcode:2018Geosp..14..572N. doi:10.1130/GES01513.1.
  5. ^ Klemetti, Erik (September 30, 2013). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
  6. ^ Michida (1990). "The recent major eruption of changbai volcano and its environmental effects". hdl:10748/3613. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Changing the Size of the Giant ~186 A.D. Eruption of Taupo | WIRED". Wired – via www.wired.com.
  8. ^ Hogg A, Lowe DJ, Palmer J, Boswijk G, Ramsey CB (2011). "Revised calendar date for the Taupo eruption derived by 14C wiggle-matching using a New Zealand kauri 14C calibration data set". The Holocene. 22 (4): 439–449. Bibcode:2012Holoc..22..439H. doi:10.1177/0959683611425551. hdl:10289/5936. S2CID 129928745.
  9. ^ Karátson, Dávid; Gertisser, Ralf; Telbisz, Tamás; Vereb, Viktor; Quidelleur, Xavier; Druitt, Timothy; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Kósik, Szabolcs (May 4, 2018). "Towards reconstruction of the lost Late Bronze Age intra-caldera island of Santorini, Greece". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7026. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7026K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25301-2. PMC 5935677. PMID 29728639.
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