List of old-growth forests

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Redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, California

This is a list of existing old-growth (including "virgin") forests, or remnants of forest, of at least 10 acres (4.0 hectares). ecoregion information from "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World".[1]

(NB: The terms "old growth" and "virgin" may have various definitions and meanings throughout the world. See old-growth forest for more information.)

Africa[]

Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
Réunion (France) Réserve biologique intégrale du Bois des Nèfles 179 hectares (440 acres) Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Réunion (France) Réserve biologique intégrale du Piton de la Fournaise 21,005 hectares (51,900 acres) Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Réunion (France) Réserve biologique intégrale du Mazerin 2,491 hectares (6,160 acres) Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Pandanus scrub
Kenya Kakamega Forest[citation needed]

Australia[]

See also: Regional Reserve (Australia) and Category:State forests in Australia
Eucalyptus forest in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
Walpole Wilderness Area

In Australia, the 1992 (NFPS) made specific provision for the protection of old growth forests. The NFPS initiated a process for undertaking assessments of forests for conservation values, including old growth values. A working group of state and Australian Government agencies took the NFPS definition into consideration in developing a definition that was accepted by all governments (JANIS 1997).[2]

Old growth forest is ecologically mature forest where the effects of disturbances are now negligible.

— JANIS 1997

In 2008, only a relatively small area (15%) of Australia's forests (mostly tall, wet forests) had been assessed for old-growth values.[3]

Of the 23 million hectares (57 million acres) of forest in Australia assessed for their old-growth status, 5 million hectares (12 million acres) (22%) is classified as old-growth.[4] Almost half of Australia's identified old-growth forest is in NSW, mostly on public land.[3] More than 73% of Australia's identified old-growth forests are in formal or informal nature conservation reserves.[4]

In 2001, Western Australia became the first state in Australia to cease logging in old-growth forests.[5]

Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
Australia Walpole Wilderness Area, Western Australia Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands Karri, Jarrah, Eucalyptus jacksonii, Eucalyptus guilfoylei
Australia Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales Eastern Australian temperate forests subtropical and temperate rainforest and eucalypt
Australia Greater Blue Mountains Area, New South Wales Eastern Australian temperate forests eucalypt forest
Australia Tarkine, Tasmania 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) Tasmanian temperate rain forests Temperate rainforest
Australia Tasmanian Wilderness Tasmanian temperate rain forests temperate rainforest and eucalypt forest
Australia Goolengook, East Gippsland, Victoria Over 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) Eastern Australian temperate forests rare warm temperate/cool temperate "Overlap Rainforest"
Australia , Tasmania 100 hectares (250 acres)[6] Tasmanian temperate rain forests myrtle canopy, unusually diverse understorey for temperate rainforest (celery top pine, waratah, sassafras, tree fern), threatened .
Australia , Tasmania Tasmanian temperate rain forests
Australia , Tasmania Tasmanian temperate rain forests
Australia Upper Florentine Valley, Tasmania Tasmanian temperate rain forests
Australia , New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests Wet old-growth with sweeping tree-fern understoreys. 10+ threatened species (including squirrel glider and golden-tipped bat)
Australia , New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests Wet old-growth. Most extensive rainforests in the South Coast.
Australia Wandella / , New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests High old-growth and threatened species values. Important catchment value.
Australia / , New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests Pristine Buckenbowra River, including an area on the northern side of the river with a golden-tipped bat record. Also an area around , nominated for wilderness, and important for old-growth and to increase the viability of the connection / link between Buckenbowra and Deua National Park.
Australia Dampier, New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests Upper Deua River (Identified Wilderness) and catchment and contains extensive old-growth forests. Big Belimba Creek contains giant wet old-growth forest and extensive tree-fern forests.
Australia , New South Wales[7] Eastern Australian temperate forests Tall wet old-growth forest.
Australia Gondwana Rainforests of Australia 50 separate reserves totaling 366,500 hectares (906,000 acres) Subtropical rainforest The most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. Extremely high conservation value; over 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species.

The term "old-growth forests" is rarely used in New Zealand, instead, "The Bush" is used to refer to native forests. There are large contiguous areas of forest cover that are protected areas.

See also: Deforestation in New Zealand

Eurasia[]

Biogradska Gora, Montenegro
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
Yakushima, Japan
Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
Azerbaijan Lankaran lowland and Talysh mountains Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Belarus, Poland Białowieża Forest 308,580 hectares (762,500 acres) Central European mixed forests[citation needed]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Perućica 1,434 hectares (3,540 acres) Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ravna Vala 45.04 hectares (111.3 acres) Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
Bulgaria[8] Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of Europe in the Central Balkan National Park 1,098,891 hectares (2,715,420 acres) Rodope montane mixed forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Bulgaria[8] Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa (temperate coniferous forest), Pirin National Park 2,873 hectares (7,100 acres) Rodope montane mixed forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Bulgaria[8] Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve forests 1,320 hectares (3,300 acres) Rodope montane mixed forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Bulgaria[8] Parangalitsa Reserve forests, Rila National Park 1,509 hectares (3,730 acres) Rodope montane mixed forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Bulgaria[8] Uzunbodzhak Reserve temperate rainforest, Strandzha Nature Park, Strandzha Mountain 2,529.6 hectares (6,251 acres) Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome (Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests)
Czech Republic Boubin Primeval Forest 685.9 hectares (1,695 acres)
Finland Pyhä-Häkki National Park Scandinavian and Russian taiga Scots pine and Norway spruce
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale d'Assan 1,032 hectares (2,550 acres) Temperate coniferous forest Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Larix decidua, Juniperus thurifera and Pinus uncinata
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale de Chaux 148 hectares (370 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Glacière 28 hectares (69 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Sainte-Baume 138 hectares (340 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Fagus sylvatica, Quercus pubescens, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Tilia cordata, maple and Quercus ilex
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Sylve d’Argenson 2,579 hectares (6,370 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale de Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre 1,010 hectares (2,500 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata and Maple
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale des Maures 2,531 hectares (6,250 acres) Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Castanea sativa and Pinus pinaster
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Mont Ventoux 906 hectares (2,240 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Pinus uncinata, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Défilé de Straiture 124 hectares (310 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale d'Oléron - Saint-Trojan 158 hectares (390 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea and Pinus pinaster
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Bois du Ruère 64 hectares (160 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata and Maple
France Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Vercors 2,160 hectares (5,300 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica
Croatia Klepina Duliba Old Growth forest 118 hectares (290 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Abies alba,Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica
Georgia Kintrishi Protected Landscape Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests temperate broadleaf rainforest
Georgia Lagodekhi Protected Areas Caucasus mixed forests temperate broadleaf forest
Georgia Mtirala National Park Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests temperate broadleaf rainforest
India Dudhatoli Mountains, Uttarakhand 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) Western Himalayan broadleaf forests and subalpine conifer forests temperate broadleaf mixed forests and montane forests biome
Iran Coast along the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Alborz mountains Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest[9] temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Italy Valle Cervara 50 hectares (120 acres) Oldest beech forest in Europe[10] temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. Fagus sylvatica Taxus. /lex, plusieurs Betulaceae (Carpinus spp., Ostrya. Corylus, Alnus cordata dans certains endroits, Betula), Ulmus spp. (surtout U glabra), Fraxinus ornus (plus rarement F excelsior) et Acer (A. opalus s.l., A. pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. /obelii)
Japan Shiretoko National Park Hokkaido deciduous forests, Hokkaido montane conifer forests[citation needed] temperate and subalpine mixed forest
Japan Yakushima Wilderness Area Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests, Taiheiyo evergreen forests subtropical and temperate rainforest
Japan Kasugayama Primeval Forest Taiheiyo evergreen forests
Montenegro Biogradska Gora Dinaric Mountains mixed forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Montenegro Crna Poda Dinaric Mountains mixed forests Coniferous
Norway Trillemarka Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Norway Stabbursdalen National Park Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Norway Øvre Dividal National Park Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands
Romania Retezat National Park Carpathian montane conifer forests
Russia Central Sikhote-Alin Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests
Russia Virgin Komi Forests Urals montane tundra and taiga Coniferous
Russia Western Caucasus Caucasus mixed forests
Serbia Vinatovača 37 hectares (91 acres) Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Fagus sylvatica
Slovakia Stužica 761.5 hectares (1,882 acres) Pannonian mixed forests European Beech
Taiwan Yushan National Park Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests Taiwania
Ukraine Carpathian Biosphere Reserve 57,880 hectares (143,000 acres) Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
United Kingdom Forest of Dean mixed woodland
United Kingdom Puzzlewood

North America[]

Canada[]

Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park, British Columbia
Province Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
British Columbia Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park 164 square kilometres (41,000 acres) Central Pacific coastal forests coniferous temperate rainforest
British Columbia Clayoquot Sound 265,000 hectares (650,000 acres) Central Pacific coastal forests coniferous temperate rainforest
British Columbia Great Bear Rainforest 16,000 square kilometres (4,000,000 acres) British Columbia mainland coastal forests coniferous temperate rainforest
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock
Nova Scotia [11] 47 hectares (120 acres) New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, Red Spruce
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, pine
Nova Scotia Pollett's Cove[11] Eastern Canadian forests, New England-Acadian forests boreal
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock
Nova Scotia [11] deciduous
Nova Scotia Tobeatic Wilderness Area[11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, pine
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, Red Spruce
Nova Scotia Waverley–Salmon River Long Lake Wilderness Area[11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, Red Pine, Eastern White Pine
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, American Beech
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, Red Spruce
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, American Beech
Nova Scotia [11] New England-Acadian forests hardwood
Nova Scotia [11] 25 hectares (62 acres) New England-Acadian forests Eastern Hemlock, White Pine, Red Spruce
Ontario Gillies Grove, Arnprior 18 hectares (44 acres) Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests
Ontario Obabika Old-Growth Forest 2,400 hectares (5,900 acres) Eastern forest-boreal transition
Ontario Quetico Provincial Park 1,500 square kilometres (370,000 acres) Western Great Lakes forests
Ontario White Bear Forest Eastern forest-boreal transition
Ontario Wolf Lake Forest Reserve 336 hectares (830 acres) Eastern forest-boreal transition red pine
Quebec Bois Beckett Forest,[12] Sherbrooke 6 ha (15 acres) New England-Acadian forests hemlock, beech
Quebec , Laval

United States[]

See also: List of old growth forests in Massachusetts
Tongass National Forest, Alaska
Arborist and Coast Redwood, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, California
Belden Forest, Simsbury, Connecticut
Porcupine Mountains, Michigan
Rock Creek Wilderness, Oregon
Snyder Middleswarth Natural Area, Pennsylvania
Linville Gorge Wilderness in the Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina
Congaree National Park, South Carolina
Olympic National Park, Washington
State Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
Alabama Sipsey Wilderness[13] Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests Eastern Hemlock, American Beech, Sweet Birch, White Oak, Tulip Poplar[13]
Alaska Tongass National Forest[14] 5,400,000 acres (2,200,000 ha) Northern Pacific coastal forests, Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra Western Red Cedar, Sitka Spruce, Western Hemlock
Arkansas White River National Wildlife Refuge[13] 973 acres (394 ha)[13] Mississippi lowland forests American Sweetgum, Nuttall's Oak, Willow Oak, Sugarberry, American Elm, Green Ash, American Sycamore, Pecan, American Elm, Baldcypress[13]
Arkansas Ouachita National Forest[13] 800,000 acres (320,000 ha)[13] Post Oak, Shortleaf Pine, Hickory, Northern Red Oak, White Oak, Blackjack Oak, Eastern Redcedar, Gum Bumelia, Winged Elm, Yaupon[13]
Arkansas Ozark-St. Francis National Forest[15] 11,000 acres (4,500 ha)[15] Shortleaf Pine, Post Oak, Blackjack Oak, Eastern Black Oak, White Oak, Northern Red Oak[15]
Arkansas Hot Springs National Park[13] 320 acres (130 ha)[13] Shortleaf Pine, Blackjack Oak, White Oak[13]
Arkansas Overflow National Wildlife Refuge[13] 230 acres (93 ha)[13] American Beech, Sugar Maple[13]
California Yosemite National Park[16] 225,510 acres (91,260 ha)[16] Sierra Nevada forests Giant Sequoia, Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Sugar Pine, White Fir, California Incense Cedar, Coast Douglas-fir, Red Fir, Western White Pine, Lodgepole Pine, Foxtail Pine
California Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park[16] 202,430 acres (81,920 ha)[16] Sierra Nevada forests Giant Sequoia, Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Sugar Pine, White Fir, Red Fir, California Incense Cedar
California Lassen Volcanic National Park[16] 27,130 acres (10,980 ha) Sierra Nevada forests Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Sugar Pine, White Fir, Red Fir, Western White Pine, Mountain Hemlock, Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine
California Redwood National and State Parks[17] 38,982 acres (15,775 ha) or more[17] Northern California coastal forests Coast Redwood
California Humboldt Redwoods State Park[16] 23,600 acres (9,600 ha)[16] Northern California coastal forests Coast Redwood
California Muir Woods National Monument[16] 240 acres (97 ha)[16] California interior chaparral and woodlands Coast Redwood
California Samuel P. Taylor State Park[16] 600 acres (240 ha) California interior chaparral and woodlands Coast Redwood
California Big Basin Redwoods State Park[16] 10,800 acres (4,400 ha)[16] Northern California coastal forests Coast Redwood
California Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park[16] 200 acres (81 ha)[16] Northern California coastal forests Coast Redwood, Coast Douglas-fir, Pacific Madrone, Ponderosa Pine
California Headwaters Forest Reserve[18] 3,088 acres (1,250 ha)[18] Northern California coastal forests Coast Redwood
California Blue oak woodlands[19] 500,000–2,300,000 acres (200,000–930,000 ha)[19] California interior chaparral and woodlands Blue Oak
California Angeles National Forest[20] 29,000 acres (12,000 ha)[20] California montane chaparral and woodlands Jeffrey Pine, Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Lodgepole Pine[20]
California Eldorado National Forest[20] 122,000 acres (49,000 ha)[20] Sierra Nevada forests Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Lodgepole Pine, Red Fir[20]
California Inyo National Forest[20] 238,000 acres (96,000 ha)[20] Sierra Nevada forests – Great Basin montane forests Lodgepole Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Great Basin Bristlecone Pine[20]
California Klamath National Forest[20] 168,000 acres (68,000 ha)[20] Klamath-Siskiyou forests Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Coast Douglas-fir, Red Fir, White Fir, California Incense Cedar[20]
California Lassen National Forest[20] 92,000 acres (37,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Red Fir, Lodgepole Pine[20]
California Los Padres National Forest[20] 18,900 acres (7,600 ha)[20] Jeffrey Pine, Coast Redwood, Coast Douglas-fir, White Fir[20]
California Mendocino National Forest[20] 60,000 acres (24,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Tanoak, Pacific madrone[20]
California Modoc National Forest[20] 43,400 acres (17,600 ha)[20] Lodgepole Pine, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, California Incense Cedar, Red Fir[20]
California Plumas National Forest[20] 127,000 acres (51,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Red Fir[20]
California San Bernardino National Forest[20] 87,400 acres (35,400 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine[20]
California Sequoia National Forest[20] 196,000 acres (79,000 ha)[20] Giant Sequoia, Jeffrey Pine, Red Fir, Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Lodgepole Pine[20]
California Shasta-Trinity National Forest[20] 230,000 acres (93,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Tanoak, Pacific madrone, Red Fir, White Fir, Jeffrey Pine[20]
California Sierra National Forest[20] 383,000 acres (155,000 ha)[20] Lodgepole Pine, Red Fir[20]
California Six Rivers National Forest[20] 137,000 acres (55,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Tanoak, Pacific madrone, White Fir[20]
California Stanislaus National Forest[20] 139,000 acres (56,000 ha)[20] Lodgepole Pine, Jeffrey Pine, White Fir[20]
California Tahoe National Forest[20] 84,000 acres (34,000 ha)[20] Coast Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, White Fir, Sugar Pine, California Incense Cedar, California Black Oak, Lodgepole Pine, Red Fir[20]
Colorado Arapaho National Forest[21] 2,590 hectares (6,400 acres)[21] Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce[21]
Connecticut Cathedral Pines, Cornwall[13] 42 acres (17 ha)[13] White Pine, Hemlock[13]
Connecticut Sages Ravine, Salisbury[13] 100 acres (40 ha)[13] Hemlock, Oak[13]
Connecticut Great Mountain Forest, Norfolk -- North Forty Tract[13] 40 acres (16 ha)[13] Hemlock, Hardwoods, White Pine[13]
Connecticut Great Mountain Forest, Norfolk -- Bigelow Pond Site[13] 5 acres (2.0 ha)[13] Hemlock[13]
Connecticut Mount Riga Incorporated, Salisbury[13] 8 acres (3.2 ha)[13] White Pine, Eastern Hemlock, Yellow Birch, American Beech[13]
Connecticut Bear Mountain, Salisbury[13] 5 acres (2.0 ha)[13] Sweet Birch, Pitch Pine[13]
Connecticut Belden Forest, Simsbury[22] 40 acres (16 ha)[23] Eastern White Pine[24]
Florida Eglin Air Force Base[13] 6,795 acres (2,750 ha)[13] longleaf pine[13]
Florida Apalachicola National Forest[13] Southeastern conifer forests Pondcypress, Slash Pine[13]
Florida Big Cypress National Preserve[13] 23,000 acres (9,300 ha)[13] South Florida rocklands, Everglades slash pine[13]
Florida Big Cypress National Preserve[13] 158,000 acres (64,000 ha)[13] South Florida rocklands, Everglades pondcypress[13]
Florida Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area[13] 1,000 acres (400 ha) Floodplain swamp
Florida Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area[13] 40 acres (16 ha) Mesic flatwoods
Florida Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area[13] Unknown, up to 1000 acres Hydric hammock
Georgia Chattahoochee National Forest[25] 346 acres (140 ha)[25] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests River floodplain hardwood, Dry-mesic oak forest, Seasonally wet oak-hardwood woodland[25]
Georgia Fernbank Forest 65 acres (26 ha) Tulip Poplar – Oak – Hickory
Illinois Shawnee National Forest[13] 2,800 acres (1,100 ha)[13] post oak – blackjack oak[13]
Illinois Cache River State Natural Area[13] 1,600 acres (650 ha)[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests
Illinois Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge[13] 500 acres (200 ha)[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests
Illinois Beall Woods State Park[13] 329 acres (133 ha)[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests
Indiana Hoosier National Forest[13] 390 acres (160 ha)[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests Post Oak[13]
Indiana [26] 400 acres (160 ha)[26] Southern Great Lakes forests Silver Maple, Oak, Hickory[26]
Indiana Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest[27] 88 acres (36 ha)[27] Central U.S. hardwood forests Oak
Indiana [28] 161 acres (65 ha)[28] Southern Great Lakes forests
Indiana Meltzer Woods[29] 48 acres (19 ha)[28] Southern Great Lakes forests Bur oak, Black ash, Swamp white oak, Beech, Maples
Indiana [30] 79 acres (32 ha)[30] Southern Great Lakes forests Oaks, Maples, Sycamores, Sassafras, Slippery elm and Flowering dogwood
Kansas Fort Leavenworth[13] 1,000 acres (400 ha)[13] Central forest-grasslands transition Eastern floodplain[13]
Kentucky Blanton Forest[13] 2,239 acres (906 ha)[13]
Kentucky Lilley Cornett Woods[13] 252 acres (102 ha)[13]
Maine Baxter State Park[13] 23,094 acres (9,346 ha)[13] Balsam Fir[13]
Maine [13] 2,444 acres (989 ha)[13] Balsam Fir[13]
Maine [13] 3,100 acres (1,300 ha)[13] Balsam Fir[13]
Maine [13] 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) or less northern hardwoods, spruce-fir, rich woods, and cedar swamps
Maryland Belt Woods[13] 43 acres (17 ha)[13] white oak – tulip poplar[13]
Maryland Swallow Falls State Park ("Hemlock Grove")[31] 39 acres (16 ha)[31] Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests eastern hemlock – white pine[31]
Maryland Potomac-Garrett State Forest ("Crabtree Woods")[32] 500 acres (200 ha)[32] Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests sugar maple – red oak – basswood – cucumber tree[32]
Massachusetts Mohawk Trail State Forest[13] 612 acres (248 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts Ice Glen New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[33]
Massachusetts Monroe State Forest[13] 273 acres (110 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts Mount Everett State Reservation[13] 530 acres (210 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts Mount Greylock[13] 555 acres (225 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts Mount Wachusett[13] 220 acres (89 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts Mount Washington State Forest[13] 300 acres (120 ha)[13] New England-Acadian forests northern hardwood[13]
Massachusetts William Cullen Bryant Homestead[34][35] 109 acres (44 ha) New England-Acadian forests Eastern White Pine, Black Cherry, Sugar Maple
Michigan Hartwick Pines State Park[13] 49 acres (20 ha)[36] Western Great Lakes forests Eastern White Pine, Red Pine, Eastern Hemlock, Beech, Sugar Maple[13]
Michigan Porcupine Mountains[13] 31,000 acres (13,000 ha)[13] Western Great Lakes forests northern hardwood[13]
Michigan Sylvania Wilderness[13] 15,000 acres (6,100 ha)[13] Western Great Lakes forests northern hardwood[13]
Michigan Warren Woods 200 acres (81 ha) Southern Great Lakes forests Beech-Maple forest
Minnesota Boundary Waters[13] 401,000 acres (162,000 ha)[13] Western Great Lakes forests white pine, red pine, fir/birch, jack pine – black spruce, maple, aspen[13]
Minnesota Keeley Creek Natural Area[13] 900 acres (360 ha)[13] Western Great Lakes forests bog and upland[13]
Minnesota Itasca State Park[13] 4,094 acres (1,657 ha)[13] Western Great Lakes forests Eastern White Pine, Red Pine[13]
Missouri Mark Twain National Forest[13] 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) or less[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests Post Oak and Chinkapin Oak savanna and flatwoods[13]
Missouri [13] 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) or more[13] Central U.S. hardwood forests post oak savanna[13]
New Hampshire Great Gulf[13] New England-Acadian forests
New Hampshire Crawford Notch[13] New England-Acadian forests
New Hampshire The Bowl Research Natural Area[37] 510 acres (210 ha) New England-Acadian forests Red Spruce, Balsam fir, Beech, Yellow birch, Sugar maple, Paper birch
New Hampshire Hemenway State Forest[38] 135 acres (55 ha)[38] New England-Acadian forests Eastern White Pine[38]
New Hampshire The Bowl Research Natural Area[37] 510 acres (210 ha) New England-Acadian forests Red Spruce, Balsam fir, Beech, Yellow birch, Sugar maple, Paper birch
New Jersey Saddler's Woods[13] 25 acres (10 ha)[13] Northeastern coastal forests Eastern Black Oak, White Oak, Northern Red Oak, American Beech, Tulip Poplar, Red Maple[13]
New Jersey Bear Swamp[13] 215 acres (87 ha)[13] Atlantic coastal pine barrens Black Gum, American Sweetgum, Red Maple, Sweetbay Magnolia, American Beech, Swamp White Oak, American Holly[13]
New Jersey William L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest[13] 65 acres (26 ha)[13] Northeastern coastal forests White Oak, Eastern Black Oak, Northern Red Oak[13]
New Jersey Tillman Ravine[13] 25 acres (10 ha)[13] Allegheny Highlands forests Eastern Hemlock[13]
New York Catskill Mountains[13] 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) or more[13] Allegheny Highlands forests
New York Adirondack Mountains[13] 150,000 acres (61,000 ha) or more[13] Eastern forest-boreal transition
New York The New York Botanical Garden[13] 50 acres (20 ha) or more[13] Northern hardwood forest
New York Mianus River Gorge Preserve[39][40] 60 - 100 acres (24 - 40.5 ha)[41][39] Appalachian hemlock–northern hardwood forest Eastern hemlock-beech forest
North Carolina Great Smoky Mountains[13] 187,000 acres (76,000 ha)[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
North Carolina Nantahala National Forest[13] 30,800 acres (12,500 ha)[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
North Carolina Pisgah National Forest[13] 46,600 acres (18,900 ha)[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
North Carolina Croatan National Forest[13] 10,000 acres (4,000 ha)[13] Middle Atlantic coastal forests pocosin
Ohio Goll Woods State Nature Preserve[13] 140 acres (57 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio [13] 50 acres (20 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio [13] 40 acres (16 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio Dysart Woods[13] 57 acres (23 ha)[13] Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
Ohio Hawk Woods in Riddle State Nature Preserve 106 acres (43 ha) Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
Ohio Morgan Sisters Woods in Wayne National Forest[13] 200 acres (81 ha)[13] Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
Ohio California Woods Nature Preserve[13] 40 acres (16 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests, Central U.S. hardwood forests
Ohio [13] 122 acres (49 ha) or less[13] Southern Great Lakes forests, Central U.S. hardwood forests
Ohio [13] 165–200 acres (67–81 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio Davey Woods State Nature Preserve[13] 15–40 acres (6.1–16.2 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio [13] 49 acres (20 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Ohio [13] 206 acres (83 ha)[13] Southern Great Lakes forests
Oklahoma [13] 1,300 acres (530 ha)[13] Post Oak, Blackjack Oak, Eastern Redcedar[13]
Oregon Crater Lake National Park[16] 50,000 acres (20,000 ha)[16]
Oregon Deschutes National Forest[16] 348,100 acres (140,900 ha)[16]
Oregon Malheur National Forest[16] 312,000 acres (126,000 ha)[16]
Oregon Mount Hood National Forest[16] 345,300 acres (139,700 ha)[16] Coast Douglas-fir, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar
Oregon Ochoco National Forest[16] 95,000 acres (38,000 ha)[16]
Oregon Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest[16] 345,300 acres (139,700 ha)[16] Klamath-Siskiyou forests Coast Douglas-fir, Port Orford Cedar, Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Coast Douglas-fir, California Incense Cedar, White Fir, Red Fir, Mountain Hemlock
Oregon Siuslaw National Forest[16] 33,800 acres (13,700 ha) (1993 estimate)[16] Central Pacific coastal forests
Oregon Umatilla National Forest[16] 190,741 acres (77,190 ha) (1993 estimate)[16]
Oregon Umpqua National Forest[16] 535,300 acres (216,600 ha) (1993 estimate)[16] Mountain Hemlock, Ponderosa Pine
Oregon Wallowa-Whitman National Forest[16] 173,000 acres (70,000 ha) (1993 estimate)[16]
Oregon Willamette National Forest[16] 594,800 acres (240,700 ha)[16] Coast Douglas-fir, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Bigleaf Maple
Oregon Winema National Forest[16] 711,674 acres (288,004 ha)[16]
Oregon Fremont National Forest[16] 549,800 acres (222,500 ha)[16]
Oregon Emigrant Springs State Heritage Area Blue Mountains forests
Pennsylvania Cook Forest State Park[13] 1,500–2,000 acres (610–810 ha)[13] Allegheny Highlands forests Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock, Northern Red Oak, White Oak, Black Cherry, Red Maple, Sugar Maple, American Beech, White Ash, Yellow Birch, Black Birch, Cucumber Magnolia[13]
Pennsylvania Bear Meadows Natural Area[13] 320 acres (130 ha)[13] Black Spruce, Balsam Fir bog[13]
Pennsylvania Detweiler Run Natural Area[13] 185 acres (75 ha)[13] Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock[13]
Pennsylvania Thickhead Mountain Wild Area[13] 50 acres (20 ha)[13] Chestnut Oak[13]
Pennsylvania Woodbourne Forest and Wildlife Preserve[13] 120 acres (49 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, Sweet Birch, Sugar Maple, Northern Red Oak, White Ash, American Beech[13]
Pennsylvania Holtwood Environmental Preserve[13] 200 acres (81 ha)[13] Chestnut Oak, Eastern Hemlock, Umbrella Magnolia[13]
Pennsylvania Anders Run Natural Area[13] 50 acres (20 ha)[13] Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock, Cucumber Magnolia, American Beech, American Hornbeam, Black Cherry, oak[13]
Pennsylvania Sweet Root Natural Area[13] 64 acres (26 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, Sweet Birch, Eastern White Pine, American Basswood, White Oak, Red Oak[13]
Pennsylvania Hearts Content Recreation Area[13] 122 acres (49 ha)[13] Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock, American Beech[13]
Pennsylvania Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Areas[13] 4,000 acres (1,600 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, American Beech, Sugar Maple[13]
Pennsylvania Allegheny Islands Wilderness[13] 156 acres (63 ha)[13] Silver Maple, Sugar Maple, American Sycamore, Slippery Elm[13]
Pennsylvania Bark Cabin Natural Area[13] 73 acres (30 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, Northern Red Oak, White Ash, Bigtooth Aspen, Hickories[13]
Pennsylvania Johnson Run Natural Area[13] 26–50 acres (11–20 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, Eastern White Pine[13]
Pennsylvania Forrest H. Duttlinger Natural Area[13] 158 acres (64 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, American Beech, Black Cherry, Sugar Maple[13]
Pennsylvania Pinchot State Forest, Montage Mountain[13] 1,200 acres (490 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, American Beech, Black Cherry, Yellow Birch, Red Oak, White Oak, Chestnut Oak, Ash, Tulip Poplar, Red Maple[13]
Pennsylvania Snyder Middleswarth Natural Area[13] 250 acres (100 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock, Eastern White Pine, Pitch Pine[13]
Pennsylvania Hemlocks Natural Area[13] 120 acres (49 ha)[13] Eastern Hemlock[13]
Pennsylvania Ricketts Glen State Park[13] 2,000 acres (810 ha)[13] Northern Hardwood Forest[13]
Pennsylvania [13] 10–20 acres (4.0–8.1 ha)[13] Northern Hardwood Forest, Eastern White Pine, American Beech[13]
Rhode Island [13] 3,000 acres (1,200 ha)[13] Northeastern coastal forests Red Maple, Atlantic White Cedar, Black Gum[13]
Rhode Island [42] Northeastern coastal forests Sugar Maple, White Ash, American Beech, Yellow Birch, Northern Red Oak[42]
Rhode Island [13] 20 acres (8.1 ha)[13] Northeastern coastal forests American Beech, White Oak, Red Maple, Scarlet Oak[13]
Rhode Island Pawcatuck River floodplain forest[13] 250 acres (100 ha)[13] Northeastern coastal forests Red Maple floodplain[13]
South Carolina Congaree National Park[13] 11,000 acres (4,500 ha)[13] Middle Atlantic coastal forests bottomland hardwood forest[13]
South Carolina Francis Beidler Forest[13] 1,700 acres (690 ha)[13] Middle Atlantic coastal forests mixed hardwoods and cypress-tupelo swamp[13]
South Carolina Ellicott Rock Wilderness[13] 1,000 acres (400 ha) or more[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
Tennessee Great Smoky Mountains[13] 187,000 acres (76,000 ha)[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
Tennessee Forest within Nashville[43] 225 acres (91 ha)[43] Central U.S. hardwood forests Black Walnut, White Oak, American Sycamore, Persimmon, Pawpaw
Tennessee Old Forest Arboretum of Overton Park 172 acres (70 ha)
Virginia George Washington and Jefferson National Forests[13] 230,000 acres (93,000 ha)[13] Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
Virginia Caledon Natural Area[13] Upland White Oak – Tulip Poplar[13]
Washington Olympic National Park[16] 366,000 acres (148,000 ha)[16]
Washington North Cascades National Park[16] 236,000 acres (96,000 ha)[16]
Washington Mount Rainier National Park[16] 91,000 acres (37,000 ha)[16]
Washington Colville National Forest[16] 212,488 acres (85,991 ha)[16]
Washington Gifford Pinchot National Forest[16] 198,000 acres (80,000 ha)[16]
Washington Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest[16] 643,500 acres (260,400 ha)
Washington Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest[16] 316,000 acres (128,000 ha)[16]
Washington Olympic National Forest[16] 266,800 acres (108,000 ha)[16]
Washington South Whidbey Island State Park[44] 381 acres (154 ha) Coast Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, Western Hemlock and Western Red-cedar[44]
Washington Seward Park (Seattle)[16] 300 acres (120 ha)[16] Coast Douglas-fir
Washington Wenatchee National Forest[16] 318,800 acres (129,000 ha)[16]
Washington Schmitz Preserve Park
West Virginia Cathedral State Park[13] 132 acres (53 ha) Eastern Hemlock
West Virginia Monongahela National Forest[45] 318 acres (129 ha) in 6 separate stands[45]
Wisconsin Apostle Islands National Lakeshore[13] 1,500 acres (610 ha)[13]
Wisconsin Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest[13]
Wisconsin [13] 4,000 acres (1,600 ha)[13] Jack pine and scrub oak[13]
Wyoming Yellowstone National Park Lodgepole Pine

Central America[]

Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica
Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
Costa Rica Braulio Carrillo National Park 428 square kilometres (165 sq mi) Talamancan montane and Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests
Panama Chagres National Park 428 square kilometres (165 sq mi) coastal tropical

Caribbean[]

Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
The Bahamas Primeval Forest National Park 7.5 acres evergreen tropical hardwood

South America[]

Country Area Old-growth extent WWF ecoregion Old-growth forest type
French Guiana (France) Lucifer Dékou-Dékou Biological Reserve 64,373 hectares (159,070 acres) Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical rainforest

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Olson, D. M, E. Dinerstein; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Rodney J. Keenan; Michael F. Ryan. "Science for Decision Makers - Old Growth Forest in Australia: Conservation status and significance for timber production" (PDF). Bureau of Rural Sciences.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Adam Gerrand; Tim Clancy; Stuart Davey; Geoff Dunn; Ian Frakes (2008). "Old-growth forest areas and their reservation status across Australia" (PDF). Bureau of Rural Sciences.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Australia's State of the Forests Report 2013" (PDF). . 2013.
  5. ^ "Protecting Old-Growth Forests". Forest Products Commission, Government of Western Australia.
  6. ^ "Blue Tier Reserve Report 2015". 2015.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "NSW South Coast Forests - Revised List of Icon Areas under Threat". Wilderness Society. 2015.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e https://gis.wwf.bg/mobilz_en/
  9. ^ "Hyrcanian Forest (Caspian Forest)".
  10. ^ "The old-growth beech forest of Cervara valley (National park of Abruzzes, Italy)". Société Botanique de France. 2005. doi:10.1080/12538078.2005.10515511. S2CID 85386812. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Protected Areas". Nova Scotia Environment. April 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  12. ^ "Organisme" (in French). Regroupement du Bois Beckett. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy Davis, Mary Byrd (10 October 2010). "Old Growth in the East: A Survey". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.
  14. ^ Tongass Forest Management FAQs (accessed 2008-09-18).
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. Ozark-St. Francis National Forests". United States Forest Service Southern Region. 2005. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Final Environmental Impact Statement, p. 365
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Bolsinger, Charles L.; Waddell, Karen L. (1993), Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington (PDF), United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. August 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-04-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Headwaters Forest Reserve 2007 BLM Manager Report
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Stahle, David. "Ancient Blue Oak Woodlands of California". University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Warbington, Ralph; Beardsley, Debby (2002), 2002 Estimates of Old Growth Forests on the 18 National Forests of the Pacific Southwest Region, United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rebertus, Alan J.; Thomas T. Veblen; Lynn M. Roovers; Joy Nystrom Mast (1992). "Structure and Dynamics of Old-Growth Englemann Spruce-Subalpine Fir in Colorado". In Merrill R. Kaufmann; William H. Moir; Richard L. Bassett (eds.). Old-growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions. General Technical Report RM-213. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. pp. 139–153. OCLC 26835406.
  22. ^ "Belden Forest". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Belden Forest". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  24. ^ Marteka, Peter (April 8, 2011). "Belden Forest In Simsbury Offers Thrills And Inspiration". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c (February 2008). "Old Growth Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forests, Georgia". Retrieved 2011-02-15.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c The Nature Conservancy. "The Nature Conservancy in Indiana  – Douglas Woods". Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest Trail".
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ginn Woods - Ball State University". bsu.edu. Ball State University. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  29. ^ Higgins, Will (6 November 2014). "Take 1st look at weird Indiana woods". indystar.com. The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bicentennial Woods - The Nature Conservancy". nature.org. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c DeGroot, Bob (January 12, 2006), "Legislative Issue: Protecting Maryland's Forests and Wildlife" Archived 2008-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, Chesapeake: The Sierra Club Maryland Chapter Newsletter Online
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c Maryland Native Plant Society: Crabtree Old-Growth Forest, Garrett County, Maryland Archived 2009-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Abrams, Marc, The dendroecology and climatic impacts for old-growth white pine and hemlock on the extreme slopes of the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  34. ^ Old Growth Forest Network. "The Rivulet at William Cullen Bryant Homestead". Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  35. ^ Cummington MA official town Website. "The William Cullen Bryant Homestead". Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  36. ^ Hartwick Pines State Park, Visitors Center & Logging Museum
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b "Research Natural Area: The Bowl". Northern Research Station. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sheldrick Forest Preserve". Laconia Daily Sun. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b Bard, Gily E. (July 1967). "The Woody Vegetation of the Mature Forest of the Mianus River Gorge Preserve". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 94 (4): 336–344. doi:10.2307/2483905. ISSN 0040-9618. JSTOR 2483905.
  40. ^ "Mianus River Gorge". www.mianus.org. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  41. ^ Weckel, Mark; Tirpak, John M.; Nagy, Chris; Christie, Rod (2006-08-01). "Structural and compositional change in an old-growth eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis forest, 1965–2004". Forest Ecology and Management. 231 (1–3): 114–118. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.022. ISSN 0378-1127.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, James A. (1 May 2004). "Enchanted Forest". Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b "Old growth forest in Nashville saved".
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b "South Whidbey State Park". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b United States Department of Agriculture (September 2006). "Monongahela National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Appendix B Old Growth, B-4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2009-01-02.

References[]

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