List of possible impact structures on Earth

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This is a list of possible impact structures on Earth. More than 130 geophysical features on the surface of the Earth have been proposed as candidate sites for impact events by appearing several times in the literature and/or being endorsed by the Impact Field Studies Group (IFSG)[1] and/or Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS).[2] For the purposes of this list and the List of impact craters on Earth, the terminology of "confirmed" as defined by the Earth Impact Database (EID) is considered authoritative.[3] The list below includes those features which remain unconfirmed, each of which is ranked according to a three-step confidence level as indicated by the Russian Academy of Sciences, by Anna Mikheeva:[4] 1 for "probable", 2 for "potential", and 3 for "questionable". Level 4 is given to discredited structures, which hence represent geological features other than impact craters.[4] Structures with confidence 0 are considered "confirmed" (EID) or "proven" (Mikheeva) and should be placed in the lists of confirmed craters according to continent.

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML

List of possible impact structures[]

The following tables list geological features on Earth that some individuals have associated with impact events, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature. In order for a structure to be confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[5] African (2014),[6] and South American (2015)[7] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[8] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[9]

Legend
Confidence[4] 0 - proven[note 1]
1 – probable
2 – potential
3 – questionable
4 – discredited
Diameter Kilometers
Age Approximate
Name Location Confidence Diameter (km) Age (Ma) Notes Image Coordinates
38th Parallel structures United States (Missouri, etc.) variable 2-17 320 ± 10 [11]
38th parallel structures loc.svg
 37°30′N 88°18′W / 37.5°N 88.3°W / 37.5; -88.3 (Hicks Dome)
37°48′N 90°12′W / 37.8°N 90.2°W / 37.8; -90.2 (Avon crater)
37°48′N 91°24′W / 37.8°N 91.4°W / 37.8; -91.4 (Crooked Creek crater)
37°54′N 92°42′W / 37.9°N 92.7°W / 37.9; -92.7 (Decaturville crater)
37°42′N 92°24′W / 37.7°N 92.4°W / 37.7; -92.4 (Hazelgreen crater)
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau-Osceola structure)
37°42′N 95°42′W / 37.7°N 95.7°W / 37.7; -95.7 (Rose Dome)
(Murgab) Tajikistan 1 0.080 0.0003
(1700 AD) 		[12][13][14][15] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E / 38.094028°N 74.28278°E / 38.094028; 74.28278 (Ak-Bura)
Saudi Arabia 1 6 6-66 [16][17][18] 28°40′N 37°11′E / 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact United States (Nevada) 0 100 ± 40 367 [19][12][20][note 1] 37°19′N 116°11′W / 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Mali 2 3.9 23? [21][12][22][23] 18°04′19″N 0°02′53″W / 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central Chad 0 11.6 <345 [24][25][26]
Aorounga Impact Crater, Chad.jpg
 19°13′44″N 19°15′40″E / 19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Kazakhstan (Almaty region) 0 300 250 [27][28][29][note 1] 46°30′N 79°48′E / 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Niger 2 10 ? [30][31][32] 21°21′11″N 9°08′42″E / 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Azuara Spain 1 35-40 30-40 [33]
Azuara-impact-structure-Map.jpg
 41°07′N 0°13′W / 41.117°N 0.217°W / 41.117; -0.217 (Azuara)
Argentina 2 40 0.45 ± 0.3 [34][35][36] 42°46′S 67°24′W / 42.767°S 67.400°W / -42.767; -67.400 (Bajada del Diablo)
Argentina (Buenos Aires Province) 2 3.9 <10 [37][38] 42°15′S 67°55′W / 42.250°S 67.917°W / -42.250; -67.917 (Bajo Hondo)
Bangui magnetic anomaly Central African Republic 2 600-800? >542 [39][6][40]
Bangui anomaly.JPG
 6°00′N 18°18′E / 6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Bateke Plateau Gabon 3 7.1 <2.6 [41][42] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E / 0.64583°S 14.45806°E / -0.64583; 14.45806 (Bateke)
Bedout Australia (offshore) 2 250 250 [43][44][5] 18°S 119°E / 18°S 119°E / -18; 119 (Bedout)
United States (Texas) 0 2.4 40? [45][46][47][note 1] 29°02′N 99°51′W / 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Sweden (Björkö, Ekerö) 1 10 1200 [48][49] 59°18′N 17°36′E / 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bloody Creek Canada (Nova Scotia) 1 40 ? [50] 44°45′N 65°14′W / 44.750°N 65.233°W / 44.750; -65.233 (Bloody Creek)
Bohemian crater Czech Republic 2 260-300 >700? [51][12][52][53] 50°00′N 14°42′E / 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Bow City Canada (Alberta) 2 8 70 [54] 50°25′N 112°16′W / 50.417°N 112.267°W / 50.417; -112.267 (Bow City)
Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 2 100 3-5 [55][56][57][58] 71°12′S 176°00′E / 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Brushy Creek Feature United States (Louisiana) 1 2.0 0.011–0.030 [59][60][61] 30°46′N 90°44′W / 30.76°N 90.73°W / 30.76; -90.73 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Burckle Indian Ocean 1 30? 3000 BC [62][63][64] 30°52′S 61°22′E / 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Catalina structures
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll) 		Pacific Ocean (NE) 2 12, 32, 37 16-18 [65][66][67] 32°55′N 118°05′W / 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau Brazil (Paraná) 1 10 117 [68][69][70] 30°12′S 56°32′W / 30.200°S 56.533°W / -30.200; -56.533 (Cerro)
Charity Shoal Canada (Ontario) 2 1.2 <470 [71][72][73][74]
NOAA map of Charity Shoal in Lake Ontario.jpg
 44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W / 44.03750°N 76.49361°W / 44.03750; -76.49361 (Charity Shoal)
Corossol Canada (Quebec) 3 4 <470 [75][76][77][78] 50°03′N 66°23′W / 50.050°N 66.383°W / 50.050; -66.383 (Corossol)
Darwin Crater Tasmania 0 1.2 0.816 [79][note 1]
Darwin Crater Landsat.jpg
 42°19′S 145°40′E / 42.317°S 145.667°E / -42.317; 145.667 (Darwin crater)
Decorah United States (Iowa) 2 5.6 470 [80][81][82]
USGS Decorah crater.jpg
 43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222 (Decorah)
Diamantina River ring feature Australia (Queensland) 2 120 300 [83][84]
UpperDiamantinaCrustalAnomaly.png
 22°09′S 141°54′E / 22.150°S 141.900°E / -22.150; 141.900 (Winton crustal anomaly)
Canada (Saskatchewan) 1 3.2 70 ± 5 [85][86] 49°55′N 102°07′W / 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
China (Inner Mongolia) 2 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 [87][88] 42°3′N 116°15′E / 42.050°N 116.250°E / 42.050; 116.250 (Duolun)
Egypt 1 4 ? [89][26][90] 24°12′N 26°24′E / 24.200°N 26.400°E / 24.200; 26.400 (El-Baz)
Eltanin Pacific Ocean (SE) 0 35? 2.5 [91][92][93][note 1] 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W / -57.783; -90.783 (Eltanin)
Chad 1 2 385 ± 15 [94][95] 18°10′N 19°34′E / 18.167°N 19.567°E / 18.167; 19.567 (Faya)
Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands) 		2 250-300 250 [96][97][98][99][100] 51°S 62°W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (Malvinas)
Fried Egg structure Atlantic Ocean (near Azores) 2 6 17 [101][102] 36°N 27°W / 36°N 27°W / 36; -27 (Fried Egg)
Libya 1 3 ? [103][104][105] 25°00′N 16°30′E / 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun structure (estructura de Gatún) Panama 1 3 20 [106][107][108] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W / 9.09944°N 79.78944°W / 9.09944; -79.78944 (Gatun structure)
Argentina 2 11 1.2 [109][110][111] 38°0′S 63°18′W / 38.000°S 63.300°W / -38.000; -63.300 (General San Martin)
Gnargoo Australia (Western Australia) 1 75 <300 [112][113] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E / 24.80667°S 115.22472°E / -24.80667; 115.22472 (Gnargoo)
Guarda Portugal 1 30 200 [114][115][116] 40°38′N 07°06′W / 40.633°N 7.100°W / 40.633; -7.100 (Guarda)
Canada (Manitoba) 1 8 120 ± 20 [117][86][118] 49°24′N 100°40′W / 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Hiawatha Greenland 2 31 <1985 [119][120]
Hiawatha v45 scene1 4k 5mtopo.1760.tif
 78°44′N 66°14′W / 78.733°N 66.233°W / 78.733; -66.233 (Hiawatha)
Hickman Australia (Western Australia) 2 0.26 0.01–0.1 [121] 23°2′13″S 119°40′59″E / 23.03694°S 119.68306°E / -23.03694; 119.68306 (Hickman)
United States (Texas) 1 9 <60 [122][123][124] 32°01′N 98°02′W / 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Canada (Alberta) 1 4 220 ± 100 [125][126] 57°32′20″N 118°52′41″W / 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
United States (Tennessee) 1 2.5 380 ± 10 [127][128][129] 35°14′N 86°37′W / 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Libya 2 2.5 120 ± 20 [130][131] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E / 21.56944°N 20.83750°E / 21.56944; 20.83750 (Ibn-Batutah)
Kazakhstan (Akmola region) 0 300 430-460 [132][133][134][note 1] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52.000°N 69.000°E / 52.000; 69.000 (Ishim Akmola)
Iturralde Bolivia 1 8.0 0.011–0.030 [135]
Iturralde Crater PIA03359 cropped.jpg
 12°35′S 67°40′W / 12.583°S 67.667°W / -12.583; -67.667 (Iturralde)
Canada (British Columbia) 1 25 120 ± 20 [136][137] 55°36′N 120°06′W / 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Puebla, Mexico 2 1.2 <10 [138][139] 19°13′23″N 97°25′44″W / 19.2231°N 97.429°W / 19.2231; -97.429 (Jalapasquillo)
Libya 2 4.7 <66 [140][141] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E / 20.87000°N 22.70500°E / 20.87000; 22.70500 (Jebel Hadid)
Jeptha Knob United States (Kentucky) 0 4.3 425 [142][note 1] 38°11′N 85°07′W / 38.183°N 85.117°W / 38.183; -85.117 (Jeptha Knob)
Johnsonville United States (South Carolina) 0 11 300? [143][12][144][note 1] 33°49′N 79°22′W / 33.817°N 79.367°W / 33.817; -79.367 (Snows Island)
Botswana 2 1.3 <66 [145][146] 24°42′S 24°46′E / 24.700°S 24.767°E / -24.700; 24.767 (Jwaneng South)
Luna India 2 2.1 0.0040
(2000 BC) 		[147][148] 23°42′17″N 69°15′37″E / 23.70472°N 69.26028°E / 23.70472; 69.26028 (Kachchh)
Kebira Egypt 2 31 100 [149][150]
Kebira Crater.jpg
 24°40′N 24°58′E / 24.667°N 24.967°E / 24.667; 24.967 (Kebira)
United States (Mississippi) 1 13 45 [151][152][153][154] 33°30′N 89°33′W / 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Croatia 2 12 40 [155][156] 45°04′N 14°37′E / 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Russia (Altai Region) 1 20 <200 [157][158] 50°12′N 87°54′E / 50.200°N 87.900°E / 50.200; 87.900 (Kurai)
Argentina 1 2.8 0.445? [159][110] 38°13′S 59°13′W / 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Labynkyr Russia 0 67 150? [160][12][161][162][note 1] 62°19′30″N 143°05′24″E / 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lac Iro Chad 1 13 ? [163][6][164]
Lake Iro.jpg
 10°10′N 19°40′E / 10.167°N 19.667°E / 10.167; 19.667 (Iro Lake)
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland 2 40 1200 [165] 58°1′12″N, 4°24′0″W
Lake Cheko Russia (Siberia) 3 50 0.0001
(1908 AD) 		[166] 60°57′50″N 101°51′36″E / 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu) China (Jiangsu) 1 70 ± 5 365 ± 5 [167][168][169] 31°14′N 120°8′E / 31.233°N 120.133°E / 31.233; 120.133 (Tai)
Loch Leven Scotland 2 18x8 290 [170][171] 56°12′N 3°23′W / 56.200°N 3.383°W / 56.200; -3.383 (Loch Leven)
Australia (New South Wales) 2 30 250 ± 2 [172][173] 31°36′S 152°37′E / 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
2 Sweden 2 130 1500 ± 300 [174][175][176] 64°55′N 18°47′E / 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar 4 12 ? [177][178] 18°50′20″S 46°13′16″E / 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Hungary 1 7 299 [179][180][181][182] 45°57′N 17°58′E / 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) 2 20? 0.0006
(1400 AD) 		[183][184][63] 48°18′S 166°24′E / 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Maniitsoq structure Greenland 2 100 3000 [185][186][187] 65°15′N 51°50′W / 65.250°N 51.833°W / 65.250; -51.833 (Maniitsoq)
Mejaouda (El Mrayer) Mauritania 1 3 <542? [188][12][105][22][189] 22°43′19″N 7°18′43″W / 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Canada (Newfoundland) 0 20 0.0009
(1100 AD) 		[190][191][note 1] 58°02′N 64°03′W / 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Argentina 4 1.5 4 ± 1 [192][193] 39°10′S 69°53′W / 39.167°S 69.883°W / -39.167; -69.883 (Barda Negra)
Middle-Urals Ring Structure Russia 1 400–550 >542 [194][195][196] 56°N 56°E / 56°N 56°E / 56; 56 (Urals Ring)
Mistassini-Otish impact structure Canada (Quebec) 1 600 2200 [197][198] 50°34′N 73°25′W / 50.57°N 73.42°W / 50.57; -73.42 (Mistassini lake)
Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) 2 >50 35 [199][200][201] 12°33′S 123°12′E / 12.55°S 123.2°E / -12.55; 123.2
Chad 2 3.8 <542 [202][203] 17°58′N 19°53′E / 17.967°N 19.883°E / 17.967; 19.883 (Mousso)
Japan 2 90 0.030? [204][205] 35°24′18″N 138°00′47″E / 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Australia (South Australia) 1 17 105 [206][207] 27°51′S 138°55′E / 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Canada (Quebec) 3 450 1800? [208][12][209][210]
Arc Nastapoka.png
 57°00′N 78°50′W / 57.000°N 78.833°W / 57.000; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Mali 2 3 <2.6 [211][12][22] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W / 14.9967°N 4.5000°W / 14.9967; -4.5000 (Ouro Ndia)
Pantasma Nicaragua 3 10 ? [212] 13°22′N 85°57′W / 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)
Panther Mountain United States (New York) 1 10 375 [213][214][215]
Panther rosette stream pattern.gif
 42°03′N 74°24′W / 42.050°N 74.400°W / 42.050; -74.400 (Panther Mountain)
United States (Montana) 1 6 470 ± 10 [216][217] 48°48′N 105°48′W / 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga Brazil (Paraná) 3 12 117 [218][69][219] 22°28′S 49°09′W / 22.467°S 49.150°W / -22.467; -49.150 (Piratininga)
Praia Grande Brazil (Santos Basin, offshore) 1 20 84 [220][69][70] 25°39′S 45°37′W / 25.650°S 45.617°W / -25.650; -45.617 (prai grande)
Ramgarh India (Rajasthan) 0 3 ? [221][222][223][note 1]
Ramgarh Crater.JPG
 25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E / 25.33778°N 76.62472°E / 25.33778; 76.62472 (Ramgarh)
Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 2 600? <38 [224][56][225] 77°30′S 178°30′E / 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain 0 80x40 30-40 [226][227][228][note 1]
Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure-karte topo.jpg
 40°46′59″N 1°15′00″W / 40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 12 70 [229][230][231][232][233] 30°15′N 170°03′E / 30.250°N 170.050°E / 30.250; 170.050 (Sakhalinka)
São Miguel do Tapuio Brazil (Piauí) 1 22 120 [234][12][70][235][236][237] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W / 5.6267°S 41.3883°W / -5.6267; -41.3883 (Sao Miguel Do Tapuio)
China (Jilin) 1 30 ? [238][239][240] 44°29′N 126°11′E / 44.483°N 126.183°E / 44.483; 126.183 (Shangewan)
Shiva Indian Ocean 1 500 66 [241] 18°40′N 70°14′E / 18.667°N 70.233°E / 18.667; 70.233 (Shiva)
Kazakhstan 0 5.5 46 ± 7 [242][243][note 1] 49°10′N 57°51′E / 49.167°N 57.850°E / 49.167; 57.850 (Shiyli)
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 1 20 60 ± 15 [244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251]
Silverpit northwest perspective.jpg
 54°14′N 1°51′E / 54.233°N 1.850°E / 54.233; 1.850 (Silverpit)
Sirente Italy 4 10 0.0017
(320 ± 90 AD) 		[252][253] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E / 42.17722°N 13.59583°E / 42.17722; 13.59583 (Sirente)
United States (Alaska) 3 12 0.033? [254][255][256][257] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W / 66.12611°N 151.38889°W / 66.12611; -151.38889 (Sithylemenkat)
Smerdyacheye Lake Russia 1 20 0.01–0.03? [258][259] Озеро Смердячье.jpg 55°44′06″N 39°49′23″E / 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Sudan [citation needed] 2.8 ? [citation needed] 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E / 20.0317°N 30.2283°E / 20.0317; 30.2283 (Mahas)
Sudan 2 10 ? [260][261][262]
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
Three craters in Sudan
 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E / 18.0583°N 33.5033°E / 18.0583; 33.5033 (Bayuda)
Sudan 1 (Red Sea Hills) Sudan 2 6 ? [263][264][265]
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
Three craters in Sudan
 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E / 17.9517°N 37.9350°E / 17.9517; 37.9350 (Red Sea)
Svetloyar Lake Russia 0 40 0.0026
(600 BC) 		[266][267][note 1] 7-е чудо Поволжья.jpg 56°49′08″N 45°05′35″E / 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Japan 1 4-8 15 [268][269][270][271][272] 34°18′N 134°03′E / 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
(Gilf Kebir) Egypt 3 2.1 112? [273][12][274][275] 24°36′04″N 27°12′18″E / 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 14 ? [276][277] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E / 49.95972°N 141.39444°E / 49.95972; 141.39444 (Tatarsky1)
Pacific Ocean (NW) 2 20 ? [278][277] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E / 48.29389°N 141.39444°E / 48.29389; 141.39444 (Tatarsky2)
Brazil (Amazonas) 2 15 65 ± 20 [279][70][280] 4°57′S 66°03′W / 4.950°S 66.050°W / -4.950; -66.050 (Tefé)
Talundilly Australia (Queensland) 1 84 128 ± 5 [281][282][283] 24°44′S 144°37′E / 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat Mauritania 1 0.7 2? [284][12][285] 24°15′N 9°39′W / 24.250°N 9.650°W / 24.250; -9.650 (Temimichat)
Tsenkher Mongolia 1 3.6 5 [286][287][288] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E / 43.64472°N 98.36917°E / 43.64472; 98.36917 (Tsenkher)
Toms Canyon United States (New Jersey) 1 22 35 [289][290][291][292] 39°08′N 72°51′W / 39.133°N 72.850°W / 39.133; -72.850 (Toms Canyon)
Umm al Binni Iraq 0 3.4 <0.0050
(3000 BC) 		[293][294][note 1] 31°14′29″N 47°06′21″E / 31.24139°N 47.10583°E / 31.24139; 47.10583 (Umm al Binni)
Ust-Kara Russia (Nenetsia, offshore) 2 25 70 ± 2.2 [295][296]
Kara crateri crater Russia lansat 7 image.gif
 69°17′N 65°21′E / 69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Senegal 1 48 23-40 [297][298]
Vélingara ring-structur in senegal.png
 13°02′N 14°08′W / 13.033°N 14.133°W / 13.033; -14.133 (Vélingara)
United States (Kentucky) 1 1.5 <400 [299][300] 38°05′N 84°40′W / 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vichada Colombia (Vichada) 2 50 30? [301][12]
Vichada Structure Skylab G40B091120000.jpg
 4°30′N 69°15′W / 4.500°N 69.250°W / 4.500; -69.250 (Vichada)
Victoria Island United States (California) 2 5.5 37-49 [302] 37°53′N 121°32′W / 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East Australia (South Australia) 2 200 300-360 [303][304][305] 28°00′S 140°30′E / 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Australia (South Australia) [citation needed] 200 300-360 [303][304][306]
Weaubleau (Weaubleau-Osceola) United States (Missouri) 1 19 330 ± 10 [307][308][309]
Weaubleau Structure shaded relief.jpg
 38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga) DR Congo 2 36-46 60? [310][311][312] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E / 3.63111°S 24.51861°E / -3.63111; 24.51861 (Wembo-Nyama ring structure)
Wilkes Land 2 Antarctica 2 480 250-500 [313]
Antarctica Map Wilkes L Crater.png
 70°S 140°E / 70°S 140°E / -70; 140 (Wilkes)
United States (Georgia) 1 7 500 ± 100 [314][315] 32°55′N 84°33′W / 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Australia (Western Australia) 0 12 99? [316][12][317][318][319][320][note 1] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E / 30.44444°S 115.77111°E / -30.44444; 115.77111 (Yallalie)
Greece 2 20 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[321][322] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E / 39.16333°N 22.70889°E / 39.16333; 22.70889 (Zerelia West)
Greece 2 10 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[321][322] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E / 39.16194°N 22.71417°E / 39.16194; 22.71417 (Zerelia East)

Overview[]

Russia's Lake Cheko is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5,000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) having caused the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[323][better source needed]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[324][325] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[148]

The ages of the Bloody Creek crater[326] and Hiawatha crater are uncertain.

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than two km (1.2 mi) in diameter (except the three km (1.9 mi) Agoudal and four km (2.5 mi) Rio Cuarto), the suggestion that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km (12 mi)) and Burckle (30 km (19 mi)), formed only within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[327][328][329] However, the source of the young (less than a million years old) and enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across somewhere in Indochina,[330][331] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi) Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[332]

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[333][better source needed]

Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[334] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[69] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[335] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[336] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[137] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[337] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[26][338] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[6]

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, , and , of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[86]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[339][340] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[133] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordivician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[134] the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[305] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[341][342] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[343] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene).

Undiscovered but inferred[]

An approximate map of the strewnfield.
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent crater of Expected crater diameter Age Notes
Dakhleh glass 0.4 km 150 ka [344][345]
5 km 480 ka [346]
Australasian tektites 32–114 km 780 ka [331]
14 km 820 ka [347][348]
Unknown 60 Ma [349]
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga [350]
Barberton Greenstone Belt microtektites 500 km 3.2 Ga [351]
"hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga [352][better source needed]

Mistaken identity[]

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome).

The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[353]

See also[]

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shown as "proven" by Mikheeva (2017),[4] not "confirmed" by EID (2018)[10]

References[]

  1. ^ Impact Field Studies Group
  2. ^ Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures
  3. ^ "Earth Impact Database". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
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  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Reimold, Wolf Uwe; Koeberl, Christian (2014). "Impact structures in Africa: A review". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 93: 57–175. Bibcode:2014JAfES..93...57R. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.01.008. PMC 4802546. PMID 27065753.
  7. ^ Acevedo, R.; Rocca, M. C.; Ponce, J.; Stinco, S. (2015). Impact Craters in South America. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-13092-7.
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  19. ^ Alamo
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  21. ^ Anefis
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  23. ^ Roger Weller Anefis crater
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  30. ^ Unnamed ("Arlit")
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  34. ^ Bajada del Diablo
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  37. ^ Bajo Hondo
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  39. ^ Bangui
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  41. ^ Bateke
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  43. ^ Bedout
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  45. ^ Bee Bluff
  46. ^ R. A. Graham (2005) Reinvestigation of the Bee Bluff Structure South of Uvalde, Texas, 'The Uvalde Crater'. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
  47. ^ Bee Bluff
  48. ^ Björkö
  49. ^ H. Henkel, A. Bäckström, B. Bergman, O. Stephansson, and M. Lindström (2005). Geothermal Energy from Impact Craters? The Björkö Study, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005
  50. ^ Bloody Creek
  51. ^ Bohemia
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  54. ^ Bow City
  55. ^ Bowers
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  62. ^ Burckle
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  68. ^ Jarau
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  71. ^ Charity Shoal
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  75. ^ Corossol
  76. ^ Higgins, M.D., P. Lajeunesse, G. St-Onge, R. Sanfacon, and M. Duchesne, 2013, Impact Breccia Clast from the Corossol Crater, Canada. 76th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting. Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement. id.5190.
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  79. ^ Darwin
  80. ^ Decorah
  81. ^ Briggs, D.E.; Liu, H.P.; McKay, R.M.; Witzke, B.J. (2018). "The Winneshiek biota: exceptionally well-preserved fossils in a Middle Ordovician impact crater". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (6): 865–874. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..865B. doi:10.1144/jgs2018-101. S2CID 85450625.
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  85. ^ Dumas
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  87. ^ Duolun
  88. ^ Wu Siben (1989). (1989). "Geologic feature of the Duolun impact crater". Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 20: 1219. Bibcode:1989LPI....20.1219W.
  89. ^ El-Baz
  90. ^ El-Baz, F (1981). "Circular Feature Among Dunes of the Great Sand Sea, Egypt". Science. 213 (4506): 439–440. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..439E. doi:10.1126/science.213.4506.439. PMID 17760189.
  91. ^ Eltanin
  92. ^ Shuvalov V.V. (2006). Numerical modeling of the Eltanin impact: determination of projectile size and tsunami amplitude. 40 ESLAB Symposium: 1 International Conference on Impact Cratering in the Solar System, Noordwijk, 8–12 May 2006, Noordwijk: ESA, pp. 201-202
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  94. ^ Faya Basin
  95. ^ M. Schmieder and E. Buchner (2010). The Faya Basin (Chad) revisited – structural insights from central peak morphology and potential Martian analogs, Nördlingen Ries Crater Workshop (2010).
  96. ^ Rocca, Maximiliano C. L.; Presser, Jaime Leonardo Báez; (2015) "A possible new very large impact structure in Falkland Islands", Historia Natural, Tercera Series, Volumen 5(2)
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  101. ^ Fried Egg
  102. ^ Amos, J (2009) 'Fried Egg' may be impact crater BBC News.
  103. ^ Garet El Lefet
  104. ^ Roger Weller. Garet El Lefet crater
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  109. ^ General San Martín
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  112. ^ Gnargoo
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  117. ^ Hartney
  118. ^ Anderson, C. (1980). "A Seismic Reflection Study of a Probable Astrobleme near Hartney, Manitoba" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics. 16: 7.
  119. ^ Hiawatha
  120. ^ Kjær, Kurt H.; et al. (2018). "A large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland". Science Advances. 4 (11): eaar8173. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.8173K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar8173. PMC 6235527. PMID 30443592.
  121. ^ Hickman
  122. ^ Hico
  123. ^ J. Glidewell (2009). SEISMIC DATA THROUGH THE HICO STRUCTURE: A POSSIBLE IMPACT FEATURE IN NORTHCENTRAL TEXAS, 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
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  125. ^ Hotchkiss
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Bibliography[]

  • Mikheeva, Anna. 2019. The Complete Catalog of the Earth's Impact structures, 1. Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS. Accessed 2019-04-02.

External links[]

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