List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Asia and their predecessors. The boundaries of Asia are culturally determined, as there is no clear geographical separation between it and Europe, which together form one continuous landmass called Eurasia. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.^[1]^[2]

Sovereign state	Predecessors
Afghanistan	Part of Median Kingdom/Empire (678–549 BC) Part of Achaemenid Empire (549–330 BC) Part of Macedonian Empire (549–256 BC) Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256–150 BC) Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians (150 BC–30 AD) Kushan Empire (30–320 AD) Kidarite Kingdom (320–500 AD) Alchon Huns Monarchy (380–560) Hephtalite Monarchy (410–557) Nezak Hun Kingdom (484–711) Part of Sasanian Empire (500–661) Part of Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of Abbasid Caliphate (750–821) Part of Tahirid Emirate (821–873) Saffarid Emirate (873–1003) Ghurid Sultanate (c.879–1215) Ghaznavid Sultanate (1003–1163) Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1163–1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231–1369) Part of the Timurid Empire (1369–1405) Center of the Timurid Empire (1405–1506) Part of the Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1709) Hotak Emirate (1709–1738) Part of the Afsharid Empire (1738–1796) Durrani Empire (1747–1826) (also called the Sadozai Kingdom and the Afghan Empire) Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926) Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973) Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) (renamed as "Republic of Afghanistan" in 1987)^[3] Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001) and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) (Taliban-ruled state)^[4] Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002) (provisional government) Afghan Transitional Administration (2002–2004) (provisional government) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–present, internationally recognized) Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present) (Taliban-controlled state)
Armenia	Hayasa-Azzi Confederation (1500 BC–1290 BC) Kingdom of Arme-Shupria (1300 BC–1190 BC) Nairi Confederation (1114 BC–860 BC) Kingdom of Ararat (860 BC–590 BC) Part of the Median Empire (553-549) Satrapy of Armenia, part of the Achaemenid Empire (549 BC-330 BC) Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC-114 AD) Armenia, province of the Roman Empire (114-118) Kingdom of Armenia (118-428) Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire on the west, and the east by the Sasanian Empire (428-654) Emirate of Arminiya (also known as Ostikanate of Arminiya), Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (654–884) Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia (883-1045) Kingdom of Syunik (987-1170) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (1045-1071) Part of the Seljuk Sultanate (1071-1194) Zakarid Principality of Armenia (1201-1360) Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory (1243-1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1256-1336) Part of the Chobanid Kingdom (1336-1357) Part o the Kara Koyunlu (1357-1468) Part of the Safavid Empire (1501-1578) Part of the Ottoman Empire (1578-1603) Part of the Safavid Empire (1603-1724) Divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire (1724-1730) Part of the Safavid Empire (1730-1736) Part of the Afsharid Empire (1736-1747) Khanates of the Caucasus (1747-1827) Part of the Russian Empire (1828–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Armenia (1990–1995) (federated state of the Soviet Union to 1991) Republic of Armenia (1995–present)
Azerbaijan	Part of Median Empire (678–550 BC) Part of Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC) Part of Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) Caucasian Albania (c.100s BC-730 AD) Part of the Khazar Khaganate (730-861) Kingdom of Shirvan(861-1538) Ruled by the Sajid dynasty (889-929) Part of the Sallarid Kingdom (919-1062) Part of the Rawadid Emirate (955-1071) Part of the Seljuk Sultanate Part of the Kingdom of Georgia (1130-1238) Atabegs of Azerbaijan (1091–1225) Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom/Sultanate (1225-1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231-1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1256-1336) Part of the Chobanid Kingdom (1336-1357) Part of the Kara Koyunlu (1357–1468) Part of the Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1501) Part of the Safavid Empire(1501-1578) Part of the Ottoman Empire (1578-1603) Part of the Safavid Empire(1578-1723) Divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire (1724-1730) Part of the Safavid Empire (1730-1736) Part of the Afsharid Empire (1736-1747) Khanates of the Caucasus (1747-1801) Part of the Qajar Empire (1796-1813) Russian Empire (1805–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic^[5] (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present) Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1923–1991) Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1991–2017) Republic of Artsakh (2017–present)
Bahrain	Dilmun civilization (4th millennium BC – 6th century BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (6th century BC – 3rd century BC) Part of the Parthian Empire (130 BC – 3rd century BC) Part of the Sassanid Empire (3rd century AD – 899) Part of the Qarmatian Republic (899–976) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (976-1076) Part of the Uyunid Emirate (1076–1235) Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty (1253–mid 1400s) Ruled by the Jarwanid dynasty (1300s-1400s) Part of the Jabrid Emirate (mid-1400s–1521) Part of the Portuguese Empire (1521–1602) Part of the Safavid Empire (1602–1717) Part of the Omani Empire (1717–1783) In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation (1783–1861) Sheikhdom of Bahrain and its Dependencies (1783–1971; since 1820 part of the Trucial States under British protection, being part of the British Empire) State of Bahrain (1971–2002) Kingdom of Bahrain (2002–present)
Bangladesh	Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms (600–340 BC) Part of the Kingdom of Magadha (340–319 BC) Part of the Maurya Empire (319–185 BC) Part of Kingdom of Samatata (232 BC – 800 AD) Part of the Shunga Kingdom (185 BC–73 BC) Part of the Kanva Kingdom (73 BC – 26 BC) Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. (26 BC – 358 AD) Part of the Gupta Empire (358–590) Part of Kingdom of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty (350–655) Gauda Kingdom (590–626) Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty) (c. 650–c. 750) Pala Kingdom (c. 750–c. 1070) Sena Kingdom (c.1070–1204) Deva Kingdom (1204–1297) Part of the Delhi Sultanate (1235–1352) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Bengal Subah (or Province of Bengal), part of the Mughal Empire (1576–1757) Ruled by the Nawabs (Viceroys), (1717–1880) (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 [The Nawabs lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757]) Bengal Presidency, part of the Company rule in India (1757–1858) (part of the British Empire) Bengal Presidency, part of the British India (1858–1947) (Part of the British Empire) East Bengal, federated state of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956), a monarchical state in personal union with the United Kingdom Federated state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–1971) (as East Pakistan)^[6] People's Republic of Bangladesh (1971–present)
Bhutan	Kingdom of Bhutan (1616–present)
Brunei	Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya (c. 1000 AD - 1276 AD) Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari (1276-1294) Part of the Majapahit Kingdom (1294-1368) Sultanate of Brunei (1368-1888) Protectorate of Brunei (1888–1942) (British protectorate, part of the British Empire) Occupied by the Empire of Japan (1942-1945) Protectorate of Brunei (1945–1984) (British protectorate, part of the British Empire) Brunei Darussalam (official English full name; full name in Malay Negara Brunei Darussalam, which means "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") (1984–present)
Cambodia	Kingdom of Funan (c.50/68 AD–550 AD) Kingdom of Chenla (550–802) Angkor Empire (802–1431) Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863) and Kingdom of Siam (1782–1867) French Protectorate of Cambodia (1863–1953) (member of French Indochina, a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire 1887–1953) French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire) Occupied by the Empire of Japan (1945) Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1982) People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1990, de jure government of Cambodia) State of Cambodia (1989–1993) and United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993) National Government of Cambodia (1990–1993) Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present)
Greater China	Mainland China Xia Kingdom (mythological; c. 2070–c. 1600 BC) (first royal dynasty) Shang Kingdom (c. 1600–c. 1046 BC) Zhou Kingdom (c. 1046–221 BC), Kingdom of Shu (?–c. 316 BC), State of Ba (?–316 BC), State of Wu (12th century BC–473 BC) Spring and Autumn period (771 BC-473 BC) (During this period, the power was decentralized and the power of the king of Zhou was just nominal. This period was marked by battles and annexations between some 170 small feudal states) Divided in Warring States (475 BC-221 BC) (As in the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Zhou continued to play only a symbolic role. In fact, some feudal leaders had proclaimed themselves kings and proclaimed themselves independent of the king of Zhou.) Qin Empire (221 BC-206 BC) (first imperial dynasty) (Ying Zheng, king of Qin, after achieving the unification of the Chinese states, proclaimed himself the First Emperor of Qin, Qin Shihuang). Han Empire (206 BC-220 AD) Kingdom of Minyue (334 BC–111 BC) (conquered by Han) Kingdom of Nanyue (204 BC–111 BC) (conquered by Han) Dian Kingdom (279 BCE–109 BCE) (conquered by Han) Divided in Three Kingdoms (220–280) (The term "Three Kingdoms" is something of a misnomer, since each state was headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed suzerainty over all China) Jin Empire (266–420) Divided in North and South dynasties (386–590) Sui Empire (581–618) Tang Empire (618–907) Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960) (Five imperial dynasties in the north and ten kingdoms in the south. Some of the kings in the south claimed the title of emperor, such as the ones of Former Shu and Later Shu). Divided in Great Liao Empire (907–1125), Song Empire (960–1279) and Great Jin Empire (1115-1234)^[7] Part of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Great Yuan Empire (ruled by a dynasty of descendants of Genghis Khan)^[8] (1271–1368) Western Xia Empire (1038-1227) (conquered by the Mongol Empire and inherited by the Yuan dynasty) Dali Kingdom (937-1253) (conquered by the Mongol Empire and inherited by the Yuan dynasty) Great Ming Empire (1368–1644) Great Qing Empire, known internationally as Chinese Empire or China (short name)^[9]^[10] (1636–1912) (The dynasty originated in Manchuria and already conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 before the conquest of the territories under the Ming dynasty in 1644) Dzungar Khanate (1634-1755)(conquered by the Qing, that in the process annexed Tibet in 1720, Qinghai in 1723 and Xinjiang in 1755 to China during the conquest) Republic of China (1912–1949) (Beiyang government 1912–1928) (Nationalist government 1925–1948) (Retreated to Taiwan in 1949, still holds partial control of Fujian) (In 1946 the Republic of China recognized the independence of Mongolia, that was de facto independent since the collapse of the Qing dynasty. Tibet, that was in a similar situation than Mongolia, was never recognized as an independent country) People's Republic of China (1949–present)(In 1997 the United Kingdom returned Hong Kong to the Chinese sovereignty, in 1999 Portugal also returned Macau to the Chinese sovereignty) Island of Taiwan Kingdom of Middag (17th century) (coalition of Taiwanese indigenous tribes; limited historical records) Dutch Formosa (1624–1662) (first non-indigenous regime on the island of Taiwan) Spanish Formosa (1626–1642) (initially coexisted with Dutch Formosa, then annexed by Dutch Formosa) Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) (successor to Dutch Formosa; first ethnic-Chinese regime in Taiwan) Qing Taiwan (1683–1895) (dependency of the Chinese Empire; 'Taiwan Prefecture' 1684–1887; 'Taiwan Province' 1887–1895) Republic of Formosa (1895) (proto-state; existed for approximately five months) Japanese Taiwan (1895–1945) (dependency of the Empire of Japan) Chinese Taiwan (1945–1949) (province of the Republic of China (1912–1949)) Taiwan (Republic of China) (1949–present) (state with limited recognition)
Cyprus	Part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (911–669 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (626–545 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (545–321 BC) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (321–305 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305–31 BC) Cyprus, province of the Roman Empire (31 BC-668 AD) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (668–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–965) Theme of Cyprus, part of the Eastern Roman Empire (965–1192) Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489) Part of the Republic of Venice (1489–1571) Eyalet of Cyprus (1571-1670) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Sanjak (county/district) of the Eyalet of the Archipelago (1670-1703) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Cyprus, fief of the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1703-1745) Eyalet of Cyprus (1745-1748) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Sanjak (county/district) of the Eyalet of the Archipelago (1748-1867) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Sanjak (county/district) of the Vilayet of the Archipelago (1867–1912) (Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960) (part of the British Empire) Republic of Cyprus (1960–present) (1967–1974) Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1974–1975) Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983) Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983–present)
Egypt	Information related to the Sinai Peninsula: 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, as the New Kingdom of Egypt (1516–1190 BC) 25th Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Nubian Dynasty, Part of the Kingdom of Kush, (715 BC–656 BC) 26th Dynasty of Late Period of Ancient Egypt, reunified the country (664–525 BC) First Egyptian Satrapy, part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC) 28th–30th Dynasties of Late Period of Ancient Egypt (404–343 BC) Second Egyptian Satrapy, part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty (343–332 BC) Part of the Macedonian Empire (Argead dynasty) (332–323 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom (332–30 BC) Part of the Nabatean Kingdom (3rd century BC–106 AD) Province of Egypt (30 BC-324 AD) (part of the Roman Empire) Province of Egypt (324–641) (part of the Eastern Roman Empire) Province of Egypt (619–629) (part of the Sasanian Empire) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (641–661) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Tulunid Emirate of Egypt, the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt since the Ptolemaic dynasty (868–905) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (868–935) Ikhshidid State of Egypt, Syria and Hejaz, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate (935–969) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–973) Center of the Fatimid Caliphate, second independent dynasty of Egypt in the Middle Ages (973–1171) Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt, after the death of Saladin), third independent dynasty of Egypt in the Middle Ages (1171–1174) Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt (1174–1218) Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt (1218–1250) Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (two independent dynasties: Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties) (1250–1517) Eyalet of Egypt, Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire (1517–1867) (the Muhammad Ali dynasty became the hereditary governors [Wali] of the eyalet in 1805) Occupied by the First French Empire (1798–1801) Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous viceroyalty (the viceroys [khedives] was from the Muhammad Ali dynasty)(Occupied by the British Empire from 1882 to 1922)(1867–1914) Sultanate of Egypt (Muhammad Ali dynasty), part of the British Empire (British protectorate) (1914–1922) Kingdom of Egypt (Muhammad Ali dynasty) (1922–1953) Arab Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) United Arab Republic (In union with Syria) (1958–1966) Sinai Peninsula is part of the State of Israel (1966-1982) Sinai Peninsula is returned to the Arab Republic of Egypt (1982–present)
Georgia	Kingdom of Iberia (302 BC–580 AD) Kingdom of Lazica (131 AD-697) Kingdom of Abkhazia (778-1008) Principality of Iberia (588–888) Emirate of Tbilisi (736-1122) Kingdom of Hereti (893-1020s) Kingdom of the Iberians (888-1008) Kingdom of Kakheti (1014–1104) Kingdom of Georgia, later the Georgian Empire (1008–1490) (emerged from the union of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and the Kingdom of the Iberians and gradually unified the other Georgian states. From Bagrat IV of Georgia the monarchs started to use the King of Kings title. At the end of the 15th century, the kingdom fragmented into smaller states) Kingdom of Imereti (1455-1810) Kingdom of Kakheti (1465-1762) Kingdom of Kartli (1478-1762) Samtskhe Atabegate (1266-1625) Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1800) Principality of Abkhazia (1463-1810) Principality of Guria (1460s-1810) Principality of Mingrelia (1557-1803) Part of the Russian Empire (1800–1917) (Georgian participation from 1800, conquest ended in 1810) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (federated state of the Soviet Union in 1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Georgia (1991–1995) Georgia (1995–present) Principality of Abkhazia (1463-1810) Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (1921–1931) Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1991) Republic of Abkhazia (1991–present) South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922–1991) Republic of South Ossetia (1991–present)
India	Indus Valley Civilisation (c.3300 BC–c.1300 BC), era when the India's local name Bhārat derives from the legendary Chakravarti Samraat (Universal Emperor) Bharata (either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC.^{[citation needed]} Inhabited by the Cemetery H culture (1700 BC-1500 BC) Indian Subcontinent was divided in Janapadas (1500 BC-600 BC) Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 states called Mahajanapadas (14 kingdoms and 2 oligarchic republics) (c.600 BC-345 BC) Nanda Kingdom (5th or 4th century–322 BC) (it emerged when the Nanda dynasty dethroned the Shaishunaga dynasty in the Magadha Kingdom, one of the 16 Mahajanapadas, who then sought to conquer and unify today's northern India) Maurya Empire (322 BC-185 BC)(The empire was founded when Chandragupta Maurya dethroned the last king of the Nanda dynasty, putting the Maurya dynasty in the power and continuing the military conquests in the Indian subcontinent. Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya) After the collapse of the Maurya Empire, India was divided between the 49 middle kingdoms (230 BC–1206 AD): The most well-known states of this time period are the Shunga Empire (185 to 78 BC), Gupta Kingdom (later Gupta Empire, from the reign of Samudragupta) (280–550 AD), Satavahana Kingdom (later Satavahana Empire, starting from the reign of Satakarni) (1st century BC-2nd century AD), Vakataka Kingdom (later Vakataka Empire, starting from the reign of Pravarasena I) (c. 250 CE – c. 500 CE), Harsha's Kingdom (607-647), Pala Kingdom (8th century–12th century), Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982), Pratihara Kingdom (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and the Chola Kingdom (later Chola Empire, starting from the rule of Rajadhiraja Chola) (300s BC–1279 AD). Kakatiya Kingdom (1163-1323) Hoysala Kingdom (1187-1343) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) (known in its historical period as Karnata Kingdom), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent Three sultanates declared independence from Delhi (1347–1527): Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562), and Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573). Plus the Karnata Kingdom (1336–1646) in the South of the Indian subcontinent Politics in Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by the Karnata Kingdom. However, there were other regional powers present, like the Chero Kingdom, Reddi Kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom and the Kingdom of Manipur (1200s-1300s) Sultanate of Bijapur (1490-1686) Portuguese India (1505-1961) (part of the Portuguese Empire) Mughal Empire (1526–1556 AD) or Hindustan (The Mughal Empire in its time period called the lands of its territory 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the land, being a exonym used by Arabs and Persians and later adopted by Europeans. As the empire expanded, so too did 'Hindustan'. In modern days (21st century), "Hindustan", alongside “Bharat” and “India”, is often used by Indians to refer to modern India.^[11]^[12]^[13]). Sur Empire (1540–1556) Mughal Empire or Hindustan (1555–1717) French India (1664-1962) (Part of the French Empire) India divided during the Mughal Era (1717–1857): Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"), Kingdom of Mysore, Kingdom of Travancore, Sikh Kingdom and many other states. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.^[14] Part of the British Empire (1757–1858) as the East India Company British Raj (1858–1947) (the region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially) (part of the British Empire)(India was divided into provinces [also called Presidencies] that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or king [raja] loyal to the British Monarch, which held de facto sovereignty [suzerainty] over the princely states, using the title Emperor of India to signify its rule over British India, as its imperial head of state.) Dominion of India (1947–1950), a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom(a federal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.) Republic of India (1950–presente) (a federal state. Currently the Indian Union consists of 28 states and 8 union territories)
Indonesia	Alleged Indian Kingdom of Salakanagara in Java (130-362 AD) First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan (4th century) Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in c. 650–1377 (4th century–13th century) Majapahit Kingdom, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1292–1478) Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Demak Sultanate (successor state to the Majapahit Empire), Kingdom of Pajang (successor state to Demak Sultanate), Mataram Sultanate (successor state to Pajang) and Banten Sultanate in Java; Malacca Sultanate, Johor Sultanate and Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam in Sumatra; Sultanate of Brunei and Sultanate of Banjar in Kalimantan, Sultanate of Gowa in Sulawesi, and Sultanate of Ternate and Sultanate of Tidore in Moluccas (15th–19th century) Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (1603–1800) (Part of the Dutch Empire) Dutch East Indies (1800–1949) (Part of the Dutch Empire) United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) (independent state) and Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1962) (an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Republic of Indonesia (1950–present)
Iran	Elamite Civilization (3200 – 539 BC) Median Empire (678–550 BC) Achaemenid Empire (549 BC-330 BC) (also called the First Persian Empire* and known in its time period just as The Empire)* Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great(330–323 BC) Disputed between the diadochi (323-315) Part of the dominions of the Antigonid dynasty (315-312) Part of the Seleucid Empire (312 BC–63 BC) Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) (also known as Arsacid Empire) Sasanian Empire (224–651) (officially known as the Empire of Iranians in its time period and also called Neo-Persian Empire by historians) Dabuyid dynasty (642–760) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Iranian Intermezzo or Persian Renaissance:Samanid Amirate (819–999), Tahirid Emirate (821–873), Saffarid Emirate (861–1003), Sajid dynasty (889–929), Ziyriad Kingdom (930–1090), Buyid Emirate, later Buyid Empire (934–1062) and Sallarid Kingdom (919–c.1062) Ghaznavid Sultanate (998-1042) Great Seljuk Sultanate (1037–1194) Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1188-1225) Center of the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1225-1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231-1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1231–1335) Iran divided after the fall of the Ilkhanate: Injuids (1335–1357), Muzaffarid Kingdom (1335–1393), Chobanid dynasty (1335–1357), part of Jalayirid Sultanate (1336–1432), Sarbadars (1337–1381) Part of the Timurid Emirate (1381-1506) Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) (known in its time period as The Expansive Realm of Iran* and The State of Iran)* (Occupied by the Hotak Emirate between 1722 and 1729) Afsharid Empire (1736–1796) (known in its time period as Guarded Domains of Iran) Zand State of Iran (1751–1794) Sublime State of Persia (1785–1925) Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) (renamed from "Imperial State of Persia" in 1935) Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)
Iraq	Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world) (c.4000 BC) Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system (c.2550 BC) Akkadian Kingdom (c.2300 BC) Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system (c.2200 BC) Neo-Sumerian Kingdom (c.2100 BC) Divided in many states like Old Kingdom of Assyria (known in its time period as Country of the city of god Aššur), Isin and Old Kingdom of Babylonia (c.2000–c.1450 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Babylonia (Kassite dynasty and later the Middle Babylonian period) and Middle Kingdom of Assyria (between c.1020 BC-c.890 BC there is also the presence of small independent states orbiting the two kingdoms) (c.1450–c.850 BC) New Kingdom of Assyria (known in its time period as Country of the city of god Aššur) (c.850 BC–770 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Babylonia (Middle Babylonian period) and New Kingdom of Assyria (770–730 BC) New Kingdom of Assyria (730 BC-630 BC) Divided between New Kingdom of Babylonia and New Kingdom of Assyria (630 BC-606 BC) New Kingdom of Babylonia (known in its time period as Land of Babylon, Land of Akkad and Land of Sumer and Akkad) (606–539 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (330–323 BC) Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia (323-318 BC) Part of the Antigonid Empire (318-310 BC) Divided between the Antigonid Empire and the Seleucid Empire (310-301 BC) Seleucid Empire (301–148 BC) Divided between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire (148 BC–128 BC) Part of the Parthian Empire (128 BC-224 BC) Part of the Sassanid Empire (224–637) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (637–656) Center of the Rashidun Caliphate (656–661) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–796) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (796–809) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate (809–876) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, eastern regions are part of the Saffarid Emirate (876-890) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Saffarid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north (890-900) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Samanid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north (900-931) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north (931-937) Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom and Buyid Empire in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north (937-945) Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Hamdanid Emirate in the north (945–996) Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylids in the north (996-1024) Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north, Kakuyid Emirate in the east (1024-1055) Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north (1055–1071) Part of the Seljuk Empire (1071-1130) Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Zengid Emirate in the north (1130-1185) Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north (1185-1194) Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Khwaraszmian Sultanate in the east (1194-1234) Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Mongol Empire in the east (1234-1258) Part of the Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalairid Sultanate in the south, Artuqid Beylik in the north (1335–1394) Part of the Timurid Empire (1394–1410) Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the south and east that was part of the Timurid Empire (1410–1434) Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the east that was part of the Timurid Empire (1434-1451) Part of the Qara Qoyunlu (1451-1469) Part of the Aq Qoyunlu (1469–1509) Part of the Safavid Empire (1509–1534) Divided in Basra Eyalet, Rakka Eyalet, Baghdad Eyalet and Shahrizor Eyalet (1534–1864) (Eyalets (States) of the Ottoman Empire) Divided in Basra Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet and Mosul Vilayet (1864-1917) (Vilayets (Provinces) of the Ottoman Empire) Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration (1920–1932) Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958) Hashemite Arab Federation (1958) (a dual monarchy under a confederation composed of Iraq and Jordan) Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) Republic of Iraq (1992–2003) Republic of Iraq/Coalition Provisional Authority (under US occupation) (2003–2004) Republic of Iraq (2004–present) (a federal state composed of nineteen governorates)
Israel	Inhabited by the Amorites, that established city-states in the region in c.2000 BC (3500-BC-1503 BC) Part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1503 BC-c.1200 BC) Twelve Tribes of Israel (c.1200 BC-1047 BC) Philistia (confederation of city-states) (1175 BC–604 BC) Kingdom of Israel (c. 1047 BCE–930 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Israel (referred to by historians as the Northern Kingdom or as the Kingdom of Samaria), Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (930 BC–c. 720 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (conquered the Kingdom of Samaria), in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (c. 720 BC-604 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia, in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah (604 BC- 587/586 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (587/586 BC-539 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539 BC-332 BC) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332 BC-323 BC) Part of the domains of Laomedon of Mytilene (323 BC-319 BC) Part of the domains of Ptolemy I Soter (319 BC-315 BC) Part of the domains of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (315 BC-306 BC) Part of the Antigonid Kingdom (306 BC-301 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (301 BC–c.200 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (c.200 BC-140 BC) Hasmonean Kingdom of Judaea (140 BCE–37 BCE) Herodian Kingdom of Judea (37 BC–6 BC) Judea, province of the Roman Empire (6 BC–135 CE) Palaestina, province of the Roman Empire and later of the Eastern Roman Empire (135–390) Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (390–614) Part of the Sassanian Empire (614-628) Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (628-636) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (636-661) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Tulunid Emirate (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (905-939) Ikhshidid State (939–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1011) Jarrahids (1011-1030) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1011-1071) Part of the Seljuk Empire (1171-1098) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1098-1071) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) Part of the Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1187-1260) Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1516) Divided in the sanjaks (counties/districts) of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safad, Nablus, Lajjun, parts of the Eyalet (State) of Damascus (1516–1841) (Part of the Ottoman Empire) Divided in Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (1841-1917) (placed directly under the Ottoman central government in Constantinople), Nablus Sanjak, Nasra Sanjak and Acre Sanjak, the later two was parts of the Sidon Eyalet (State) (1856–1864), Syria Vilayet (Province) (1864–1888) and Beirut Vilayet (Province) (1888–1917) (Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948) (Part of the British Empire) State of Israel (1948–present)
Japan	Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,^[15] Jōmon era (14,000 – 1000/800 BC): Japan was inhabited by a diverse hunter-gatherer and early agriculturalist population, the Jomon culture. Yayoi era (1000/800 BC-300 AD): Archaeological evidence supports the idea that during this time, an influx of agriculturalists (Yayoi people) from the Korean peninsula came to Japan, mixing with the native hunter-gatherer population (Jōmon people). Gradually small states was established in Japan. Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu mythologically Kofun era (300–578) (Era when the Kingdom of Yamato merged all the Japanese states into one in c. 400 AD). Asuka era (538–710): Buddhism is introduced in Kingdom of Yamato, later the Empire of Japan.(Empress Suiko was the first ruler in Japan to use the title of Tenshi (“Emperor”, 天子) in verified history. The oldest documented use of the title Tennō (“Heavenly Emperor”, 天皇) is dated back to the reign of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō in the 7th century) Nara era (710-794): A fixed capital city was established to the Empire of Japan, in Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). (Before this period the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor) Heian era (794–1185): the capital of the Empire of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) Kamakura period (1185–1333): the Kamakura shogunate (a military dictatorship) is established by the first shōgun, Minamoto no Yoritomo. (The Minamoto and Hojo clans dominated the politics of Japan The Emperor of Japan became a figurehead. Two capital cities: civil capital in Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) and military capital in Kamakura) Kenmu Restoration (1333-1336): the Imperial House restored its absolute power Ashikaga period (1336–1568): Ashikaga shogunate (a military dictatorship), established by Ashikaga Takauji from the Ashikaga clan. (The Emperor of Japan became a figurehead again. Capital city in Kyoto. After the Ōnin War in 1467, Japan enters in a state of constant civil war known as the Sengoku period) Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603): Japan's central government collapsed after 100 years of constant civil wars. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country and re-established a central government. (The period is named after Nobunaga's Azuchi Castle and Hideyoshi's Momoyama Castle) Edo period (1603–1868): Tokugawa shogunate (a military dictatorship) established by Tokugawa Ieyasu from the Tokugawa clan. (The Emperor of Japan was a figurehead. Two capital cities: civil capital in Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) and military capital in Edo (modern Tokyo)) Empire of Great Japan (1868–1945): The Emperor of Japan was restored to nominal supreme power (Capital city in Kyoto, later in Tokyo. Mainland Japan became the metropole of a colonial empire. Meiji, Taisho, and early Shōwa periods.) Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period. (1945–1952) Japan (official English full name; Japanese referred to as Nihon-koku, literally translated as "State of Japan").(The Emperor of Japan is again a figurehead. Late Shōwa, Heisei and Reiwa periods).(1947–present)
Jordan	What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. (13th century – 719 BC) Part of the Middle Kingdom of Assyria (c.719–607 BC) Ammon, Moab and Edom (607–596 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (596–539 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC) Nabatean Kingdom (330 BC-107 AD) Arabia Petraea, Province of the Roman Empire (107–269) Part of the Palmyrene Empire (269–273) Arabia Petraea, Province of the Roman Empire (273–286) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (286–614) Part of the Sassanid Empire (614–625) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (625–636) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (636–661) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Divided between the Tulunid Emirate and the Abbasid Caliphate (868–905) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (868-969) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–971) Part of the territory of the Jarrahids (971-1109) Part of the Burid Emirate (1109-1118) Divided between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Burid Emirate (1118-1154) Divided between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Zengid Emirate (1154-1174) Divided between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Sultanate (1174–1187) Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1187-1250) Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1516) Part of the Damascus Eyalet (1516–1856) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Part of the Syria Vilayet (1856-1917) (Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946) Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1946–1958) Hashemite Arab Federation (1958) (a dual monarchy under a confederation composed of Iraq and Jordan) Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1958–present)
Kazakhstan	Kangju (1st century BCE (?)–5th century CE) Yueban (160–490) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (580-603) Part of the Western Turkic Khaganate (603-659) Kangar Union (659-750) Oghuz Yabgu State (766-1005) Part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation (880–1200) Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) Part of the Khazar Khaganate (c. 650–969) Part of the Cuman–Kipchak Confederation (c.1000-1241) Part of the Mongol Empire (1241-1260) Eastern center of the Golden Horde (1260s–1428) Part of the Uzbek Khanate (1428-1446) Center of the Uzbek Khanate (1446-1456) Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847) Part of the Russian Empire (1735/1860–1917) Alash Autonomy (1917-1920)(Unrecognized state) Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1936) (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union until 1991) Republic of Kazakhstan^[5] (1991–present)
Korea, North	Divided in severall city-states (c.800 BC) Gojoseon, first a confederation of Korean city-states, later in the 4th century BC became a kingdom (Unknown-108 BC) Proto–Three Kingdoms period (108 BC-57 BC) - Korea was divided in severall states: Goguryeo, Okjeo, Eastern Ye in the north of the peninsula. There was also the Four Commanderies of Han, part of the Chinese Han Empire Kingdom of Goguryeo (c.37 BC-668 AD) Unified Silla (668-935) Kingdom of Balhae (698–926) Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392) (Unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea* originated from the word Goryeo)* Kingdom of Great Joseon (1392–1897) Korean Empire (1897–1910) Japanese Korea (1910–1945) (Part of the Japanese Empire) People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, used as basis for modern North Korean politics) Soviet Civil Authority (1945–1948) Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (1946–1948) Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
Korea, South	Jin (confederation of Korean city-states) (300s BC–100s BC) Proto–Three Kingdoms period - Korea was divided in severall states: Samhan (collective name of the Byeonhan, Jinhan, and Mahan confederacies) in the south of the peninsula. Kingdom of Silla (57 BC-668 AD) Kingdom of Baekje (18 BC-660 AD) Gaya confederacy (42–562) Unified Silla (668-935) Kingdom of Baekje (892–936) Kingdom of Taebong (901–918) (Changed name from Goryeo* to Majin and later to Taebong)* Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392) (Unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea* originated from the word Goryeo)* Kingdom of Great Joseon (1392–1897) Korean Empire (1897–1910) Japanese Korea (1910–1945) (Part of the Japanese Empire) and Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea exile in China (1919–1948) People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, forcibly dissolved in the South by the United States in 1946) United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948) Republic of Korea (1948–present)
Kuwait	In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. (1613–1670) (Part of the Eyalet (State) of Lahsa, Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire) Part of the Bani Khalid Emirate (1670–1752) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state (1752–1871) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Basra Vilayet (1871–1899) ( Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans) (1889–1913) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, autonomous kaza (district) of the Ottoman Empire (1913-1919) (via the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (1919–1961) State of Kuwait (1961–1990) Republic of Kuwait (1990) (puppet state of Ba'athist Iraq) Kuwait Governorate (1990–1991) (governorate of Ba'athist Iraq) State of Kuwait (1990–present)
Kyrgyzstan	Part of the territory of the Hephthalites (497-571) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (571–603) Western Turkic Khaganate (603-657) Part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West (657-757) (protectorate of the Tang Empire) Inhabited by the Karluks (757-791) Part of the Uyghur Khaganate (791-840) Center of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1130) Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (1130-1137) Kara Khitai, also known as Western Liao Empire or Great Liao Empire (1137-1218) Part of the Chagatai Khanate (c.1300-1347) Part of Moghulistan (1347-1380), also known as Eastern Chagatai Khanate Divided between the Timurid Emirate and the Moghulistan (1380-1507) Divided between the Uzbek Khanate and the Moghulistan (1507-1513) Divided between the Khanate of Bukhara and the Yarkent Khanate (1513-1705) Divided between the Khanate of Bukhara and the Dzungar Khanate (1705-1710) Part of the Dzungar Khanate (1710-1758) Part of the Qing Empire (1758-1865) Part of the Russian Empire (1865-1867) Part of the Russian Turkestan (1867–1917) (Krai (Territory) of the Russian Empire) Part of the Turkestan Autonomy (1917-1918)(Unrecognized state) Part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1926), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) (1991–present)
Laos	Mueang city-states (c.700s-1354) Kingdom of Lan Xang (1354–1707) Divided in Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1949), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), and Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (Luang Phrabang and Vientiane became vassals to the Burmese Monarchy from 1765 until 1779, later all the three kingdoms became vassals to the Kingdom of Siam from 1779 to 1893) French Protectorate of Laos (1893–1953) (constituent of French Indochina, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire) Kingdom of Laos (1947–1975) (French protectorate 1947–1953) Laos People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
Lebanon	Amurru kingdom (c. 2000 BC–c. 1200 BC) Ancient Phoenicia (1200 BC–858 BC): Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos Part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (858 BC–608 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (605 BC–538 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (538 BC–332 BC) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332 BC–323 BC) Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene (323 BC– 320 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (320 BC–314 BC) Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (314 BC–301 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (301 BC–63 BC) Part of the Roman Republic (and later Roman Empire) (63 BC–270) Part of the Palmyrene Empire (270–273) Part of the Roman Empire (273–395) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (395–611) Part of the Sassanid Empire (611–626) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (626–637) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (637–661) Part of the Ummayad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–876) Part of the Tulunid Emirate (876–905) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (905–935) Ikhshidid State (935–969), autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1071) Part of the Seljuk Sultanate (1071–1109) County of Tripoli (1109–1289) Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (1289–1516) Divided between the Eyalets of Sidon and Tripoli (1516-1864) (Eyalets (States) of the Ottoman Empire) Divided between the Beirut Vilayet and the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1864-1917) (Vilayet (Province) and Mutasarrifate (autonomous district under direct control of the central government) of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) State of Greater Lebanon (1920–1943) (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, a League of Nations Mandate territory administered by France) Lebanese Republic (1943–present)
Malaysia	Peninsular Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc. (c.100–687) Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom (687–1090) Part of the Dharmasraya (1090–1250) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. (1250–1287) Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari (1287–1293) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. (1293–1355) Part of the Majapahit Kingdom (1355–1380) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. (1380–1392) Part of the Majapahit Kingdom (1392–1402) Divided between the Majapahit Kingdom and the independent Malacca Sultanate (1402-c.1467) Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and the Majapahit Kingdom (c.1467–1499) Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate (1499–1511) Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641) (Part of the Portuguese Empire) Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate (1528–c.1620) Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate (1620–1636) Divided in many states like the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc. (1636–1826) Dutch Malacca (1641–1824) (Part of the Dutch Empire) British Malacca (1826–1957): Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States (Part of the British Empire) Malayan Union (1946–1948), a federal state and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Federation of Malaya (1948–1963) (federal state) Malaysian Borneo: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom (c.900 AD–1276 AD) Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari (1276–1294) Part of the Majapahit Kingdom (1294–1368) Part of the Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1568) Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu (1568–1888) Sultanate of Sarawak (1599–1641) British Borneo (1841–1963) (Part of the British Empire) Malaysia Malaysia (1963–present) (a federal state composed of 13 states and 3 federal territories) (The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state). Singapore became independent in 1965.
Maldives	Sultanate of Maldive Islands (since 1153; Huraa Dynasty 1774–1953; 1954–1968) Republic of Maldive Islands (1953–1954;1968–1969) Republic of Maldives (1969–present)
Mongolia	Inhabited by the Xiongnu (c.200 BC-93? AD) Xianbei state (93?–234) Part of the Rouran Khaganate (330–555) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603) Part of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603-628) Xueyantuo (628–646) Protectorate General to Pacify the North, protectorate of the Tang Empire Part of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744) Uyghur Khaganate (744–840) Great Liao Empire, (916–1125) also known as Khitan Empire Divided in severall Mongol tribes and clans, including Khamag Mongol (1125-1206) Mongol Empire (1206–1271) and Great Yuan Empire (1271–1368) Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1438), rump state that originated from the Great Yuan (In its historical period the state was known and referred to as the Great Yuan, was the continuation of the Yuan Empire in its northern regions) Four Oirats (1438-1478) Northern Yuan dynasty (1478-1634) Qing rule in Mongolia (1635–1911) (Inner Mongolia was conquered by the Qing in 1635, however Outer Mongolia resisted and only surrendered to the Qing decades later in 1691) Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) (partly interrupted by the Chinese Occupation of Mongolia 1919–1921) Internationally was an unrecognised state, being recognized only by the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian SFSR and USSR) Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) (Before 1946, internationally was a Unrecognised state, being recognized only by the USSR. The Republic of China only recognized the independency of Mongolia in 1946, being followed by other nations) Mongolia (official English full name; Mongolian referred to as Mongol Uls, literally translated as "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia") (1992–present)
Myanmar	Thaton Kingdom (300s BC–1057) Divided in many Pyu city-states (c.200 BC-c. 1050 AD) Bagan Kingdom (849-1297)(In c.1060, unified all city states in what is today Myanmar Divided in severall states, for example: Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1539; 1550–52), Arakan (1287–1785)Myinsaing Kingdom (1297–1313), Pinya Kingdom (1313–1365), Sagaing Kingdom (1315–1365), Kingdom of Ava (1364–1555), Prome Kingdom (1482–1542) Toungoo Kingdom (1510–1752)(Reunified all the states in what is today Myanmar) Konbaung Kingdom (1752–1885) Part of the British India (1858–1937) (Part of the British Empire) British Burma (1937–1947) (Part of the British Empire) Union of Burma (1948–1962) Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988) Union of Myanmar (1988–2011) Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2011–present)
Nepal	Nepal Mandala (????-1768) (confederation of three states) Chaubisi Rajya (????–1768) (confederation of 24 states, among them the Gorkha Kingdom (Unified the states of the Chaubisi Rajya and founded the Kingdom of Nepal)) Baise Rajya (????-1810) (confederation of 22 states) Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)(From 1768 until 1810 gradually annexed the states of the Baise Rajya in 1810) Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present) (a federal state composed of 7 provinces)
Oman	Imamate of Oman (751-1696) Imamate of Oman, metropole of the Omani Empire (1696–1856) Imamate of Oman (1856–1892) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, sovereign state) Imamate of Oman (1892-1970) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, protectorate of the British Empire) Sultanate of Oman (1970–present)
Pakistan	Indus Valley Civilisation (c.3300 BC–c.1300 BC) Inhabited by the Indo-Aryans (c.1300 BC-516 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (516 BC-330 BC) Ror Kingdom (450 BC–489 AD) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (326-323 BC) Divided in the satraps of Gandhara, Sindh, Punjab, Gedrosia (323 BC-321 BC) Divided between the Maurya Empire and the satraps of Gandhara and Gedrosia (321 BC-303 BC) Part of the Maurya Empire (303 BC-181 BC) Divided in regions dominated by the Indo-Greek Kingdom and the independent state of Patalene (181 BC-c.150 BC) Divided in regions dominated by the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Indo-Scythian Kingdom and the independent state of Patalene (c.150 BC- 70 BC) Divided in regions dominated by the Indo-Greek Kingdom and by the Indo-Scythian Kingdom (c.70 BC-35 BC) Divided between the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Indo-Scythian satraps (Apracha, Gandhara, Taxila, the Northern Satraps and the Western Satraps) and the Parthian Empire (35 BC-12 AD) Divided between the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Indo-Scythian satraps and the Indo-Parthian Kingdom (or Suren Kingdom) (12-15) Divided between the Indo-Scythian satraps and the Indo-Parthian Kingdom (or Suren Kingdom) (15 AD-20 AD) Divided between the Indo-Scythian satraps and the Indo-Parthian satraps (20-37) Divided between the Indo-Scythian satraps, the Indo-Parthian Kingdom (or Suren Kingdom) and the Kushan Empire (37-50) Divided between the Indo-Scythian satraps and the Kushan Empire (50-140) Divided between the Western Satraps and the Kushan Empire (140-191) Divided between the Western Satraps, the Kushan Empire and the Ror Kingdom of Sindh (191-230) (There was also the presence of small states orbiting these major states) Divided between the Western Satraps, the Kushan Empire, the Ror Kingdom of Sindh and the Sasanian Empire (230-240) Divided between the Western Satraps and the Sasanian Empire (240-400)(There was also the presence of small states orbiting these empires) Divided between the Western Satraps, the Sasanian Empire and the Gupta Empire (400-405)(There was also the presence of small states orbiting these empires) Divided between the Sasanian Empire and the Gupta Empire (405-458) Divided between the Sasanian Empire, the Gupta Empire and the Alchon Huns Monarchy (458-489) Divided between the Sasanian Empire, the Gupta Empire, the Alchon Huns Monarchy and the Rai Kingdom of Sindh (489-502) Divided between the Sasanian Empire, the Alchon Huns Monarchy and the Rai Kingdom of Sindh (502-529) Divided between the Sasanian Empire, the Alchon Huns Monarchy, the Rai Kingdom of Sindh and the Aulikara Empire (529-542) Divided between the Sasanian Empire, the Rai Kingdom of Sindh and the Aulikara Empire (542-545) Divided between the Sasanian Empire and the Rai Kingdom of Sindh (545-632) Divided between the Sasanian Empire and the Brahman Kingdom of Sindh (632-644) Brahman Kingdom of Sindh (644-674) Divided between the Brahman Kingdom of Sindh and the Umayyad Caliphate (674-713) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (712-750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-854) Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (including the Habbari Emirate, a autonomous state of the Abbasid Caliphate), and the Hindu Shahi Monarchy (854-861) Divided between the Habbari Emirate, the Hindu Shahi Monarchy and the Saffarid Emirate (861-901) Divided between the Habbari Emirate, the Hindu Shahi Monarchy and the Samanid Amirate (901-977) Divided between the Habbari Emirate, the Hindu Shahi Monarchy, the Samanid Amirate and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (977-999) Divided between the Habbari Emirate, the Hindu Shahi Monarchy, and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (999-1026) Divided between the Soomra Sultanate of Sindh and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (1026-1173) Divided between the Ghaznavid Sultanate and the Ghurid Sultanate (1173-1186) Part of the Ghurid Kingdom (1186-1206) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate, the Khwarazmian Kingdom and the Ghurid Sultanate (1206-1215) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate and the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1215-1231) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate and the Mongol Empire (1231-1264) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate and the Ilkhanate (1264-1335) Part of the Delhi Sultanate (1335-1414) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate and the Samma Sultanate of Sindh (1414-1524) Divided between the Delhi Sultanate and the Arghun Sultanate of Sindh (1524-1526) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Arghun Sultanate of Sindh (1526-1540) Divided between the Mughal Empire, the Sur Empire and the Arghun Sultanate of Sindh (1540-1554) Divided between the Mughal Empire, the Sur Empire and the Tarkhan Sultanate of Sindh (1554-1556) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Tarkhan Sultanate of Sindh (1556-1591) Part of the Mughal Empire (1591-1638) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Safavid Empire (1638-1709) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Hotak Emirate (1709-1722) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Hotak Emirate (1709-1738) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Afsharid Empire (1738-1748) Divided between the Mughal Empire and the Afghan Kingdom (1747-1752) Divided between the Kalhora Nawabs of Sindh and the Maratha Empire,later the Maratha Confederacy (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty) and the Afghan Kingdom (1752-1757) Divided between the Kalhora Nawabs of Sindh (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire) and the Afghan Kingdom (1757-1783) Divided between the Talpur Kings of Sindh (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire) and the Afghan Kingdom (1783-1799) Divided between the Talpur Kings of Sindh (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire), the Afghan Kingdom and the Sikh Kingdom (1799-1823) Divided between the Talpur Kings of Sindh (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire), the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Sikh Kingdom (1823-1839) Divided between the Company Raj, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Sikh Kingdom (1839-1849) Divided between the Company Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan (1849-1856) Divided between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan (1856-1879) Part of the British India (1879–1947) (Part of the British Empire) Dominion of Pakistan, a federal monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (1947–1956) Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–present) (a federal state composed of 4 provinces, 2 administrative territories and 1 federal territory)
Palestine	Inhabited by the Amorites, that established city-states in the region in c.2000 BC (3500-BC-1503 BC) Part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1503 BC-c.1200 BC) Twelve Tribes of Israel (c.1200 BC-1047 BC) Philistia (confederation of city-states) (1175 BC–604 BC) Kingdom of Israel (c. 1047 BCE–930 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Israel (referred to by historians as the Northern Kingdom or as the Kingdom of Samaria), Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (930 BC–c. 720 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (conquered the Kingdom of Samaria), in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (c. 720 BC-604 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia, in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah (604 BC- 587/586 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (587/586 BC-539 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539 BC-332 BC) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332 BC-323 BC) Part of the domains of Laomedon of Mytilene (323 BC-319 BC) Part of the domains of Ptolemy I Soter (319 BC-315 BC) Part of the domains of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (315 BC-306 BC) Part of the Antigonid Kingdom (306 BC-301 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (301 BC–c.200 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (c.200 BC-140 BC) Hasmonean Kingdom of Judaea (140 BCE–37 BCE) Herodian Kingdom of Judea (37 BC–6 BC) Judea, province of the Roman Empire (6 BC–135 CE) Palaestina, province of the Roman Empire and later of the Eastern Roman Empire (135–390) Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (390–614) Part of the Sassanian Empire (614-628) Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (628-636) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (636-661) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Tulunid Emirate (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (905-939) Ikhshidid State (939–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1011) Jarrahids (1011-1030) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1011-1071) Part of the Seljuk Empire (1171-1098) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1098-1071) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) Part of the Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1187-1260) Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1516) Divided in the sanjaks (counties/districts) of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safad, Nablus, Lajjun, parts of the Eyalet (State) of Damascus (1516–1841) (Part of the Ottoman Empire) Divided in Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (1841-1917) (placed directly under the Ottoman central government in Constantinople), Nablus Sanjak, Nasra Sanjak and Acre Sanjak, the later two was parts of the Sidon Eyalet (State) (1856–1864), Syria Vilayet (Province) (1864–1888) and Beirut Vilayet (Province) (1888–1917) (Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948) (Part of the British Empire) All-Palestine Government (1948–1959), later Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt (1959–1967) and Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (1948–1967) Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964–present) Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981) Israeli Civil Administration (1981–1994) Palestinian National Authority (1994–2013) State of Palestine (2013–present) (claimed to be independent since 1988; an UN observer since 2013)
Philippines	The Philippine Archipelago was divided in severall states (c.900s–1565), for example: Tondo polity, Confederation of Madya-as, Kingdom of Mai-i, Kingdom of Cebu, the Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, and many others. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan and parts of Mindanao too. Captaincy General of the Philippines (1565–1821), part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire and briefly occupied by the British between 1762–1764) Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid (Part of the Spanish Empire) United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902) and First Philippine Republic (1899–1901) (not recognized by the United States) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1901–1935) (unincorporated territory of the United States) Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) (unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status) and Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945) (puppet state of the Japanese Empire) Republic of the Philippines (1946–present)
Qatar	Dilmun civilization (c. 4th millennium BC- c. 538 BC) Part of the Sassanian Empire (230 AD-628 AD) Part of the Islamic Medina (628-632) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Part of the Ummayad Caliphate (661-750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-889) Part of the Qarmatian Republic (889-1076) Part of the Uyunid Emirate (1076-1253) Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty (1253-1400) Part of the Jabrid Emirate (1400-1521) Part of the Lahsa Eyalet (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) (1550-1669) Part of the Bani Khalid Emirate (1669-1796) Part of the Emirate of Diriyah (1796-1815) Divided between the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies and the Emirate of Diriyah (1815-1818) Part of the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies (1818-1850) Part of the Emirate of Nejd (1850-1853) Divided between the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies and the Emirate of Nejd (1853-1867) Divided between the [Sheikdom of Qatar and the Emirate of Nejd (1867-1872) Part of the Vilayet of Baghdad (Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) (1872-1916) Protectorate of Qatar (1916–1971) (Part of the British Empire) State of Qatar (1971–present)
Russia^[16]	Information relative only to Siberia (Asian part of Russia): The steppes of Siberia were occupied by severall nomadic peoples, including the Khitan people, various Finnic, Turkic and Mongol peoples. Mongol Empire (1206-1368) (the Mongol Empire conquered larger parts of the area) Golden Horde (1368-1468) Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598) Tsardom of Russia (1580 [in Asia]–1721) Russian Empire (1721–1917) (a unitary state) Russian Republic (1917) (a federal state) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (a federated state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991, and a federal state itself) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) ( a federal state) Russian Federation (1991–1993) (Retained 1978 RSFSR Constitution) Russian Federation (1993–present) (a federal state, currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.)
Saudi Arabia	There is evidence that modern human (Homo sapiens) habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years ago Early settled civilizations in the Antiquity: the Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula, Thamud north of the Hejaz, and Kindah kingdom and Al-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula. By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible.^[17] Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of the Sassanid Empire Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. (622–632) Rashidun Caliphate (632–656), with capital city in Mecca Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (656-661), (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–945) Qarmatians establihed a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia (899–1076) was part of the Buyid Empire (945–968) The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established (c. 968). Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule. Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid dynasty which conquered what is now Hejaz (1171–1260) Uyunid Emirate (1076–1253) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia Usfurids rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia (1253–c.1400) Jabrid Emirate (1400–c.1521) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia. Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Mamluk Sultanate which inherited Hejaz from the Ayyubids (1260–1517) Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca (1517-1803), Habesh Eyalet (1554-1802; 1813–1872), Lahsa Eyalet (1560–1670), Shariffate/Emirate (Principality) and Eyalets (word translated to States in modern Turkish, but at the time considered equivalent to Grand Duchies by the Europeans) of the Ottoman Empire (1517-1804) Bani Khalid Emirate in Eastern Arabia (1670–1790) Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State) (1744–1818) Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Meca (1814–1916) (part of the Ottoman Empire) Part of the Egypt Eyalet (1818–1824) (part of the Ottoman Empire) Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State) (1824–1891) Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) and Hejaz Vilayet (1872–1916) Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913) Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921) Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926), Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925), Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934), Principality of Najran (1633–1934) and the Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916-1923) Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy (1926–1932) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)
Singapore	Crown Colony of Singapore (1819–1826) Straits Settlements (1926–1946) Colony of Singapore (1946–1963) Singapore (1963–1965) (state of Malaysia) Republic of Singapore (1965–present)
Sri Lanka	Unified Kingdom of Tambapanni (543 BC–437 BC) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (1055–1232) Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1232–1272) Kingdom of Yapahuwa (1272–1293) Kingdom of Kurunagala (1293-1341) Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1371) Kingdom of Kotte (1371–1597) (Divided after the Vijayabā Kollaya ) Divided Amongst Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594) Jaffna Kingdom (1232–1620) Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) (independence from the Kingdom of Kotte) Portuguese Ceylon (1597–1658) Dutch Ceylon (1640–1796) Early British Ceylon (1796–1815) Unified British Ceylon (1815–1948) (Kingdom of Kandy becomes a British Colony in 1815) Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972) (independence from the British Empire) Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1972–present) (renamed from "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" in 1978)
Syria	Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Alawite State (1920–1936) and Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) Jabal Druze State (1921–1936) and State of Aleppo (1920–1924) and State of Damascus (1920–1924), later State of Syria (1924–1930) Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) Syrian Republic (1946–1958) United Arab Republic (1958–1961) Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present) Syrian Arab Republic (opposition) (2011–present) Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (2013–present)
Tajikistan	Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire) Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929) (autonomous Soviet socialist republic of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic) Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Republic of Tajikistan (1991–present)
Thailand	Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438), Lan Na Kingdom (1292–1775), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (1st millennium–15th century) Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767) Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782) Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932) Kingdom of Thailand (1932–present) (Be named Siam* until 1939)*
Timor-Leste (East Timor)	Portuguese Timor (1702–1975) Timor Timur (1975–1999) (created during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor) United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002) Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2002–present)
Turkey	Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) Seljuq Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307) Karamanids (1250–1487) Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) Republic of Turkey (1923–present)
Turkmenistan	Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire) Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Turkmenistan (1991–present)
United Arab Emirates	Trucial States (1820–1971) (British protectorate) United Arab Emirates (1971–present)
Uzbekistan	Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire) Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Republic of Uzbekistan (1991–present)
Vietnam	Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1887) still enthroned until 1945 French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of existing French colonies, Vietnamese constituents below) Colony of Cochinchina (1862–1949) Annam Protectorate (1884–1949) Tonkin Protectorate (1884–1949) State of Vietnam (1949–1955) (provisional government, official successor of French Indochina) Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976) Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975) Republic of South Vietnam (1976) (existed from 1969 as Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, an underground opposition to South Vietnam, later a transitional government) Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)
Yemen	Yemen Vilayet (1872–1918) (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire) Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962) Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (1962–1990) Aden Protectorate (1869–1963) Federation of South Arabia (1963–1967) People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (1967–1990) (1967–1970 named People's Republic of Southern Yemen) Republic of Yemen (1990–present)

References[]

^ "Asia". eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006.
^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
^ Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition. Twentieth-Century Wars. 2. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN 9781137013613.
^ Marcin, Gary (1998). "The Taliban". King's College. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Bangladesh". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
^ Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 123–124. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
^ "Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.
^ McKinley, William. "Second State of the Union Address". 5 December 1898.
^ Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Under Japanese Domination. Translated by Joshua A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8122-3912-6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
^ White-Spunner, Barney (2017), Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4711-4802-6
^ Sarina Singh (2009). Lonely Planet India (13, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 276. ISBN 9781741791518.
^ Christine Everaer (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories (annotated ed.). BRILL. p. 82. ISBN 9789004177314.
^ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.
^ Hoshino Iseki Museum, Tochigi Pref.
^ Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, ethnically, and politically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.
^ Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009

[Britannica-1] "Asia". eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006.

[ReferenceA-2] National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."

[DRA-3] Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition. Twentieth-Century Wars. 2. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN 9781137013613.

[4] Marcin, Gary (1998). "The Taliban". King's College. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

[V4-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".

[6] Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Bangladesh". Retrieved 23 March 2015.

[7] Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 123–124. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.

[8] "Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.

[9] McKinley, William. "Second State of the Union Address". 5 December 1898.

[10] Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Under Japanese Domination. Translated by Joshua A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8122-3912-6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.

[White-Spunner2017-11] White-Spunner, Barney (2017), Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4711-4802-6

[Singh2009-12] Sarina Singh (2009). Lonely Planet India (13, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 276. ISBN 9781741791518.

[Everaer2010-13] Christine Everaer (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories (annotated ed.). BRILL. p. 82. ISBN 9789004177314.

[MSA2-14] Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.

[15] Hoshino Iseki Museum, Tochigi Pref.

[16] Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, ethnically, and politically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.

[17] Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009

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List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia

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References[]