List of presidents of Peru
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This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the Constituent Congress of Peru (1822), after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from Peru. The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current president in office is Pedro Castillo.
In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one autocoup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case. Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the liberators José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.
Presidents[]
N | President | Term of office | Form of entry | Title | Vice President | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | |||||||||
José de San Martín and the Liberation Army of the South (1820–1823) | ||||||||||
José de San Martín[2] | 3 August 1821 | 20 September 1822 | Protector of Peru[3] Peruvian honors and titles:[4] First soldier of freedom, Generalissimo of the arms of Peru, Founder of the freedom of Peru | |||||||
1 | José de la Riva Agüero[2] | 28 February 1823 | 23 June 1823 | Appointed by Congress[5] | President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
2 | José Bernardo de Tagle[2][a] | 16 August 1823 | 18 November 1823 | Appointed by Congress[7] | President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
18 November 1823 | 10 February 1824 | Election[8] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[9] | ||||||
Simón Bolívar, the Northern Expedition, and the end of colonial era (1823–1826) | ||||||||||
Simón Bolívar[2] | 10 February 1824 | 27 January 1827 | Appointed by Congress[10] | Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic[11] Dictator of Peru[12][13] | ||||||
3 | José de La Mar[2] | 10 June 1827 | 7 June 1829 | Election[14] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano | ||||
4 | Agustín Gamarra[2] | 7 June 1829 | 19 December 1829 | Coup d'état, in cahoots with Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente ruled temporarily until the arrival of Agustín Gamarra | None | ||||
1 September 1829 | 19 December 1829 | Appointed by Congress[15] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente | ||||||
19 December 1829 | 19 December 1833 | Election[16] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente | ||||||
5 | Luis José de Orbegoso[17] | 21 December 1833 | 21 December 1833 | Election[18] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
6 | Felipe Salaverry[19] | 25 February 1835 | 7 February 1836 | Coup d'état[20] | Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
War of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836-1839) Rulers of the Peru-Bolivia Confederation | ||||||||||
Result: Victory of United Restoration Army
Consequence: Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation | ||||||||||
United Restoration Army | Peru–Bolivian Confederation | |||||||||
Restoration of the Peruvian Republic | ||||||||||
7 | Agustín Gamarra[21] | 20 January 1839[22] | 15 August 1839 | Open Cabildo[23][24] Occupation of Ejercito Unido Restaurador |
Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
15 August 1839 | 10 July 1840 | Appointed by Congress[23] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
10 July 1840 | 18 November 1841 (†) | Election[25] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Manuel Menéndez President of the Council of State Justo Figuerola 1º Vice President of the Council of State[26] Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz 2º Vice President of the Council of State | ||||||
Military anarchy (1842–1844) | ||||||||||
8 | Manuel Menéndez[21] | 18 November 1841 | 16 August 1842 | Constitutional Succession[27] | President of the Council of State of Peru | Justo Figuerola 1º Vice President of the Council of State Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz 2º Vice President of the Council of State | ||||
9 | Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz[21] | 20 October 1842 | 15 March 1843 | Constitutional Succession[27][28][29] | 2º Vice President of the Council of State of Peru | None | ||||
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco[21] | 27 March 1843 | 7 April 1843 | Coup d'état conspired between Vivanco and Pezet | Pezet ruled temporarily until the arrival of Vivanco | None | |||||
7 April 1843 | 17 June 1844 | Coup d'état[30][31] | Supreme Director of Peru | None | ||||||
Military anarchy (1842–1844) | ||||||||||
10 | Manuel Menéndez[21] | 7 October 1844 | 20 April 1845 | Spare in office[32] | President of the Council of State of Peru | None | ||||
11 | Ramón Castilla[33] | 20 April 1845 | 20 April 1851 | Election[34][35] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
12 | José Rufino Echenique[33] | 20 April 1851 | 5 January 1855 | Election[36] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
13 | Ramón Castilla[33] | 5 January 1855 | 24 October 1858 | Coup d'état[37] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | José María Raygada | ||||
24 October 1858 | 24 October 1862 | Election[38] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Juan Manuel del Mar | ||||||
14 | Miguel de San Román[33] | 24 October 1862 | 3 April 1863 (†) | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Juan Antonio Pezet | ||||
15 | Juan Antonio Pezet[33] | 5 August 1863 | 8 November 1865 | Constitutional Succession | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho | ||||
16 | Mariano Ignacio Prado[33] | 28 November 1865 | 15 February 1867 | Coup d'état[39][40] | Provisional Supreme Chief of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
15 February 1867 | 31 August 1867 | Appointed by Congress[41] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
31 August 1867 | 7 January 1868 | Election[42] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
17 | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho[43] | 7 January 1868 | 2 August 1868 | Constitutional Succession[44] | Vice President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
18 | José Balta[43] | 2 August 1868 | 22 July 1872 | Election[45] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Mariano Herencia Zevallos | ||||
Tomás Gutiérrez[43] | 22 July 1872 | 26 July 1872 | Coup d'état | Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic | None | |||||
19 | Mariano Herencia Zevallos[43] | 27 July 1872 | 2 August 1872 | Constitutional Succession | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
20 | Manuel Pardo y Lavalle[43] | 2 August 1872 | 2 August 1876 | Election[46] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Manuel Costas Arce | ||||
War of the Pacific started on 5 April 1879 | ||||||||||
21 | Mariano Ignacio Prado[43] | 2 August 1876 | 18 December 1879 | Election[47] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Luis La Puerta
2º José Francisco Canevaro | ||||
22 | Luis La Puerta[43] | 18 December 1879 | 23 December 1879 | Constitutional Succession[48] | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | |||||
23 | Nicolás de Piérola[43] | 23 December 1879 | 28 July 1881 | Open cabildo[49] | Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
31 July 1881 | 28 December 1881 | Appointed by the National Assembly of Ayacucho[50] | President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
24 | Francisco García Calderón[51] | 12 March 1881 | 10 July 1881 | Council of Notables[52] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
10 July 1881 | 6 November 1881 | Ratified by the Congress of Chorrillos[53][54] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Lizardo Montero | ||||||
25 | Lizardo Montero[51] | 28 September 1881 | 28 October 1883 | Constitutional Succession
(Vice President) |
Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
26 | Miguel Iglesias[51] | 30 December 1882 | 1 March 1884 | Appointed by Constituent Assembly of the North[55] | Regenerating President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
1 March 1884 | 3 December 1885 | Appointed by Constituent Assembly[56][57] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
War of the Pacific ended on 4 April 1884 | ||||||||||
27 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres[51][58] | 3 June 1886 | 10 August 1890 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Remigio Morales Bermúdez | ||||
28 | Remigio Morales Bermúdez[58] | 10 August 1890 | 1 April 1894 (†) | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Pedro Alejandrino del Solar | ||||
29 | Justiniano Borgoño[59] | 1 April 1894 | 10 August 1894 | Constitucional succession
(Vicepresident) |
Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
30 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres[59] | 10 August 1894 | 20 March 1895 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º César Canevaro | ||||
31 | Nicolás de Piérola[59] | 8 September 1895 | 8 September 1899 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Guillermo Billinghurst | ||||
32 | Eduardo López de Romaña[59] | 8 September 1899 | 8 September 1903 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Isaac Alzamora
2.º Federico Bresani | ||||
33 | Manuel Candamo[59] | 8 September 1903 | 7 May 1904 (†) | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 2.º Serapio Calderón | ||||
34 | Serapio Calderón[59] | 7 May 1904 | 24 September 1904 | Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President) |
Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
35 | José Pardo y Barreda[60] | 24 September 1904 | 24 September 1908 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle
2º Vacant | ||||
36 | Augusto Leguía[60] | 24 September 1908 | 24 September 1912 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue | ||||
37 | Guillermo Billinghurst[60] | 24 September 1912 | 4 February 1914 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Roberto Leguía | ||||
38 | Oscar Benavides[60] | 4 February 1914 | 15 May 1914 | Coup d'état[61] | President of the Governing Board of Peru | None | ||||
15 May 1914 | 18 August 1915 | Appointed by Congress[62] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||||
39 | José Pardo y Barreda[60] | 18 August 1915 | 4 July 1919 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Ricardo Bentín Sánchez
2.º Melitón Carvajal | ||||
40 | Augusto Leguía[60] | 4 July 1919 | 12 October 1919 | Coup d'état | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | ||||
12 October 1919 | 12 October 1924 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º César Canevaro | ||||||
12 October 1924 | 12 October 1929 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º César Canevaro
2º Agustín de la Torre González | ||||||
12 October 1929 | 25 August 1930 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º César Canevaro
2º Agustín de la Torre González | ||||||
41 | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[63] | 27 Aug 1930 | 1 March 1931 | Coup d'état | President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru | None | ||||
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[63] | 8 December 1931 | 30 April 1933 (†) | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | None | |||||
42 | Oscar Benavides[64] | 30 April 1933 | 8 December 1939 | Appointed by Congress[65] | Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Ernesto Montagne Markholz | ||||
43 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche[66][67] | 8 December 1939 | 28 July 1945 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Rafael Larco Herrera | ||||
44 | José Luis Bustamante y Rivero[68] | 28 July 1945 | 29 October 1948 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º José Gálvez Barrenechea | ||||
45 | Manuel Odría[69][70] | 1 November 1948 | 1 June 1950 | Coup d'état | President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru | Zenón Noriega Agüero | ||||
28 July 1950 | 28 July 1956 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Héctor C. Boza Aizcorbe | ||||||
46 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche[71] | 28 July 1956 | 18 July 1962 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Luis Gallo Porras | ||||
47 | Ricardo Pérez Godoy[72] | 18 July 1962 | 3 March 1963 | Coup d'état | President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru | Pedro Vargas Prada | ||||
48 | Nicolás Lindley López[73] | 3 March 1963 | 28 July 1963 | Succession
(De facto) |
President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru | None | ||||
49 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry[74] | 28 July 1963 | 3 October 1968 | Election | Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic | 1º Edgardo Seoane | ||||
50 | Juan Velasco Alvarado[75][76] | 3 October 1968 | 30 August 1975 | Coup d'état | President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru | Edgardo Mercado Jarrín | ||||
51 | Francisco Morales Bermúdez[77] | 30 August 1975 | 28 July 1980 | Coup d'état | President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru | Pedro Richter Prada | ||||
52 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry[78][79] | 28 July 1980 | 28 July 1985 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Fernando Schwalb | ||||
53 | Alan García[80] | 28 July 1985 | 28 July 1990 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Luis Alberto Sánchez
2.º Luis Alva Castro | ||||
54 | Alberto Fujimori[81][82] | 28 July 1990 | 5 April 1992 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Máximo San Román | ||||
22 April 1992 | 9 January 1993 | Coup d'état | President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru | None | ||||||
9 January 1993 | 28 July 1995 | Ratified by Democratic Constituent Congress | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | Jaime Yoshiyama | ||||||
28 July 1995 | 28 July 2000 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Ricardo Márquez Flores | ||||||
28 July 2000 | 21 November 2000 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Francisco Tudela | ||||||
55 | Valentín Paniagua | 22 November 2000 | 28 July 2001 | Constitutional succession
(President of Congress) |
Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | None | ||||
56 | Alejandro Toledo | 28 July 2001 | 28 July 2006 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Raúl Díez Canseco Terry
2.º David Waisman | ||||
57 | Alan García | 28 July 2006 | 28 July 2011 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Luis Giampietri
2º Lourdes Mendoza del Solar | ||||
58 | Ollanta Humala | 28 July 2011 | 28 July 2016 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Marisol Espinoza
2º Omar Chehade | ||||
59 | Pedro Pablo Kuczynski | 28 July 2016 | 23 March 2018 | Election | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | 1º Martín Vizcarra | ||||
60 | Martín Vizcarra | 23 March 2018 | 9 November 2020 | Constitutional succession
(1º Vice President) |
Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | Mercedes Aráoz | ||||
61 | Manuel Merino | 10 November 2020 | 15 November 2020 | Constitutional removal
(President of Congress) |
Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | None | ||||
62 | Francisco Sagasti | 17 November 2020 | 28 July 2021 | Constitutional succession
(President of Congress) |
Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | None | ||||
63 | Pedro Castillo | 28 July 2021 | Incumbent | Election 2021 | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru | Dina Boluarte |
Timeline from 1980[]
Addendum[]
Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[83]
President | Term of office | Title | Form of entry | Vice President | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | |||||||
Máximo San Román | 21 April 1992 | 6 January 1993[83] | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[84] | Constitutional succession
(1º Vice President) |
Carlos García y García | |||
Mercedes Araóz | 30 September 2019 | 1 October 2019[85][86] | Acting President[87] | Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President) |
None |
See also[]
Notes[]
- ^ José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[6]
References[]
- ^ Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Decreto del general José de San Martín asumiendo el mando supremo político y militar" (in Spanish). Peru: Congreso de la República. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ "Portal Institucional e Información sobre la Actividad Parlamentaria y Legislativa del Estado Peruano > Datos generales > Palacio legislativo > Conociendo el Palacio Legislativo". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
- ^ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
- ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE EL LIBERTADOR SIMÓN BOLÍVAR ASUMA LA SUPREMA AUTORIDAD POLÍTICA Y MILITAR DE LA REPÚBLICA, QUEDANDO EN SUSPENSO LA DEL PRESIDENTE Y EN RECESO EL CONGRESO". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO ENCARGANDO LA AUTORIDAD SUPREMA AL GRAN MARISCAL ANDRÉS DE SANTA CRUZ, 1 DE SETIEMBRE DE 1826". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "PROCLAMA DEL GENERAL SIMÓN BOLÍVAR AL DESPEDIRSE DEL PERÚ, 3 DE SETIEMBRE DE 18261". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
- ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente de la República al Gral. Agustín Gamarra y Vicepresidente al general Antonio G. de La Fuente, 31 de agosto de 1829" (PDF).
- ^ "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
- De facto effective after victory in the Battle of Yungay: 20 January 1839
- ^ a b "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
- ^ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Castañeda Jiménez. "JUSTO MODESTO FIGUEROLA DE ESTRADA" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Sitio Web del Museo del Congreso y de la Inquisición. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
Figuerola fue nombrado Primer Vicepresidente del Consejo de Estado, cuyo titular era Manuel Menéndez Gorozabel.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "PROCLAMA DEL SUPREMO DIRECTOR, GENERAL MANUEL IGNACIO DE VIVANCO, A LOS HABITANTES DE LA CAPITAL, EL 8 DE ABRIL DE 1843". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO DECLARANDO NULOS LOS ACTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS DEL TITULADO SUPREMO DIRECTOR, 12 DE OCTUBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
- ^ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
- ^ "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
- ^ "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
- ^ "LEY QUE NOMBRA AL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 15 DE FEBRERO DE 1867". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "BANDO RECONOCIENDO LA AUTORIDAD DEL SEGUNDO VICEPRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL PEDRO DIEZ CANSECO, 7 DE ENERO DE 1868". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
- ^ "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
- ^ "Decreto 18 de diciembre de 1879. Asumiendo la Presidencia de la República el primer Vice-Presidente, Luis La Puerta" (PDF).
- ^ "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "LA ASAMBLEA NACIONAL NOMBRA A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA, AYACUCHO, 31 JULIO DE 1881". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b c d Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Cuya Vera, Ricardo (13 October 2017). "Francisco García Calderón Landa: Presidente del Perú".
en Lima, los “vecinos notables” se reunieron el 12 de marzo de 1881 y eligieron a Francisco García Calderón como Presidente Provisional de la República.
- ^ Ayllón Dulanto, Fernando. "FRANCISCO GARCÍA CALDERÓN LANDA" (PDF).
El Congreso ratificó el nombramiento de García Calderón como Presidente Provisorio
- ^ "MENSAJE DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DEL PERÚ, FRANCISCO GARCÌA CALDERÓN, AL CONGRESO DE CHORRILLOS, EL 10 DE JULIO DE 1881". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
- ^ "RESOLUCIÓN LEGISLATIVA Nº 1958 ENCARGA LA PRESIDENCIA PROVISORIA DE LA REPÚBLICA AL CORONEL ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "MENSAJE DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERÚ, GENERAL DE DIVISIÓN ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES LARREA, ANTE EL CONGRESO NACIONAL, EL 30 DE ABRIL DE 1933". www.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
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- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
- ^ "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019.
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(help) - ^ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019.
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- Lists of national presidents
- Presidents of Peru
- Politics of Peru