USRC Dexter (left) aiding the wrecked City of Columbus (right)
The passenger steamer was wrecked on Devil's Bridge Rocks and broke up in the Atlantic Ocean off the Gay Head Cliffs in Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, with the loss of 70 passengers and 34 crew. Later her boiler, prop, prop shaft and parts of her engine were salvaged. The 29 survivors were rescued by two boats launched from shore by Wampanoags and by the revenue cutterUSRC Dexter ( United States Revenue-Marine).[2][3][4]
The 381-ton barque of Ragusa was deliberately run aground, 300 metres (330 yd) east of Porthleven harbour, Cornwall, England, during a severe gale in an attempt to save the lives of the crew. Six hundred tons of logs were salvaged; three of the crew lost their lives.[6]
The steamship, formerly the White Star Line ocean liner Belgic, ran aground off Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. She was refloated and sent to Liverpool, England, for repairs.
The schooner was lost at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. The crew were saved. The wreck was sold.[12]
February[]
5 February[]
List of shipwrecks: 5 February 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Rhuabon
United Kingdom
The Padstow steamer struck The Smalls and sank during a south-south-west gale, while heading for Cardiff from Holyhead. Seven of the crew left in the ship's boat and were picked up by the steamer Briton. The captain and nine men were left on board.[13]
10 February[]
List of shipwrecks: 10 February 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Alexandra
United Kingdom
The schooner foundered off Cardigan. Her four crew were rescued by the lifeboatLizzie & Charles Leigh Clare ( Royal National Lifeboat Institution). She was on a voyage from Porthmadog, Merionethshire, Wales to Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, Wales.[14]
Racer
United Kingdom
The Padstow schooner foundered 25 miles (40 km) north-west of Lundy Island.[15]
The schooner ran aground in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia, and was wrecked.
McClure
United Kingdom
The Dublin steamship bound for Cork from Newport, Wales with coal hit the Barrel Rock at noon and foundered five house later. The captain and twelve crew were landed at Falmouth, Cornwall by the steamship James Hogg the following morning.[16]
12 February[]
List of shipwrecks: 12 February 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Moel Rhewan
United Kingdom
The cargo of the Welsh barque shifted during a gale on 9 February causing her to list and she was taken in tow by Upupa near the Smalls Lighthouse. Two days later the line broke and Captain Williams refused to leave his ship. Upupa continued on her voyage and on 12 February the crew were taken off by three ships.[17]
Samuel
Norway
The barque was driven ashore and wrecked east of Worms Head, Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, to Santos, Brazil.[18]
The steamship, formerly the White Star Line ocean liner Belgic, had undergone repairs at Liverpool, England, due to an earlier incident, but while leaving the port, bound for Havana, Cuba, she ran onto Burbo Bank at the mouth of the River Mersey and was wrecked.
28 February[]
List of shipwrecks: 28 February 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The fishing schooner was lost in a gale on Georges Bank. Lost with all 12 crew.[19][20]
United States
The fishing schooner was lost in a gale on Georges Bank. Lost with all 14 crew.[21]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: February 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Hornet
United Kingdom
The steamer foundered off Lundy with the loss of seventeen men. The only survivor was landed at Newport, Wales.[22]
March[]
2 March[]
List of shipwrecks: 2 March 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United Kingdom
The barque was sighted off Gabo Island, Victoria. Subsequently foundered off the coast of Queensland with the loss of all hands. She was on a voyage from Barrow-in-Furness, Cumberland to Cooktown, Queensland.[23]
9 March[]
List of shipwrecks: 9 March 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Samson
United Kingdom
The Sunderland schooner was driven ashore, during a gale, near Wick, Scotland. The crew of six was drowned.[24]
16 March[]
List of shipwrecks: 16 March 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Mary Boyns
United Kingdom
The Penzance schooner was stuck by the steamer Mulgrave and sank a few minutes later in the Bristol Channel. Mary Boyns was carrying coal from Neath to Penzance. The crew were taken aboard the steamer and landed at St Ives, Cornwall.[25]
The Cunard iron-screw steamer left Liverpool with five passengers and a general cargo for Le Havre, striking a rock about one mile (1.6 km) south-east of the Longships Lighthouse. With eight feet (2.4 m) of water in the hold the captain decided to run ashore at full-speed; Nanjizal (also known as Millbay) was the nearest convenient place. There was no loss of life.[27] The 774-ton vessel was sold by public auction on 5 April 1884 at Nanjizal followed by another auction at Sennen Cove of the rigging, sails, several lots of brass and copper, four ship's-boats, sixty hams, thirteen cases of lobsters, etc.[28]
The Liverpool vessel left Rangoon in February and is assumed to have foundered in a cyclone near Mauritius.[32]
Fayaway
United Kingdom
The Padstow schooner was wrecked at Bunbeg, County Donegal, Ireland while en route to that port from Killybegs, County Donegal.[33]
San Josef
The derelict vessel was found about six miles (9.7 km) south-east of the Longships Lighthouse with only a dog on board. The vessel from was laden with salt and was towed to Penzance by the lugger William and Annie.[34]
The paddle steamer sank off North Head, Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, after suffering a burst boiler. Both men aboard escaped safely in one of her boats.
3 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 3 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Belgium
The steamer ran aground on the Madrock Shoal, off Sambro Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, with the loss of 121 of the 130 passengers and crew.[35]
United States
The steamer burned to the water's edge at Fitzgerald Landing, Georgia, 28 miles (45 km) above Eufaula, Alabama, before her mooring lines parted allowing her to drift 100 yards (91 m) down stream in the Chattahoochee River before sinking. Five passengers and seven crew were killed.[36][37]
4 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 4 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner was lost at . The crew were saved.[38]
5 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 5 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Flying Cloud
United Kingdom
The brig left Liverpool carrying salt for Quebec and drove ashore in Dundrum Bay, Ireland. One of the ship's boats capsized and all the occupants drowned. The rest of the crew landed in a second ship's boat or were brought ashore by the Newcastle lifeboat.[39]
12 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 12 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Lady Dalhousie
United Kingdom
The steamship struck the Chynoweth rock near The Manacles off the Lizard peninsula, Cornwall, while in ballast for Newport. All the crew were saved.[40]
19 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 19 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Ponema
The barque left Liverpool for Miramichi on 10 April and collided with State of Florida (flag unknown) around midnight, both sinking within 15 minutes. Only the captain and two men out of fifteen crew survived.[41]
State of Florida
The State line steamer left New York for the Clyde on 12 April and collided with Ponema {flag unknown) around midnight, both sinking within 15 minutes. Thirty-six crew and eleven passengers were saved.[41][42]
28 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 28 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Saint Paul
United States
During a voyage in the waters of the Territory of Alaska from Belkofski to Kodiak with a cargo of provisions and a crew of two, the 13.92-ton schooner was wrecked on the coast of the Alaska Peninsula near , 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) north of Belkofski, during a gale. Both crewmen survived.[43]
29 April[]
List of shipwrecks: 29 April 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The passenger steamer burned and sank at dock in Portland, Maine. Three crew were killed.[44][45]
While being stripped, the decommissionedship-of-the-line broke loose from her moorings at Greenport, Long Island, New York, and ran aground on on the south coast of Long Island. She was burned to the waterline there to ease the recovery of her fittings, and her wreck sank in 20 feet (6 m) of water.[46][47][48]
The screw steamer sank in Lake Superior at Michipicoten, Ontario, Canada, with no loss of life. Her wreck was discovered in 2016.
15 May[]
List of shipwrecks: 15 May 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Athanasios Vagliamos
Greece
The 513-ton vessel was carrying coal from Swansea to Italy when she sprang a leak 180 miles (290 km) west of the Isles of Scilly. While heading for land the vessel was driven ashore on rocks just above Port Gaverne, Cornwall. The three crew took to the boat and landed safely ashore.[50]
United Kingdom
The cargo ship was wrecked on Cape Clear Island, County Cork. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[51]
18 May[]
List of shipwrecks: 18 May 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Catherine and Alice
United Kingdom
The captain and crew abandoned ship off in fine weather and the vessel was towed to port as a derelict. The captain was found guilty at Liverpool sessions of ″... neglecting to take measures to avert the loss of his vessel.″ He was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[52]
Syria
United Kingdom
The wreck of Syria
The sailing ship ran aground on the Nasili Reef off Fiji with the loss of 59 lives.
26 May[]
List of shipwrecks: 26 May 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Daring
The schooner collided with Skeellings (flag unknown) and both vessels sank off the Chicken Rock. The captain and two of the crew of Daring drowned.[53]
The brig was lost on the Grand Bank sometime in May. Sixty-two men, including passengers who were fishermen, were lost.[54]
June[]
2 June[]
List of shipwrecks: 2 June 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The steamer capsized in the Cape Fear River when she careened going around a bend and her deck cargo shifted. Two passengers and the cook died.[55]
7 June[]
List of shipwrecks: 7 June 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The fishing schooner was sunk in a collision with (United States) in Massachusetts Bay. Four crew were killed.[56][57]
20 June[]
List of shipwrecks: 20 June 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Girdler lightship
United Kingdom
The lightship was sunk by the P&O steamer Indus (flag unknown). The lightship crew were landed at Dover by Indus.[58]
22 June[]
List of shipwrecks: 22 June 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Unknown vessel
Reports of wreckage including deal and battens, off the west coast of Orkney. A lifebuoy belonging to Voalant of Caernarfon was also found.[59]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: Unknown date
Ship
Country
Description
Angeleta
Spain
The vessel caught fire and the nineteen crew were taken off by the Italian barque Pipalarno. Eight were later transferred to Village Belle and landed at Londonderry, Ireland.[60]
July[]
7 July[]
List of shipwrecks: 7 July 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The freighter was sunk when her boiler exploded. One crewman was killed.[61]
The steamer collided with Laxham (United Kingdom) and both vessels sank off Cape Finisterre. Fifteen passengers were landed at Dartmouth, Devon by Zoe and nine of the crew were landed at Royal Victoria Dock, London by Ville de Valence. A further seven passengers and eight crew were landed at Muros, near A Coruña by Vespertina Wilson. About eighty lives were lost including the captain who shot himself.[67][68][69]
Laxham
United Kingdom
The vessel collided with Gijon (Spain) and both vessels sank off Cape Finisterre. Two of the crew were landed at Dartmouth, Devon by Zoe.[67]
27 July[]
List of shipwrecks: 27 July 1884
Ship
Country
Description
John M. Osborn
United States
The wooden screw steamer sank with the loss of three lives six miles (9.7 km) west-northwest of Whitefish Point in Lake Superior after she was rammed by the steamer Alberta (Canada).[70]
August[]
2 August[]
List of shipwrecks: 2 August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Dione
United Kingdom
The Middlesbrough steamer sank in two or three minutes, when struck by Camden (flag unknown) off Gravesend, England. Ten of her crew and seven passengers are missing.[71]
4 August[]
List of shipwrecks: 4 August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Water Nymph
United Kingdom
The Newquay, Cornwall schooner stranded at Clifden, Ireland while carrying ore to the Clyde and was likely to be a total wreck. All the crew survived.[72]
6 August[]
List of shipwrecks: 6 August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner was wrecked on the Nova Scotia coast. The crew were saved.[73]
9 August[]
List of shipwrecks: 9 August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner was lost on . The crew were saved.[74]
United States
The passenger steamer struck a snag and sank near in the Missouri River. Four crewmen were killed.[75]
10 August[]
List of shipwrecks: 10 August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Red Rose
United Kingdom
The Cardiff vessel stranded about five miles (8.0 km) south-east of the Ar Men light, France[76]
Sino-French War, Battle of Fuzhou: The armed transport was sunk by gunfire on the Min River at Foochow (now Fuzhou), China, by the cruisers , , and (all French Navy).
The wreck of Yongbao (at left), photographed in 1884
Sino-French War, Battle of Fuzhou: The armed transport was sunk by gunfire on the Min River at Foochow (now Fuzhou), China, by the cruisers , , and (all French Navy).
The 1,173-displacement tongunboat — a sidewheel paddle steamer — sank in Vineyard Sound shortly before midnight with the loss of three members of her crew after she collided with the schoonerJ. S. Lowell (United States) approximately 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) from Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts. She was raised and repaired, and she returned to service in January 1886.[81][82]
The steamer capsized in a storm in the Ohio River three miles (4.8 km) above Henderson, Kentucky. Her captain died, as did five women and eight children, a total of 20–25 lives lost.[83][84]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: Unknown August 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Margaret Kendal
United Kingdom
The Barrow schooner was wrecked at Wick Bay, with the loss of three or four crew.[85]
September[]
1 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 1 September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Dart
United Kingdom
The Royal Mail steamer left Southampton on 1 August for the Brazilian ports and sank at San Sebastian, to the north of Santos. No lives were lost.[86]
7 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 7 September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Ellen
United Kingdom
The smack foundered off Cardigan. Three people were rescued by the lifeboatLizzie & Charles Leigh Clare ( Royal National Lifeboat Institution).[14]
Unda
Norway
The brigantine foundered of Cardigan. Her six crew were rescued by the lifeboat Lizzie & Charles Leigh Clare ( Royal National Lifeboat Institution).[14]
The screw steamer struck a rock in the Menai Strait, grounded, refloated, collided with Prince Arthur (flag unknown), then grounded again near the Menai Bridge on the Isle of Anglesey in north Wales, without loss of life. She was refloated, repaired, and returned to service.
11 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 11 September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner was wrecked on Shag Rock, off , Maine. The captain and two of the crew got out a dory, which was struck by a sea, killing the captain and one of the men. The rest of the crew made it onto Shag Rock where they were doused by waves for 13 hours before being saved by a passing schooner.[87]
13 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 13 September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Unidentified brig
The brig was wrecked on the Seven Stones Reef between Cornwall, England, and the Isles of Scilly.[88]
20 September[]
List of shipwrecks: 20 September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
RMS Cordillera
The vessel struck rocks at San Isidro, Chile in the Strait of Magellan. Six of the passengers were taken off by Uarda (Germany) the following day and the rest were taken off by Neko on 23 September 1884.[89]
The steamship was disabled and ran aground when a rope became entangled around her propeller at Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England. Her passengers were taken off by the lifeboatWilliam James Holt ( Royal National Lifeboat Institution). Welsh Prince was subsequently refloated and returned to service.[18]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: September 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Elisa
Spain
The crew abandoned the barque in early September and were landed at Falmouth, Cornwall by Claason.[91]
Germany
The barque was demasted in a severe storm in mid-Atlantic Ocean, lost her boats, and sprang a leak. After nine days the vessel was on the verge of sinking and the crew worn out from manning the pumps when they sighted the brig (United States) drifting towards them. Her crew, except for two men, had been wiped out by disease and were drifting helplessly. The crew of Frederick Scalla transferred to F. Y. Merryman as their ship sank and was able to sail the ship to New York.[92]
Swallow
United States
The vessel was abandoned in the Atlantic and nineteen of the crew landed at Falmouth, Cornwall by the German barque Ernst Ludwig Holtz.[93]
October[]
10 October[]
List of shipwrecks: 10 October 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Eliza
United Kingdom
The Penzance schooner grounded on the Dunbar, at the entrance to Padstow harbour, while carrying coal from Porthcawl to Penzance. The crew were taken off by the lifeboat Arab.[94]
Samarang
United Kingdom
The Newcastle barque, carrying timber from Quebec ran aground near Saltburn. The twenty crew were rescued by the Redcar and lifeboats.[95]
11 October[]
List of shipwrecks: 11 October 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Europa
United Kingdom
The Dublinsteamer was hit on the starboardbow by Roseville (flag unknown) near the Cloch Lighthouse, six miles (9.7 km) west of Greenock, Scotland. Europa sank in minutes with the loss of five men. The rest of the crew jumped onto Roseville.[96]
Morjord and Truby
United Kingdom
The Aberdeenbarque was wrecked while on a voyage from Grangemouth, Scotland, to Plymouth, England. The crew took to the rigging and all but three were rescued by the Harwichlifeboat.[97]
The schooner struck a reef and sank in Lake Michigan off Baileys Harbor, Wisconsin, during a blizzard.
26 October[]
List of shipwrecks: 26 October 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Amaranth
United Kingdom
The Padstow, Cornwall schooner collided with the steamer St Jacques (flag unknown) of Le Havre off Dungeness and sank with the loss of four lives.[99]
Pearl
United Kingdom
The Plymouth ketch became a wreck after going ashore near Padstow during a gale.[99]
27 October[]
List of shipwrecks: 27 October 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Chang Chow
The vessel went ashore at Sandy Cape while en route for China from Newcastle, New South Wales. Seven of the crew and passengers are missing.[100]
28 October[]
List of shipwrecks: 28 October 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Avebury
United Kingdom
The Sunderland screw-steamer, carrying 450 tons of iron ore and 200 tons of esparto to Cardiff stranded at Rosemodress, near Lamorna, Cornwall. All the crew managed to get ashore.[101]
The barque ran aground off Banks Peninsular, New Zealand and sank, with seventeen crew killed.
19 November[]
List of shipwrecks: 19 November 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Sweden
The steamship collided with the steamer Pennland (Belgium) off the Goodwin Sands, in the English Channel and sank.[8]
21 November[]
List of shipwrecks: 21 November 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The tug sank when her boiler exploded in Long Island Sound. Two of the crew were killed.[108]
22 November[]
List of shipwrecks: 22 November 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner ran aground in Lake Michigan off Whiskey Island, Michigan.[citation needed]
Unknown date[]
List of shipwrecks: November 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Craigforth
United Kingdom
The steamer left Iceland for her home port of Leith, Scotland and ran ashore on rocks three miles (4.8 km) west of Fraserburgh. The cargo of 3,200 sheep and 16 ponies were thrown overboard, and 2,500 sheep and all the ponies swam ashore. The crew and passengers were saved.[109]
December[]
5 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 5 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Alliance
United Kingdom
The Cardiff steamer was lost off Boscastle, Cornwall while carrying coal to St Nazaire.[110]
The Cork Steamship Company steamer foundered one mile (1.6 km) off Holyhead, Wales while en route to Liverpool.[112]
15 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 15 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner was lost on , Maine. The crew were saved.[113]
19 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 19 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Uva
United Kingdom
The Liverpool steamer left Liverpool for Barcelona with a cargo of coal and pitch. Last seen off on 18 December it is thought the steamer foundered during bad weather off the English coast the following day.[114]
20 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 20 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Echo
United Kingdom
The vessel was overwhelmed by weather off the Corbiere, Jersey, Channel Islands. All aboard drowned.[115]
21 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 21 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner ran aground in a snowstorm off Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The vessel slid off and sank in four fathoms (24 ft; 7.3 m) of water four hours later. The crew were saved by the schooner .[116]
22 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 22 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
United States
The schooner ran aground at Cape Canso, Nova Scotia. The crew made it to an uninhabited island from which they were rescued 24 hours later.[117]
25 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 25 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
Chelydra
United Kingdom
The Sunderland steamer was struck amidships by a Norwegian barque off the Eddystone and both vessels sank. The crew took to the boats and landed at Plymouth.[118]
Holmstrand
Norway
The barque struck Chelydra (flag unknown), off the Eddystone, and the crew were picked up by an unnamed vessel and landed at Newport.[118][119]
26 December[]
List of shipwrecks: 26 December 1884
Ship
Country
Description
SMS Marie
Imperial German Navy
The Carola-classcorvette ran aground on a reef off Neu Mecklenburg, German New Guinea and was severely damaged. She was refloated on 29 December and put into , German New Guinea for repairs.
^ Jump up to: abcdeChesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships, 1860-1905, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979, ISBN0-8317-0302-4, p. 398.].
^"Accidents". The Cornishman (319). 28 August 1884. p. 7.
^"Accidents". The Cornishman (322). 18 September 1884. p. 6.
^"1884". downtothesea.com. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
^Larn, Richard (1992). The Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly. Nairn: Thomas & Lochar. ISBN0-946537-84-4.
^Harvey, G W; Sanchez, Eliza (22 January 1885). "The Wreck of the RMS Cordillera (letter)". The Cornishman (340). p. 6.
^"A Gunboat Wrecked And Great Loss Of Life. 52 Officers And Men Drowned". The Cornishman (323). 25 September 1884.
^"The English brig Claason". The Cornishman (328). 30 October 1884. p. 4.
^"American Marine Engineer March, 1914". National Marine Engineers Beneficial Association of the United States. Retrieved 9 November 2020 – via Haithi Trust.
^"Nineteen of the crew". The Cornishman (321). 11 September 1884. p. 4.
^"Loss Of A Penzance Schooner". The Cornishman (326). 16 October 1884. p. 8.
^"Brave Rescue of 20 Hands". The Cornishman (326). 16 October 1884. p. 8.
^"Steamship Collision On The Clyde". The Cornishman (326). 16 October 1884. p. 8.
^"Loss Of A Barque And Their Lives". The Cornishman (326). 16 October 1884. p. 8.
^"A. R. Noyes". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ Jump up to: ab"Padstow". The Cornishman (328). 30 October 1884. p. 4.
^"Our Ships and our Sailours". The Cornishman (328). 30 October 1884. p. 5.
^"Total Loss Of A Steamer At Lamorna". The Cornishman (328). 30 October 1884. p. 5.
^Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships, 1860-1905, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979, ISBN0-8317-0302-4, p. 265.].
^"Protracted Sufferings". The Cornishman (327). 23 October 1884. p. 5.
^"Loss Of A Yarmouth Fishing-boat". The Cornishman (328). 30 October 1884. p. 5.
^"By the loss of a steamer Little Beck ...". The Cornishman (329). 6 November 1884. p. 6.
^"The Three Towns". The Cornishman (332). 27 November 1884. p. 5.