List of third party and independent performances in United States elections
In the United States it is rare for third party and independent candidates, other than those of the six parties which have succeeded as major parties (Federalist Party, Democratic-Republican Party, National Republican Party, Democratic Party, Whig Party, Republican Party), to take large shares of the vote in elections.
In the 59 presidential elections since 1788, third party or independent candidates have won at least 5.0% of the vote or garnered electoral votes 12 times (21%); this does not count George Washington, who was elected as an independent in 1788–1789 and 1792, but who largely supported Federalist policies and was supported by Federalists. Occasionally, a third party becomes one of the two major parties through a presidential election (the last time it happened was in 1856, when the Republicans supplanted the Whigs, who had withered and endorsed the ticket of the American Party): such an election is called a realigning election, as it causes a realignment in the party system; according to scholars, there have been six party systems so far.
Only once has one of the two major parties finished third in a presidential election, when not the result of a realignment: in 1912, the Progressive Party, with former president Theodore Roosevelt as their presidential candidate obtained 88 electoral votes and surpassed the Republicans.[1] In fact, Roosevelt ran one of the most successful third-party candidacies in history but was defeated by the Democrat (Woodrow Wilson) and the Progressive party quickly disappeared while the Republicans re-gained their major party status. The last third-party candidate to win one or more states was George Wallace of the American Independent Party in 1968, while the most recent third-party candidate to win more than 5.0% of the vote was Ross Perot, who ran as an independent and as the standard-bearer of the Reform Party in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
In the 369 gubernatorial elections since 1990, third party or independent candidates have won at least 5.0% of the vote 53 times (14%), while six candidates have won election (2%). The most recent third party or independent governor to win was Alaska's Bill Walker, a Republican turned independent, in 2014.
In the 441 Senate elections since 1990, third party or independent candidates have won at least 5.0% of the vote 39 times (9%); two of those candidates (0.5%) have won, both in 2012 (Bernie Sanders and Angus King, who both decided to caucus with the Democrats; Sanders received Democratic support during his 2006, 2012, and 2018 electoral campaigns). In 13 of the 41 races, one or the other of the major parties failed to nominate any candidate, allowing third-party candidates to perform better than usual.
Statistics[]
Note: Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, most states did not hold direct elections to the Senate.
| Legend: | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|
| Elections with notable third party electoral performances (1900–present)[2] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Gubernatorial elections | Senate elections | Total elections | ||||||
| Threshold reached | Threshold candidates | Third party victory | Threshold reached | Threshold candidates | Third party victory | Threshold reached | Threshold candidates | Third party victory | |
| Alabama | 5 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 |
| Alaska | 9 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 16 | 3 |
| Arizona | 5 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 12 | 16 | 0 |
| Arkansas | 10 | 11 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 16 | 17 | 1 |
| California | 8 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 0 | 17 | 21 | 1 |
| Colorado | 4 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 11 | 0 |
| Connecticut | 7 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 13 | 2 |
| Delaware | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Florida | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
| Georgia | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| Hawaii | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| Idaho | 13 | 16 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 21 | 0 |
| Illinois | 4 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 0 |
| Indiana | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 0 |
| Iowa | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Kansas | 7 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 14 | 0 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Louisiana | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| Maine | 13 | 18 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 23 | 5 |
| Maryland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Massachusetts | 10 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 |
| Michigan | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Minnesota | 21 | 25 | 5 | 19 | 22 | 5 | 40 | 47 | 10 |
| Mississippi | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| Missouri | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Nebraska | 10 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 15 | 2 |
| Nevada | 6 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 13 | 15 | 2 |
| New Hampshire | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| New Jersey | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| New Mexico | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| New York | 11 | 12 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 20 | 1 |
| North Carolina | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| North Dakota | 7 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 1 | 16 | 19 | 2 |
| Ohio | 3 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 0 |
| Oklahoma | 7 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| Oregon | 6 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 0 | 15 | 20 | 1 |
| Pennsylvania | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 0 |
| Rhode Island | 7 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 10 | 0 |
| South Carolina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| South Dakota | 7 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 12 | 16 | 0 |
| Tennessee | 7 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 12 | 0 |
| Texas | 9 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 13 | 0 |
| Utah | 6 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 |
| Vermont | 11 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 3 |
| Virginia | 4 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 18 | 2 | 18 | 22 | 2 |
| Washington | 7 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 14 | 0 |
| West Virginia | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Wisconsin | 18 | 21 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 2 | 30 | 36 | 5 |
| Wyoming | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Total | 284 | 327 | 21 | 203 | 236 | 21 | 487 | 563 | 42 |
Presidential elections[]
Gubernatorial elections[]
Senate elections[]
Listed below are Senate elections since 1905 in which a third party or independent candidate won or were reasonably close to receiving 5.0% of the vote. Winners are shown in bold.
| Year | State | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1905 | Socialist | J. D. Stevens | 12,485 | 15.17 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Prohibition | Hiram Gould | 8,224 | 9.99 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 1906 | Socialist | A. G. Simola | 5,608 | 6.1 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1910 | Socialist | Jud Harris | 1,959 | 9.62 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1912 | Socialist | E. Johnson | 1,234 | 5.68 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Socialist | E. B. Simonton | 1,221 | 5.8 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Progressive | Frank D. Catlin | 58,649 | 23.48 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Socialist | Allan W. Ricker | 25,610 | 7.32 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Progressive | Joseph M. Dixon | 22,161 | 32.1 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| Socialist | G. A. Steele | 2,740 | 13.73 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Progressive | Sardis Summerfield | 1,428 | 7.15 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Socialist | John G. Wills | 40,860 | 16.3 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Independent[3] | Jonathan Bourne Jr. | 25,929 | 19.41 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Socialist | Benjamin Franklin Ramp | 11,093 | 8.31 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Progressive | A. E. Clark | 11,083 | 8.3 / 100
|
5th | |||
| Prohibition | B. Lee Paget | 6,848 | 5.13 / 100
|
6th | |||
| 1914 | Arizona | Prohibition | Eugene W. Chafin | 7,293 | 15.05 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Socialist | Bert Davis | 3,582 | 7.39 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Progressive | J. Bernard Nelson | 2,608 | 5.38 / 100
|
5th | |||
| California | Progressive | Francis J. Heney | 255,232 | 28.81 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Socialist | Ernest Untermann | 3,582 | 7.39 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Colorado | Progressive | Benjamin Griffith | 27,072 | 10.69 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Socialist | J. C. Griffiths | 13,943 | 5.51 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Idaho | Progressive | Paul Clagstone | 10,321 | 9.54 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Socialist | Calistus W. Cooper | 7,888 | 7.29 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Illinois | Progressive | Raymond Robins | 203,027 | 19.99 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Indiana | Progressive | Albert J. Beveridge | 108,581 | 16.81 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Iowa | Independent | Thomas W. Lawson | 24,490 | 5.73 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Kansas | Progressive | Victor Murdock | 116,755 | 22.94 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nevada | Socialist | Ashley Grant Miller | 5,451 | 25.28 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| North Dakota | Socialist | W. H. Brown | 6,231 | 7.14 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Ohio | Progressive | Arthur Lovett Garford | 67,509 | 6.31 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Socialist | E. K. Hitchens | 52,803 | 4.93 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Oklahoma | Socialist | Patrick S. Nagle | 52,259 | 20.99 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Oregon | Progressive | William Hanley | 26,220 | 10.68 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Pennsylvania | Progressive | Gifford Pinchot | 269,265 | 24.22 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Washington | Progressive | Ole Hanson | 83,282 | 24.12 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Socialist | Adam H. Barth | 30,234 | 8.76 / 100
|
4th | |||
| 1916 | Arizona | Socialist | W. S. Bradford | 2,827 | 5.24 / 100
|
3rd | |
| California | Socialist | Walter Thomas Mills | 49,341 | 5.25 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Minnesota | Prohibition | Willis Greenleaf Calderwood | 78,425 | 20.58 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Montana | Socialist | Henry La Beau | 9,292 | 5.54 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nevada | Socialist | Ashley Grant Miller | 9,507 | 28.91 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| North Dakota | Socialist | E. R. Fry | 8,472 | 7.91 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Texas | Socialist | F. A. Hickey | 18,616 | 4.99 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Washington | Socialist | Bruce Rogers | 21,709 | 5.95 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Wisconsin | Socialist | Richard Elsner | 28,908 | 6.85 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1918 | Massachusetts | Independent | Thomas W. Lawson | 21,985 | 5.26 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Minnesota | Nationalist | Willis Greenleaf Calderwood | 137,334 | 39.95 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Mississippi | Socialist | Summer W. Rose | 1,569 | 4.96 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Montana | Nationalist | Jeannette Rankin | 26,013 | 23.14 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nevada (Special) | Independent | Anne Henrietta Martin | 4,603 | 18.01 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Oregon (Special) | Socialist | Martha Bean | 19,014 | 15.47 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| South Dakota | Independent | Orville V. Rafferty | 5,560 | 5.98 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1920 | California | Prohibition | James S. Edwards | 57,768 | 6.32 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Georgia | Independent[4] | Harry S. Edwards | 6,700 | 5.1 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Maryland | Independent | George D. Iverson Jr. | 21,345 | 5.46 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nevada | Independent | Anne Henrietta Martin | 4,981 | 18.16 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| New York | Socialist | Jacob Panken | 208,155 | 7.6 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Prohibition | Ella A. Boole | 159,623 | 5.83 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Pennsylvania | Prohibition | Leah C. Marion | 132,610 | 7.44 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| South Dakota | Nonpartisan League | Tom Ayres | 44,309 | 24.06 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Independent | Richard Olsen Richards | 10,032 | 5.45 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Washington | Farmer–Labor | C. L. France | 99,309 | 25.8 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Wisconsin | Progressive Republican[5] | James Thompson | 235,029 | 34.71 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Socialist | Frank J. Weber | 66,172 | 9.77 / 100
|
4th | |||
| 1922 | California | Independent | H. Clay Needham | 70,748 | 7.79 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Socialist | Upton Sinclair | 56,982 | 6.28 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Florida | Independent Republican | W. C. Lawson | 6,074 | 11.73 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Henrik Shipstead | 325,372 | 47.1 / 100
|
Elected | ||
| Pennsylvania (Special) | Prohibition | Rachel C. Robinson | 60,390 | 6.05 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Socialist | William J. Van Essen | 55,703 | 5.58 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Pennsylvania | Progressive | William J. Burke | 127,180 | 8.82 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nebraska | Independent | James L. Beebe | 19,076 | 4.92 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Washington | Farmer–Labor | James A. Duncan | 35,326 | 12.0 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1923 | Minnesota (Special) | Farmer–Labor | Magnus Johnson | 290,165 | 57.48 / 100
|
Elected | |
| 1924 | Colorado | Farmer–Labor | Morton Alexander | 16,039 | 5.04 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Colorado (Special) | Farmer–Labor | Charles T. Phelps | 17,542 | 5.52 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Magnus Johnson | 380,646 | 45.5 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Oregon | Progressive | F. E. Coulter | 20,379 | 7.7 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| South Dakota | Farmer–Labor | Tom Ayres | 23,962 | 12.2 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Independent | George W. Egan | 14,390 | 7.23 / 100
|
4th | |||
| 1926 | Idaho | Progressive | H. F. Samuels | 37,047 | 29.6 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Illinois | Independent Republican | Hugh S. Magill | 156,245 | 8.69 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| New York | Independent Republican | Franklin W. Cristman | 231,906 | 8.16 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| North Dakota (Special) | Nonpartisan League | Gerald Nye | 79,709 | 50.2 / 100
|
Re-elected | ||
| Independent Republican | C. P. Stone | 19,586 | 12.33 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| North Dakota | Independent Republican[6] | Norris H. Nelson | 18,951 | 12.22 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Independent Republican[7] | C. P. Stone | 9,738 | 6.28 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Oregon | Independent | Robert N. Stanfield | 50,246 | 22.46 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| South Dakota | Farmer–Labor | Howard Platt | 12,797 | 7.2 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Wisconsin | Independent Progressive Republican | Charles D. Rosa | 111,122 | 20.37 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Socialist | Leo Krzycki | 31,317 | 5.74 / 100
|
4th | |||
| 1928 | California | Prohibition | Charles Hiram Randall | 92,106 | 5.94 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Henrik Shipstead | 665,169 | 65.38 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| Wisconsin | Independent Republican | William H. Markham | 81,302 | 10.95 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1930 | Alabama | Independent | James Thomas Heflin | 100,952 | 40.07 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Ernest Lundeen | 178,671 | 22.89 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Oregon | Independent | Llewellyn A. Banks | 17,488 | 7.4 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Virginia | Independent | J. Cloyd Byars | 26,091 | 17.87 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Socialist | Joe C. Morgan | 7,944 | 5.45 / 100
|
3rd |
| Year | State | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | Arkansas (Special) | Independent | Rex Floyd | 1,752 | 5.16 / 100
|
2nd | |
| California | Prohibition | Robert P. Shuler | 560,088 | 25.77 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Kansas | Independent | George A. Brown | 65,583 | 9.1 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Wisconsin | Socialist | Emil Seidel | 65,807 | 6.14 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1934 | California | Socialist | George Ross Kirkpatrick | 108,748 | 5.29 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Henrik Shipstead | 503,379 | 49.87 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| New York | Socialist | Norman Thomas | 194,952 | 5.27 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Tennessee (Special) | Independent[8] | John Randolph Neal Jr. | 49,773 | 19.91 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Wisconsin | Progressive | Robert M. La Follette Jr. | 440,513 | 47.78 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 1936 | Delaware | Independent Republican | Robert G. Houston | 6,897 | 5.44 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Massachusetts | Union | Thomas C. O'Brien | 134,245 | 7.44 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Minnesota (Special) | Independent | Nathaniel John Holmburg | 210,364 | 28.42 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Independent Progressive | Andrew Olaf Devoid | 147,858 | 19.98 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Ernest Lundeen | 663,363 | 62.24 / 100
|
Elected | ||
| Montana | Independent | Joseph P. Monaghan | 39,655 | 17.91 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nebraska | Independent | George W. Norris | 258,700 | 43.82 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| Rhode Island | Union | Ludger LaPointe | 21,495 | 7.01 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1937 | Arkansas | Independent | John E. Miller | 65,802 | 60.5 / 100
|
Elected | |
| 1938 | Connecticut | Socialist | Bellani Trombley | 99,282 | 15.75 / 100
|
3rd | |
| North Dakota | Independent[9] | William Langer | 112,007 | 42.56 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Wisconsin | Progressive | Herman Ekern | 249,209 | 26.58 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1940 | California | Prohibition | Fred Dyster | 366,044 | 13.51 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Elmer Austin Benson | 310,875 | 25.7 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| North Dakota | Progressive Republican[10] | William Lemke | 92,593 | 35.06 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Wisconsin | Progressive | Robert M. La Follette Jr. | 605,609 | 45.26 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 1942 | Minnesota (Special) | Farmer–Labor | Al Hansen | 177,008 | 26.66 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Minnesota | Farmer–Labor | Elmer Austin Benson | 213,965 | 28.21 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Independent Progressive | Martin A. Nelson | 109,226 | 14.4 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Nebraska | Independent | George W. Norris | 108,899 | 28.64 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Virginia | Socialist | Lawrence S. Wilkes | 5,690 | 6.53 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1944 | North Dakota | Independent | Lynn U. Stambaugh | 44,596 | 21.19 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Wisconsin | Progressive | Harry Sauthoff | 73,089 | 5.82 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1946 | North Dakota | Independent | Arthur E. Thompson | 38,804 | 23.46 / 100
|
2nd | |
| North Dakota (Special) | Independent | Gerald Nye | 20,848 | 15.24 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Tennessee | Independent | John Randolph Neal Jr. | 11,516 | 5.27 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1948 | Arkansas | Independent | Arthur E. Thompson | 15,821 | 6.81 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1950 | Alabama | Independent | John G. Crommelin | 38,477 | 23.46 / 100
|
2nd | |
| New Hampshire | Independent (Write-In) | Wesley Powell | 11,958 | 6.28 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1952 | California | Progressive | Reuben W. Borough | 542,270 | 11.95 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Maine | Independent Democrat | Earl S. Grant | 15,294 | 6.45 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| New York | Liberal | George Counts | 489,775 | 7.02 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| North Dakota | Independent (Write-In) | Fred G. Aandahl | 24,741 | 10.4 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Virginia | Independent Democrat | H.M. Vise, Sr. | 69,133 | 12.92 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Social Democratic | Clarke T. Robb | 67,281 | 12.57 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 1954 | South Carolina | Independent Democrat (Write-In) | Strom Thurmond | 143,444 | 63.13 / 100
|
Elected | |
| Virginia | Independent Democrat | Charles W. Lewis Jr. | 32,681 | 10.66 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Social Democratic | Clarke T. Robb | 28,922 | 9.44 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 1958 | Utah | Independent | J. Bracken Lee | 77,013 | 26.44 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Virginia | Independent | Louise Wensel | 120,224 | 26.27 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1960 | Virginia | Independent Democrat | James W. Respess | 88,718 | 14.27 / 100
|
2nd |
| Year | State | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Virginia | Independent | James W. Respess | 95,526 | 10.29 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1966 | Mississippi | Independent | Clifton R. Whitley | 30,502 | 7.74 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Virginia (Special) | Independent | John W. Carter | 57,692 | 7.91 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Virginia | Independent | F. Lee Hawthorne | 58,251 | 7.94 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1968 | Alabama | National Democratic | Robert Schwenn | 72,699 | 7.97 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Alaska | Democratic (Write-In) | Ernest Gruening | 14,118 | 17.44 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Maryland | American Independent | George P. Mahoney | 148,467 | 13.09 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| New York | Conservative | James L. Buckley | 1,139,402 | 17.31 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1970 | Connecticut | Independent | Thomas J. Dodd | 266,497 | 24.46 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Mississippi | Independent | William R. Thompson | 37,593 | 11.6 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| New York | Conservative | James L. Buckley | 2,288,190 | 38.95 / 100
|
Elected | ||
| Virginia | Independent | Harry F. Byrd Jr. | 506,237 | 53.54 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 1972 | Louisiana | Independent | John McKeithen | 250,161 | 23.06 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1974 | Florida | American Independent | John Grady | 282,659 | 15.7 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Hawaii | People's | James D. Kimmel | 42,767 | 17.09 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| New York | Conservative | Barbara A. Keating | 822,584 | 15.93 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Utah | American | Bruce Bangerter | 24,966 | 5.94 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1976 | Minnesota | American Independent | Paul Helm | 125,612 | 6.57 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Virginia | Independent | Harry F. Byrd Jr. | 890,778 | 57.2 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 1978 | Alabama | Prohibition | Jerome B. Couch | 34,951 | 6.01 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Arkansas | Independent | John J. Black | 37,488 | 7.18 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Maine | Independent | Hayes E. Gahagan | 27,824 | 7.42 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Mississippi | Independent | Charles Evers | 133,646 | 22.64 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1980 | New York | Liberal | Jacob Javits | 664,5444 | 11.1 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1982 | Washington | Independent | King Lysen | 72,297 | 5.28 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1984 | Tennessee | Independent | Ed McAteer | 87,234 | 5.29 / 100
|
3rd |
| Year | State | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Virginia | Independent | Nancy B. Spannaus | 196,755 | 18.16 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1992 | Alaska | Green | Mary Jordan | 20,019 | 8.35 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Arizona | Independent | Evan Mecham | 145,361 | 10.52 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Hawaii | Green | Linda B. Martin | 49,921 | 13.73 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Louisiana | Independent | Jon Khachaturian | 74,785 | 8.87 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Ohio | Independent[11] | Martha Grevatt | 331,125 | 6.89 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1994 | Arizona | Libertarian | Scott Grainger | 75,493 | 6.75 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Minnesota | Independence | Dean Barkley | 95,400 | 5.38 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Ohio | Independent | Joseph J. Slovenec | 252,031 | 7.33 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Vermont | Independent | Gavin T. Mills | 12,465 | 5.89 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Virginia | Independent | Marshall Coleman | 235,324 | 11.44 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1996 | Alaska | Green | Scott Grainger | 29,037 | 12.52 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Minnesota | Reform | Dean Barkley | 152,333 | 6.98 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2000 | Arizona | Independent | William Toel | 109,230 | 7.82 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Green | Vance Hansen | 108,926 | 7.8 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Libertarian | Barry J. Hess, II | 70,724 | 5.06 / 100
|
4th | |||
| Massachusetts | Libertarian | Carla Howell | 308,860 | 11.88 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Minnesota | Independence | James Gibson | 140,583 | 6.98 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2002 | Alaska | Green | Jim Sykes | 16,608 | 7.24 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Kansas | Libertarian | Steven A. Rosile | 70,725 | 9.1 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Reform | George Cook | 65,050 | 8.37 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Massachusetts | Libertarian | Michael E. Cloud | 369,807 | 18.43 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Mississippi | Reform | Shawn O'Hara | 97,226 | 15.42 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Oklahoma | Independent | James Germalic | 65,056 | 6.39 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Virginia | Independent | Nancy B. Spannaus | 145,102 | 9.74 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Independent[12] | Jacob G. Hornberger Jr. | 106,055 | 7.12 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 2004 | Oklahoma | Independent | Sheila Bilyeu | 86,663 | 5.99 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 2006 | Connecticut | Connecticut for Lieberman | Joe Lieberman | 564,095 | 49.71 / 100
|
Re-Elected | |
| Indiana | Libertarian | Steve Osborn | 168,820 | 12.59 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Maine | Independent | William H. Slavick | 29,230 | 5.37 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Vermont | Independent | Bernie Sanders | 171,638 | 65.41 / 100
|
Elected | ||
| 2008 | Arkansas | Green | Rebekah Kennedy | 207,076 | 20.47 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Idaho | Independent | Rex Rammell | 34,510 | 5.35 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Minnesota | Independence | Dean Barkley | 437,505 | 15.15 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Oregon | Constitution | Dave Brownlow | 92,565 | 5.24 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2010 | Alaska | Republican (Write-In) | Lisa Murkowski | 101,091 | 39.49 / 100
|
Re-Elected | |
| Florida | Independent | Charlie Crist | 1,607,549 | 29.71 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Indiana | Libertarian | Rebecca Sink-Burris | 94,330 | 5.41 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| South Carolina | Green | Tom Clements | 121,472 | 9.21 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Utah | Constitution | Scott N. Bradley | 35,937 | 5.67 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2012 | Indiana | Libertarian | Andy Horning | 145,374 | 5.67 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Maine | Independent | Angus King | 370,580 | 52.89 / 100
|
Elected | ||
| Maryland | Independent | Rob Sobhani | 430,934 | 16.37 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Missouri | Libertarian | Jonathan Dine | 165,468 | 6.07 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Montana | Libertarian | Dan Cox | 31,892 | 6.56 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Vermont | Independent | Bernie Sanders | 209,053 | 71.04 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 2014 | Kansas | Independent | Greg Orman | 368,372 | 42.53 / 100
|
2nd | |
| South Dakota | Independent | Larry Pressler | 47,741 | 17.09 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Wyoming | Independent | Curt Gottshall | 13,311 | 7.9 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2016 | Alaska | Libertarian | Joe Miller | 90,825 | 29.16 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Independent | Margaret Stock | 41,194 | 13.23 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Arizona | Green | Gary Swing | 138,634 | 5.48 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Idaho | Constitution | Ray J. Writz | 41,677 | 6.14 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Indiana | Libertarian | Lucy Brenton | 149,481 | 5.47 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Kansas | Libertarian | Robert Garrard | 63,428 | 5.52 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2018 | Maine | Independent | Angus King | 337,378 | 54.5 / 100
|
Re-Elected | |
| New Mexico | Libertarian | Gary Johnson | 105,916 | 15.4 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Vermont | Independent | Bernie Sanders | 183,529 | 67.32 / 100
|
Re-Elected | ||
| 2020 | Alaska | Independent | Al Gross[13] | 146,068 | 41.20 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Arkansas | Libertarian | Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. | 399,390 | 33.47 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Minnesota | Legal Marijuana Now | Kevin O'Connor | 190,154 | 5.90 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nebraska | Democratic (Write-In) | Preston Love Jr. | 58,411 | 6.28 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Libertarian | Gene Siadek | 55,115 | 5.93 / 100
|
4th |
Senate elections (By Legislature)[]
Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment, most states did not hold direct elections to the Senate, with senators instead being elected by the state legislatures. The results listed below are cases in which a third-party candidate won or was reasonably close to receiving 5.0% of the legislative vote. Winners are shown in bold.
| Year | State | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1829 | New York (Special) | Anti-Masonic | Ambrose Spencer | 22 | 14.77 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1830 | Pennsylvania | Anti-Masonic | Harmar Denny | 10 | 7.58 / 100
|
4th | |
| 1831 | New York | Anti-Masonic | Samuel Works | 32 | 23.02 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Pennsylvania – Class I (Special) | Anti-Masonic | Richard Rush | 30 | 22.56 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1832 | Pennsylvania | Anti-Masonic | William Clark | 28 | 21.05 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1833 | New York (Special) | Anti-Masonic | John C. Spencer | 11 | 7.38 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1834 | Pennsylvania – Class III (Special) | Anti-Masonic | Amos Ellmaker | 31 | 23.31 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1845 | New York – Class I (Special) | Native American | Jonathan Thompson | 17 | 10.76 / 100
|
3rd | |
| New York – Class III (Special) | Native American | Harmon B. Cropsey | 17 | 10.76 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| New York | Native American | Robert Taylor | 15 | 10.14 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1849 | New York | Free Soil | John Adams Dix | 21 | 13.91 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Pennsylvania | Free Soil | Thaddeus Stevens | 7 | 4.93 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1851 | Massachusetts | Free Soil | Charles Sumner | ? | 10 / 100
|
Elected | |
| 1855 | Massachusetts (Special) | American | Henry Wilson | 255 | 62.81 / 100
|
Elected | |
| American | Nahum F. Bryant | 85 | 20.94 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 1857 | New York | American | Joel T. Headley | 15 | 10.71 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1879 | Pennsylvania | Greenback Party | Daniel Agnew | 16 | 6.38 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1894 | Nebraska | Independent[14] | W. A. Jones | 18 | 13.64 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1898 | Nebraska | People's | William V. Allen | 58 | 43.94 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1901 | Nebraska | People's | William V. Allen | 58 | 44.62 / 100
|
2nd |
State legislature elections[]
Listed below are State Legislature elections in which a third party or independent candidate won at least 5.0% of the vote in their state legislature districts. Winners are shown in bold.
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 | Florida | Manatee County[15] | Socialist | Andrew Jackson Pettigrew | 240 | 31.3 / 100
|
2nd |
| 1906 | 395 | 52.1 / 100
|
Elected | ||||
| 1908 | New York | 20th Senate District[16] | John J. Coyle | 1,749 | 8.16 / 100
|
3rd | |
| Independence League | Isidore P. Thomas | 1,314 | 6.13 / 100
|
4th | |||
| 1910 | California | 17th Assembly District[17] | Prohibition | Grove L. Johnson | 509[18] | 15.5 / 100
|
2nd |
| Socialist | E. L. Macy | 223[19] | 6.8 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 30th Assembly District[17][20] | Socialist | Robert Larkins | 120 | 10.5 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Colorado | 16th Senate District[21] | Socialist | Robert S. Clark | 990 | 9.41 / 100
|
3rd | |
| New York | 16th Senate District[22] | Socialist | Ernest Ramm | 2,173 | 10.18 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1914 | 16th Senate District[23] | Socialist | George I. Steinhardt | 2,079 | 10.89 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 20th Senate District[24] | Socialist | Fred Gaa | 1,924 | 12.26 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1916 | Colorado | 16th Senate District[25] | Socialist | Robert B. Fyre | 1,047 | 14.02 / 100
|
3rd |
| New York | 20th Senate District[26] | Socialist | Edward F. Cassidy | 3,654 | 21.22 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1920 | Illinois | 6th House District[27] | Socialist | Lewis W. Hardy | 10,829 | 21.22 / 100
|
4th |
| 15th House District[28] | Socialist | John Joseph Jelinek | 2,391 | 8.93 / 100
|
4th |
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1930 | New York | 10th Senate District[29] | Socialist | Sam L. Mailman | 1,509 | 5.60 / 100
|
3rd |
| 1932 | 9th Senate District[30] | Socialist | Samuel Block | 5,406 | 8.11 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 20th Senate District[31] | Socialist | Max Delson | 4,400 | 5.02 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1934 | 8th Senate District[32] | Socialist | Roger Cornell | 10,002 | 8.71 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1936 | California | 21st Senate District[33] | Socialist | Edward V. Peterson | 4,123 | 12.04 / 100
|
2nd |
| 1938 | 30th Senate District[34] | Independent | Percy C. Church | 2,930 | 5.39 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 36th Senate District[35] | Communist | George C. Sandy | 2,618 | 5.12 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 40th Senate District[36] | Communist | Bessie A. Keckler | 6,523 | 7.06 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Colorado | 18th Senate District[37] | Independent | William Hartsook | 1,675 | 18.06 / 100
|
3rd |
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | California | 36th Senate District[38] | American Independent | Nial D. Meadows | 28,353 | 17.66 / 100
|
2nd |
| 1972 | 1st Senate District[39] | Peace and Freedom | Toni Novak-Sutley | 19,044 | 9.51 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1974 | Delaware | 4th Senate District[40] | American Independent | Erle V. Peterson | 401 | 6.25 / 100
|
2nd |
| 5th Senate District[41] | Robert G. LoPresti | 339 | 7.23 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 1978 | California | 33rd Assembly District[42] | Independent | Grant W. Jensen | 6,281 | 8.56 / 100
|
3rd |
| 1980 | 1st Senate District[43] | Libertarian | Steve Sparling | 16,259 | 5.84 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 11th Senate District[44] | Libertarian | John R. Redding | 13,393 | 6.10 / 100
|
3rd |
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | Delaware | 19th Senate District[45] | American Independent | Donald L. Donovan | 258 | 5.03 / 100
|
2nd |
| New York | 96th Assembly District[46] | Conservative (NY) | Patricia DeFreest | 2,035 | 6.74 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1983 | Alabama | 38th House District[47] | Independent | Bill Fuller | 3,010 | 47.37 / 100
|
Elected |
| Dorothy W. Morris | 1,391 | 21.89 / 100
|
3rd | ||||
| 1986 | New York | 14th Assembly District[48] | Right to Life | Jean Ryan | 1,926 | 5.64 / 100
|
3rd |
| 1988 | California | 17th Senate District | Peace and Freedom | Shoshana Towers | 5,826 | 5.15 / 100
|
3rd |
| 1990 | New York | 35th Assembly District[49] | Conservative (NY) | Nicholas Narducci | 551 | 7.29 / 100
|
2nd |
| 34th Senate District[50] | Right to Life | Thomas Byrne | 2,522 | 8.70 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 1992 | California | 14th Assembly District[51] | Peace and Freedom | Marsha Feinland | 27,468 | 17.86 / 100
|
2nd |
| 1st Senate District[52] | Green | Kent Smith | 32,717 | 9.47 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 13th Senate District[53] | Libertarian | John H. Webster | 19,258 | 8.31 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 1994 | Georgia | 3rd House District[54] | Independent | Charles C. Proctor, Sr. | 3,626 | 41.90 / 100
|
2nd |
| Kansas | 46th House District[55] | Libertarian | Ena J. Wheeler | 609 | 9.79 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1996 | California | 14th Assembly District[56] | Green | Hank Chapot | 12,851 | 9.41 / 100
|
3rd |
| Delaware | 1st House District[57] | Libertarian | J. Burke Morrison | 522 | 9.67 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 1998 | Kansas | 30th House District[58] | Libertarian | Michael Kerner | 808 | 15.16 / 100
|
2nd |
| 2000 | Florida | 13th House District[59] | Independent | Susan Eldridge | 8,420 | 20.87 / 100
|
2nd |
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | California | 6th Senate District[60] | Libertarian | Jason Sewell | 44,972 | 26.91 / 100
|
2nd |
| 22nd Assembly District[61] | T.J. Campbell | 6,478 | 5.83 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 36th Assembly District[62] | Herbert G. Peters | 10,840 | 5.65 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 10th Senate District[63] | American Independent | Ivan Chou | 11,871 | 5.66 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Florida | 5th House District[64] | Libertarian | Ricardo Meijas | 5,988 | 14.58 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 17th House District[65] | Ty Price | 8,573 | 20.92 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 64th House District[66] | Michael Krech | 8,878 | 25.10 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 77th House District[67] | Scott Hudmon | 6,644 | 19.57 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 81st House District[68] | John Roszman | 12,306 | 24.35 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 119th House District[69] | Mark Eckert | 7,190 | 27.77 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| Illinois | 8th House District[70] | Green | Julie Samuels | 3,355 | 9.66 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 2004 | Georgia | 76th House District[71] | Libertarian | Ken Parmalee | 1,487 | 9.48 / 100
|
2nd |
| 2006 | California | 12th Senate District[72] | Constitution | C. Bert Linthicum | 34,895 | 28.90 / 100
|
2nd |
| 30th Senate District[73] | Libertarian | Karl N. Dickey | 15,683 | 12.21 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Florida | 81st House District[74] | Green | Kristina Wright | 4,699 | 5.17 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 1st Senate District[75] | Constitution | Louis Jack Tart | 30,207 | 18.79 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Kansas | 46th House District[76] | Libertarian | Marcus Kirby | 876 | 13.71 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 2008 | Florida | 81st House District[77] | Green | Kristina Wright | 4,699 | 5.17 / 100
|
3rd |
| 1st Senate District[78] | Constitution | Louis Jack Tart | 30,207 | 18.79 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Illinois | 12th House District[79] | Green | Tim Quirk | 7,100 | 15.57 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 21st House District[80] | Rita Maniotis | 3,464 | 8.73 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 2010 | Alabama | 29th House District[81][82] | Independent | Harri Anne Smith | 23,800 | 55.21 / 100
|
Reelected as Independent. |
| California | 22nd Assembly District[83] | Libertarian | T.J. Campbell | 6,478 | 5.83 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 36th Assembly District[84] | Herbert G. Peters | 10,840 | 5.65 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 10th Senate District[85] | American Independent | Ivan Chou | 11,871 | 5.66 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2011 | Mississippi | 13th Senate District[86] | Independent | Clayton Barksdale | 2,358 | 21.20 / 100
|
2nd |
| 2012 | Delaware | 14th House District[87] | Libertarian | Margaret V. Melson | 925 | 10.08 / 100
|
2nd |
| 2014 | Alabama | 29th House District[88] | Independent | Harri Anne Smith | 17,830 | 52.38 / 100
|
Reelected |
| Florida | 5th House District[89] | Libertarian | Karen Schoen | 11,813 | 23.6 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 12th House District[90] | Green | Karen Lea Morian | 20,496 | 31.7 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 2015 | Mississippi | 51st Senate District[91] | Libertarian | Boyd T. Kendall | 1,746 | 16.95 / 100
|
2nd |
| 2016 | Alaska | District F[92] | Independent | Tim Hale | 4,750 | 27.89 / 100
|
2nd |
| District L[93] | Tom Johnson | 1,088 | 7.40 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| California | 1st Assembly District[94] | Libertarian | Donn Coenen | 52,871 | 26.24 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 2nd Assembly District[95] | Ken Anton | 51,245 | 27.08 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 37th Assembly District[96] | Independent | Edward Fuller | 71,944 | 35.92 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 51st Assembly District[97] | Libertarian | Mike Everling | 17,724 | 13.87 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 62nd Assembly District[98] | Baron Bruno | 8,958 | 5.59 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Connecticut | 39th House District[99] | Green | Ronna Stuller | 440 | 8.23 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 71st House District[100] | Independent | Danielle Albert | 1,588 | 20.13 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 84th House District[101] | Green | Matt Went | 678 | 14.09 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 122nd House District[102] | Angela Capinera | 1,440 | 13.80 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 125th House District[103] | Hector Lopez | 1,288 | 12.21 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 15th Senate District[104] | Independent | James K. Russell | 4,407 | 17.83 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Florida | 1st House District[105] | Bill Fetke | 17,192 | 23.56 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 5th House District[106] | Jamey Westbrook | 24,443 | 32.05 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 31st House District[107] | Robert Rightmyer | 20,380 | 26.79 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 90th House District[108] | Libertarian | Artie Lurie | 13,088 | 20.46 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Kansas | 19th House District[109] | John Taube | 806 | 5.85 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| Nevada | 3rd Senate District[110] | Jonathan Friedrich | 2,889 | 8.22 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 7th Senate District[111] | Kimberly Schjang | 12,454 | 30.46 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| New York | 45th Assembly District[112] | Conservative (NY) | Boris Gintchanski | 4,692 | 20.77 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 47th Assembly District[113] | Malka Shahar | 2,416 | 11.35 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 81st Assembly District[114] | Alah H. Reed | 3,010 | 8.26 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 88th Assembly District[115] | Anthony Decintio Jr. | 7,643 | 15.23 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 101st Assembly District[116] | Maria E. Kelso | 5,322 | 10.56 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| 103rd Assembly District[117] | Jack Hayes | 12,105 | 22.37 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 114th Assembly District[118] | Green | Robin M. Barkenhagen | 7,562 | 15.02 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 127th Assembly District[119] | Conservative (NY) | Michael J. Becallo | 4,064 | 6.23 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 45th Senate District[120] | Green | Stephen Matthew Ruzbacki | 12,553 | 11.92 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| South Dakota | 5th House District[121] | Independent | Chuck Haan | 1,882 | 11.65 / 100
|
4th | |
| 15th House District[122] | Mike Myers | 1,784 | 20.89 / 100
|
3rd | |||
| Eric Leggett | 1,719 | 20.13 / 100
|
4th | ||||
| Utah | 16th House District[123] | Libertarian | Brent Zimmerman | 1,214 | 8.45 / 100
|
3rd | |
| 46th House District[124] | Lee Anne Walker | 3,932 | 23.86 / 100
|
2nd | |||
| 68th House District[125] | Constitution | Kirk Pearson | 1,597 | 10.56 / 100
|
3rd | ||
| 2018 | Alabama | 1st House District[126] | Independent | Bobby James Dolan III | 4,336 | 30.45 / 100
|
2nd |
| California | 4th Assembly District[127] | Libertarian | Brandon Z. Nelson | 40,398 | 24.78 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 6th Senate District[128] | Independent | Eric Frame | 93,217 | 30.45 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Delaware | 15th House District[129] | Libertarian | Amy Merlino | 1,011 | 12.12 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Florida | 87th House District[130][131] | Green | Samson LeBeau Kpadenou | 4,622 | 15.41 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Georgia | 29th House District[132][133] | Independent | Nancy Stead | 4,595 | 32.08 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Ohio | 14th House District[134] | Libertarian | Ryan McClain | 9,143 | 28.03 / 100
|
2nd | |
| Wyoming | Bethany Baldes | 1,592[135] | 49.01 / 100
|
2nd of 2 | |||
| 2020 | California | 7th Assembly District[136] | James O. Just | 52,543 | 26.06 / 100
|
2nd | |
| 58th Assembly District[137] | Green | Margaret Villa | 41,100 | 9.09 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| Wyoming | Libertarian | Shawn Johnson | 1,068[138] | 24.47 / 100
|
2nd | ||
| 39th House district | Marshall Burt | 1,696[138] | 53.60 / 100
|
1st | |||
| Lela Konecny | 886[138] | 21.10 / 100
|
2nd | ||||
| Bethany Baldes | 2,026[138] | 49.44 / 100
|
2nd | ||||
| Joseph Porambo | 646[138] | 19.04 / 100
|
2nd | ||||
| Wendy Degroot | 1,762[139] | 22.43 / 100
|
2nd |
| Year | State | District | Party | Nominee | # Votes | % Votes | Place |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Pennsylvania | 22nd Senate district | Green | Marlene Sebastianelli | 5,373[140] | 9.09 / 100
|
3rd of 4 |
House elections[]
Mayoral elections[]
See also[]
- Third party officeholders in the United States
- List of third party and independent United States state governors
- List of United States major third party presidential tickets
Notes and references[]
- ^ "Remembering the 1912 Presidential Election". History. A+E Television Networks. November 2, 2012.
- ^ The threshold is >5% of the vote.
- ^ Listed on ballot as "Popular Government Candidate"
- ^ Listed on ballot as "Pro-League Independent Party"
- ^ Listed on ballot as "La Follette Progressive Republican National Platform"
- ^ Listed on ballot as "Agricultural Relief Republican"
- ^ Listed on ballot as "Republican for Beer and Wine"
- ^ Listed on ballot as "Good Government and Clean Elections"
- ^ Listed as "Nonpartisan, Progressive, Old Age Pension"
- ^ Listed as "Progressive Republican for Clean Government"
- ^ Affiliated with the Workers World Party
- ^ Affiliated with the Libertarian Party
- ^ Also listed as the de facto Democratic nominee.
- ^ Technically designation is Unknown
- ^ Griffin, R. (2006). Workers of the Sunshine State Unite!: The Florida Socialist Party during the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (PDF) (Thesis). pp. ix, 104–105.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 20 Race - Nov 03, 1908". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "November 8, 1910: General Election". JoinCalifornia. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ "Grove L. Johnson". JoinCalifornia.
- ^ "E. L. Macy". JoinCalifornia. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ "Robert Larkins". JoinCalifornia. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ "CO Senate 16 Race - Nov 08, 1910". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 16 Race - Nov 08, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 16 Race - Nov 03, 1914". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 20 Race - Nov 03, 1914". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "CO Senate 16 Race - Nov 06, 1906". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 20 Race - Nov 07, 1916". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - IL State House 006 Race - Nov 02, 1920". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "IL State House 015 Race - Nov 02, 1920". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 10 Race - Nov 04, 1930". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 09 Race - Nov 08, 1932". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 20 Race - Nov 08, 1932". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - NY State Senate 08 Race - Nov 06, 1934". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 21 Race - Nov 03, 1936". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 30 Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 36 Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 40 Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "CO Senate 18 Race - Nov 08, 1938". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 36 Race - Nov 03, 1970". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 01 Race - Nov 07, 1972". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State Senate 04 Race - Nov 05, 1974". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State Senate 05 Race - Nov 05, 1974". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 33 Race - Nov 07, 1978". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 01 Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 11 Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State Senate 19 Race - Nov 02, 1982". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "NY Assembly 96 Race - Nov 02, 1982". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ "AL House 038 Race - Nov 08, 1983". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "NY Assembly 14 Race - Nov 04, 1986". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ "NY Assembly 35 Race - Nov 06, 1990". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ "NY State Senate 34 Race - Nov 06, 1990". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 14 Race - Nov 03, 1992". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 01 Race - Nov 03, 1992". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 13 Race - Nov 03, 1992". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - GA State House 003 Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - KS State House 046 Race - Nov 08, 1994". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 14 Race - Nov 05, 1996". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State House 01 Race - Nov 05, 1996". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - KS State House 030 Race - Nov 03, 1998". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 013 Race - Nov 07, 2000". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 06 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 22 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA District 36 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 10 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 005 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 017 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 64 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 81 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State House 119 Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - IL State House 008 Race - Nov 04, 2008". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - GA State House 076 Race - Nov 02, 2004". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State Senate 12 Race - Nov 07, 2006". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State Senate 30 Race - Nov 07, 2006". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State Senate 01 Race - Nov 04, 2008". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - KS State House 046 Race - Nov 07, 2006". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - FL State Senate 01 Race - Nov 04, 2008". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - IL State House 012 Race - Nov 04, 2008". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - IL State House 021 Race - Nov 04, 2008". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "AL State Senate 29". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Harri Anne Smith". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 22 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA District 36 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Senate 10 Race - Nov 02, 2010". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MS State Senate 13 Race - Nov 08, 2011". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State House 14 Race - Nov 06, 2012". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "AL State Senate 29". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Karen Schoen". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Karen Lea Morian". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - MS State Senate 51 Race - Nov 03, 2015". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Alaska State Senate District F". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Alaska State Senate District L". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 01 Race - Nov 08, 2016". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 02 Race - Nov 08, 2016". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "California State Assembly District 37". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "California State Assembly District 51". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ "California State Assembly District 62". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Connecticut House of Representatives District 39". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Connecticut House of Representatives District 71". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Connecticut House of Representatives District 84". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Connecticut House of Representatives District 122". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Connecticut House of Representatives District 125". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Connecticut State Senate District 15". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "FL State House 001 Race - Nov 08, 2016". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "FL State House 005 Race - Nov 08, 2016". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "FL State House 031 Race - Nov 08, 2016". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "FL State House 090 Race - Nov 08, 2016". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - KS State House 019 Race - Nov 08, 2016". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Nevada State Senate District 3". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Nevada State Senate District 7". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 45". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 47". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 81". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 88". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 101". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 103". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 114". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Assembly District 127". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "New York State Senate District 45". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "South Dakota House of Representatives District 5". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "South Dakota House of Representatives District 15". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "Utah House of Representatives District 16". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Utah House of Representatives District 46". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Utah House of Representatives District 68". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "AL House 001 Race - Nov 06, 2018". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 04 Race - Nov 06, 2018". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DE State House 15 Race - Nov 06, 2018". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Florida House of Representatives District 87". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "FL State House 087 Race - Nov 06, 2018". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "Georgia House of Representatives District 29". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "GA State House 029 Race - Nov 06, 2018". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "OH State House 14 Race - Nov 06, 2018". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Wyoming Secretary of State. "Statewide House Candidates Official Summary – Wyoming General Election, November 6, 2018" (PDF). p. 32. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA State Assembly 07 Race - Nov 03, 2020". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
- ^ "CA State Assembly 58 Race - Nov 03, 2020". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Wyoming Secretary of State. "Statewide House Candidates Official Summary – Wyoming General Election, November 3, 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Wyoming Secretary of State. "Statewide Senate Candidates Official Summary – Wyoming General Election, November 3, 2020" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Pennsylvania Department of State. "2021 Special Election 22nd Senatorial District – Unofficial Returns". Pennsylvania Election Returns. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
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