Lord High Steward
The position of Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor and the Prime Minister.
The office has generally remained vacant since 1421, and is now an ad hoc office that is primarily ceremonial and is filled only for a coronation.
At coronations of the British monarch, the Lord High Steward bears St Edward's Crown. The Lord High Steward has the sole legal power to preside over impeachment trials of peers (which last happened in 1806). The trial of peers by their peers (a law which applied for felonies) was abolished in 1948. In general, but not invariably, the Lord Chancellor was deputised (to act as Lord High Steward) in the felony trials. There was a "Court of the Lord High Steward" which served this purpose when Parliament was not in session.
Initially the position was largely an honorary one. It grew in importance until its holder became one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. From the late 12th century, the office was considered to be bound with the Earldom of Leicester. When the House of Lancaster ascended the throne in 1399, Henry IV made his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Steward. He held the post until his death in 1421.
The equivalent offices in Scotland and Ireland respectively are the Great Steward of Scotland (always held by the heir to the throne, known in Scotland as the Duke of Rothesay) and the Lord High Steward of Ireland (held by the Earls of Shrewsbury, who are also Earls of Waterford in the Peerage of Ireland).
Lord High Stewards of England, 1154–1421[]
- 1154–1168: Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester
- 1168–1190: Robert de Beaumont "Blanchemains", 3rd Earl of Leicester
- 1190–1204: Robert de Beaumont "FitzPernel", 4th Earl of Leicester
- 1206–1218: Simon IV de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (son of the sister of the previous)
- 1218–1239: uncertain, probably vacant
- 1239–1265: Simon V de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (de facto ruler from c. 1259)
- 1265–1296: Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Leicester and of Lancaster (second son of Henry III & brother to Edward I)
- 1296–1322: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and of Leicester (Edmund's eldest son; nephew of Edward I)
- 1322–1324: uncertain, probably vacant
- 1324–1345: Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and of Leicester (Thomas' younger brother; first-cousin to Edward II)
- 1345–1361: Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester (3rd Earl's son; second cousin to Edward III)
- 1362–1399: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 6th Earl of Leicester jure uxoris (third son of Edward III and son-in-law of the previous)
- 1399: Henry Bolingbroke, 2nd Duke of Lancaster, 7th Earl of Leicester (elder son of John; first cousin to Richard II, whose throne he usurped)
- 1399–1421: Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (second son of Henry IV (Bolingbroke))
Lord High Stewards of England, 1422–present[]
Incomplete before 1660.
Coronations[]
| Name | Year | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester | 1429 | Coronation of King Henry VI (Humphrey's nephew) | [1] |
| Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon | 1445 | Coronation of Margaret of Anjou | [citation needed] |
| John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk | 1461 | Coronation of King Edward IV (brother of Pole's wife, Elizabeth of York) | [citation needed] |
| George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence | 1465 | Coronation of Elizabeth Woodville (wife of George's brother, Edward IV) | [2] |
| John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk | 1483 | Coronation of King Richard III (Howard's close friend) and his wife Anne Neville | [citation needed] |
| John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford | 1485 | Coronation of King Henry VII (Vere was commander of Henry's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field) | [3] |
| Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford | 1487 | Coronation of Elizabeth of York (Tudor was half-brother to the late Henry VI and paternal uncle to Henry VII) | |
| Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham | 1509 | Coronation of King Henry VIII and his wife Queen Catherine | [4] |
| The Duke of Suffolk | 1533 | Coronation of Queen Anne | [5] |
| The Baron Russell | 1547 | Coronation of King Edward VI | [6] |
| The Earl of Derby | 1553 | Coronation of Queen Mary I | [7] |
| The Earl of Arundel | 1559 | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | [8] |
| The Earl of Nottingham | 1603 | Coronation of King James I and his wife Queen Anne | [9] |
| The Duke of Buckingham | 1626 | Coronation of King Charles I | [10] |
| The Duke of Ormond | 1661 | Coronation of King Charles II | [11] |
| 1685 | Coronation of King James II and his wife Queen Mary | ||
| The Earl of Devonshire | 1689 | Coronation of King William III and Queen Mary II | |
| The Duke of Devonshire | 1702 | Coronation of Queen Anne | |
| The Duke of Grafton | 1714 | Coronation of King George I | |
| The Duke of Dorset | 1727 | Coronation of King George II and his wife Queen Caroline | |
| The Earl Talbot | 1761 | Coronation of King George III and his wife Queen Charlotte | |
| The Marquess of Anglesey | 1821 | Coronation of King George IV | |
| The Duke of Hamilton and Brandon | 1831 | Coronation of King William IV and his wife Queen Adelaide | |
| 1838 | Coronation of Queen Victoria | ||
| The Duke of Marlborough | 1902 | Coronation of King Edward VII and his wife Queen Alexandra | [12] |
| The Duke of Northumberland | 1911 | Coronation of King George V and his wife Queen Mary | [13] |
| The Marquess of Salisbury | 1937 | Coronation of King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth | [14] |
| The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope | 1953 | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II | [15] |
Trials of Peers[]
References[]
- ^ Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Vol. 4 (8 H. VI to 14 H. VI), ed. by Sir Harris Nicholas, 1835, pp. 3-4; (here linked as pdf), 1835
- ^ Hipshon, David (26 August 2011), Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, by David Hipshon, 2011, ISBN 9780752469157
- ^ Baumgaertner, Wm. E. (2010), Squires, Knights, Barons, Kings: War and Politics in Fifteenth Century England; by Wm. E. Baumgaertner, 2010, ISBN 9781426907692
- ^ Stafford was ward of Henry VIII's grandmother, Margaret Beaufort
- ^ Brandon's wife, Mary Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister
- ^ Russell was one of the 16 executors of the will of Henry VIII
- ^ Stanley was a ward of King Henry VIII
- ^ "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth". History Today. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ Howard was Lord High Admiral, and a cousin to the late Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk
- ^ Villiers was Lord High Admiral, and a favourite of King Charles I father, King James I
- ^ Butler was a leading figure in the exile court of King Charles II
- ^ "No. 27489". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 October 1902. p. 6865.
- ^ "No. 28535". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 September 1911. p. 7084.
- ^ "No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
- ^ "No. 40020". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 November 1953. p. 6238.
- ^ Patrick Cracroft-Brennan, Winchester, Marquess of (E, 1551). Accessed 19 July 2014.
- ^ "No. 28536". The London Gazette. 29 September 1911. p. 7121.
External links[]
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lord High Steward". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Harcourt, Lewis Vernon (1907). His Grace the Steward and trial of peers. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
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