Manado Malay
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| Manado Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Manado | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 850,000 (2001)[1] |
Language family | Malay Creole
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xmm |
| Glottolog | mala1481 |
Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese and Dutch loan words as a result of colonisation and having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.[2] For example, the pronouns "ngana" (‘you’, singular) and "ngoni" (‘you’, plural) are of North Halmahera origin.[3] Simple Manado Malay sentences can be understood by speakers of standard Malay or western Malay dialects, albeit with varying degrees of difficulty.[citation needed]
Phonology[]
Vowels[]
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.[4]: viii
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Consonants[]
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.[4]: ix
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | f v | s | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j |
Stress[]
Most words have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| kadéra | 'chair' |
| sténga | 'half' |
| dói | 'money' |
But there are also many words with final stress:
| butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
| tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
| sabóng | 'soap' |
Grammar[]
Pronouns[]
Personal[]
| Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
|---|---|---|
| First singular | saya | kita |
| First plural | kami / kita | torang |
| Second singular | Anda | ngana |
| Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
| Third singular | dia | dia |
| Third plural | mereka | dorang |
Possessives[]
Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| My friend | kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang |
| Your (sing.) friend | ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang |
| His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
| This book is yours (pl.) | ini ngana pe buku |
Interrogative words[]
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| why | kyápa |
| where | di mána |
| who | sápa |
| which one(s) | tu mána |
Grammatical aspect[]
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
- Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
- Torang so makang = "We ate already" or "We have eaten already"
- kita = "me", "myself", "i" or "we", "us"
- torang = "we", "us".
Nasal final[]
The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:
- makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
- jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
- sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower", etc.
Prefix[]
"ba-" prefix[]
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)
"ma(°)-" prefix[]
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).
Other words[]
Several words in standard Indonesian are shortened in Manado Malay. For example:
pi (standard Indonesian: pergi, "to go")
- mo pi mana ngoni? ("where are you people going?")
co (standard Indonesian: coba, "to try")
- co lia ini oto ("try have a look at this car")
so (standard Indonesian: sudah, "have/has done")
- so klar? ("have you finished?"), so maleleh? ("has it molten?"), so kanyang? ("are your stomachs full yet?")
ta (standard Indonesian: awalan ter, passive prefix)
- tasono? ("fallen asleep") , tajatung? ("fallen"), tagoso ("being rubbed")
Influences[]
Loanwords[]
Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several words of Manado Malay originate from their languages.
| Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Language of Origin | English meaning |
| topi | capéo | Portuguese (chapéu) | cap, hat |
| bosan | fastíu | Portuguese (fastio) | bored |
| untuk | for | Dutch (voor) | for |
| garpu | fork | Dutch (vork) | fork |
| tenggorokan | gargántang | Portuguese (garganta) | throat |
| kursi | kadéra | Portuguese (cadeira) | chair |
| bendera | bandéra | Portuguese (bandeira) | flag |
| saputangan | lénso | Portuguese (lenço) | handkerchief |
| tapi | mar | Dutch (maar) | but |
| jagung | mílu | Portuguese (milho) | corn, maize |
| sudah | klar | Dutch (klaar) | finished |
| paman | om | Dutch (oom) | uncle |
| nenek | oma | Dutch (oma) | grandmother |
| kakek | opa | Dutch (opa) | grandfather |
| teduh | sómbar | Portuguese (sombra) | shade |
| keringat | suár | Portuguese (suar) | sweat |
| bibi | tánte | Dutch (tante) | aunt |
| dahi | tésta | Portuguese (testa) | forehead, temple |
| penyu | tuturúga | Portuguese (tartaruga) | turtle |
| sepatu | chapátu | Portuguese (sapato) | shoe(s) |
| kebun | kintál | Portuguese (quintal) | (agricultural) field or garden |
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay[]
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
- baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).
References[]
- ^ Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). Macken, M. (ed.). Orientation in the Spice Islands (PDF). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. p. 21.
- ^ John Bowden (December 2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 31 (2): 133–158. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Warouw, Martha Salea (1985). Kamus Manado-Indonesia (PDF). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
External links[]
 |
Manado Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
 |
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Manado Malay. |
- Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
- Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.
- Agglutinative languages
- Malay-based pidgins and creoles
- Languages of Sulawesi