Tukang Besi language
Tukang Besi | |
---|---|
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Sulawesi, Tukang Besi Archipelago |
Native speakers | (250,000 cited 1995)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:khc – Tukang Besi Northbhq – Tukang Besi South |
Glottolog | tuka1247 |
Tukang Besi is an Austronesian language spoken in the Tukangbesi Islands in southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia by a quarter million speakers. A Tukang Besi pidgin is used in the area.[2]
Tukang Besi Pidgin | |
---|---|
Native speakers | None |
Language family | Tukang Besi–based pidgin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | pidg1257 |
Phonology[]
The northern dialect of Tukang Besi has 25 consonant phonemes and a basic 5-vowel system.[3] It features stress which is usually on the second-to-last syllable. The language has two implosive consonants, which are uncommon in the world's languages. The coronal plosives and /s/ have prenasalized counterparts which act as separate phonemes.
Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | plain | p | b | t̪ | (d̪) | k | ɡ | ʔ |
prenasalized | mp | mb | n̪t̪ | n̪d̪ | ŋk | ŋɡ | ||
Implosive | ɓ | ɗ̪ | ||||||
Fricative | plain | β | s | (z) | h | |||
prenasalized | n̪s̪ | |||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral | l̪ |
Notes:
- /b/ only appears in loanwords, but it contrasts with /ɓ/
- [d] and [z] are not phonemic and appear only as allophones of /dʒ/, which appears only in loanwords.
Orthography[]
Vowels[]
- a - [a/ɐ]
- e - [ɛ/e]
- i - [i/ɪ]
- o - [o/ɔ]
- u - [ɯ/u]
Consonants[]
- b - [ɓ/ʔɓ/ʔb/β]
- b̠ - [b]
- c - [t͡ʃ]
- d - [ɗ̪]
- d̠ - [d/d͡ʒ/z]
- g - [g/ɠ/ʔɠ/ɣ]
- h - [h/ɸ]
- j - [d͡ʒ]
- k - [k/c]
- l - [l̪]
- m - [m]
- mb - [mb]
- mp - [mp]
- n - [n]
- nd - [n̪d̪]
- ns - [n̪s̪]
- nt - [n̪t̪]
- ng - [ŋ]
- ngg - [ŋɡ]
- ngk - [ŋk]
- nj - [n̪d̪]
- p - [p]
- r - [r]
- s - [s]
- t - [t̪]
- w - [w]
- ' - [ʔ]
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
Tukang Besi does not have grammatical gender or number. It is an ergative–absolutive language.
Verbs[]
Tukang Besi has an inflectional future tense, which is indicated with a prefix, but no past tense.
Word Order[]
Tukang Besi uses verb-object-subject word order, which is also used by Fijian. Like many Austronesian languages, it has prepositions, but places adjectives, genitives, and determiners after nouns. Yes-no questions are indicated by a particle at the end of the sentence.[5]
References[]
- ^ Tukang Besi North at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tukang Besi South at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Donohue, Mark (1996). "Some trade languages of insular South-East Asia and Irian Jaya". In Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 713–716.
- ^ a b Donohue, Mark (1999). "Tukang Besi". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–53. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
- ^ "Tukang Besi language". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (2013). "Language Tukang Besi". The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Further reading[]
- Donohue, Mark (1995). The Tukang Besi Language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (Ph.D. thesis). The Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5D70F30ACBE63. hdl:1885/136142.
- Donohue, Mark (1999). A Grammar of Tukang Besi. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110805543.
- Donohue, Mark (2000). "Tukang Besi dialectology". In Grimes, C.E. (ed.). Spices from the East: Papers in languages of Eastern Indonesia. Pacific Linguistics No. 503. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 55–72. doi:10.15144/PL-503.55. hdl:1885/146101.
- Muna–Buton languages
- Languages of Sulawesi
- Southeast Sulawesi