McAlester, Oklahoma

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McAlester, Oklahoma
City
Downtown McAlester in 2008. Courtesy Jeremy Wagg
Downtown McAlester in 2008. Courtesy Jeremy Wagg
Nickname(s): 
Mactown
Location of McAlester, Oklahoma
Location of McAlester, Oklahoma
McAlester, Oklahoma is located in the United States
McAlester, Oklahoma
McAlester, Oklahoma
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 34°55′59″N 95°45′59″W / 34.93306°N 95.76639°W / 34.93306; -95.76639Coordinates: 34°55′59″N 95°45′59″W / 34.93306°N 95.76639°W / 34.93306; -95.76639
CountryUnited States
StateOklahoma
CountyPittsburg
Government
 • MayorJohn Browne[1]
Area
[5]
 • Total16.32 sq mi (42.27 km2)
 • Land16.20 sq mi (41.95 km2)
 • Water0.12 sq mi (0.32 km2)
Elevation
735 ft (224 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total18,383
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
17,814
 • Density1,099.83/sq mi (424.65/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
74501-74502
Area code(s)539/918
FIPS code40-44800[2]
GNIS feature ID1095202[3]
Websitewww.cityofmcalester.com

McAlester is a city in and the county seat of Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, United States.[6] The population was 18,363 at the 2010 census, a 3.4 percent increase from 17,783 at the 2000 census,[7] making it the largest city in the Choctaw Nation, followed by Durant. The town gets its name from James Jackson McAlester, an early white settler and businessman who later became lieutenant governor of Oklahoma. Known as "J. J.", McAlester married Rebecca Burney, the daughter of a full-blood Chickasaw family, which made him a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation.[7]

McAlester is the home of the Oklahoma State Penitentiary, the former site of an "inside the walls" prison rodeo that ESPN's SportsCenter once broadcast.

McAlester is home to many of the employees of the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant. This facility makes essentially all the bombs used by the United States military. In 1998 McAlester became the home of the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), which moved from Savanna, Illinois, to McAlester Army Ammunition Plant.[8]

History[]

When this street in McAlester was paved in 1916, the city saved this pine tree and built a fence around it

The crossing of the east–west California Road with the north–south Texas Road formed a natural point of settlement. At the time of its founding, the site was located in Tobucksy County, a part of the Moshulatubbee District of the Choctaw Nation.[9] Alyssia Young, who emigrated from Mississippi to the Indian Territory, first established a settlement at the intersection of the two roads in 1838. The town was named Perryville after James Perry, member of a Choctaw family, who established a trading post.[10] At one time Perryville was the capital of the Choctaw Nation and County Seat of Tobucksy County. During the American Civil War, the Choctaw allied with the Confederate States of America (CSA) as the war reached Indian Territory.[11]

A depot providing supplies to Confederate Forces in Indian Territory was set up at Perryville. On August 26, 1863, a force of 4,500 Union soldiers crossed the Canadian River and destroyed the Confederate munitions depot at Perryville. This became known as the Battle of Perryville, Indian Territory. Union Major General James G. Blunt, finding the Confederate supplies and realizing that Perryville was a major supply depot for Confederate forces, ordered the town burned. The town was rebuilt but never reached its prewar glory or population.

After the end of the Civil War in 1865, Captain J. J. McAlester obtained a job with the trading company of Reynolds and Hannaford. McAlester convinced the firm to locate a general store at Tupelo in the Choctaw Nation. He had learned of coal deposits in Indian Territory during the war while serving as a captain with the 22nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate). At Fort Smith, Arkansas, before going to work with Reynolds and Hannaford, McAlester had received maps of the coal deposits from engineer Oliver Weldon, who served with McAlester during the war.[12]

Weldon had worked for the U.S. surveying Indian Territory before the war and knew of the coal deposits. Hearing of the railroad plans to extend through Indian Territory and knowing that rich deposits of coal were in an area north of the town of Perryville, McAlester convinced Reynolds and Hannaford that Bucklucksy would be a more suitable and profitable site for the trading post.[a] He constructed a trading post/general store there in late 1869 (Presley 1978, p. 72). The Bucklucksy general store was an immediate success, but McAlester recognized an even greater opportunity in the abundance of coal deposits in the area, so he began obtaining rights to the deposits from the Choctaws, anticipating the impending construction of a rail line through Indian Territory.[12]

As the first railroad to extend its line to the northern border of Indian Territory, the Union Pacific Railway Southern Branch earned right of way and a liberal bonus of land to extend the line to Texas. Several New York businessmen, including Levi P. Morton, Levi Parsons, August Belmont, J. Pierpont Morgan, George Denison and John D. Rockefeller, were interested in extending rail through Indian Territory, and the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, familiarly called the Katy Railroad, began its corporate existence in 1865 toward that end. Morton and Parsons selected a site near the Kansas Indian Territory border where they incorporated the settlement of Parsons, Kansas in 1871.[12]

That same year, J. J. McAlester, after buying out Reynolds's share of the trading post, journeyed with a sample of coal to the railroad town in hopes of persuading officials to locate the line near his store at Bucklucksy. The trading post's location on the Texas Road weighed in its favor, given that the Katy line construction roughly followed the Shawnee Trail – Texas Road route south to the Red River. The line reached Bucklucksy in 1872, and Katy Railroad officials named the railway stop McAlester (Nesbitt 1933, pp. 760–61).

With the coming of the railroad, businesses in nearby Perryville began relocating to be near the McAlester Rail Depot, marking the end of Perryville and the beginning of McAlester. On August 22, 1872, J. J. McAlester married Rebecca Burney (1841–1919). She was a member of the Chickasaw Nation, which made it possible for McAlester to gain citizenship and the right to own property (including mineral rights to the coal deposits in both the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations). McAlester quickly obtained land near the intersection of the north–south and east–west rail lines, where he opened a second general store and continued selling coal to the railroads.[7]

In 1885, Fritz Sittle (Sittel), a Choctaw citizen by marriage and one of the first settlers in the area, urged visiting newspaperman Edwin D. Chadick to pursue the possibility of an east–west rail line to run through the coal mining district at Krebs that would connect with the north–south line at McAlester. Chadick eventually found financing and established the Choctaw Coal and Railway in 1888, but was unable to come to terms with J. J. McAlester over the issue of right of way.

In the 1870s, miners from Pennsylvania arrived in McAlester to work in the coal mines.[13] Miners of Italian origin arrived in McAlester in 1874.[13]

Chadick and his investors purchased land to the south of McAlester's General Store, and a natural trading crossroads formed where the two rail lines crossed, quickly becoming a bustling community called South McAlester.[b] South McAlester grew much more rapidly than North McAlester. The 1900 census showed a population of 3,470 for the former and 642 for the latter.[7]

The two towns operated as somewhat separate communities until 1907, when the United States Congress passed an act joining them as a single municipality, the action being required since the towns were under federal jurisdiction in Indian Territory. McAlester and South McAlester were combined under the single name McAlester, with South McAlester officeholders as officials of the single town. Designation as a single community by the United States Post Office came on July 1, 1907, nearly five months before Oklahoma statehood, which caused a redrawing of county lines and designations such that the majority of Tobucksy County fell within the new lines of Pittsburg County. The city had 8,144 inhabitants upon statehood, more than a fourth of whom were foreign-born.[13]

McAlester was on the route of the Jefferson Highway established in 1915, with that road running more than 2,300 miles from Winnipeg, Manitoba to New Orleans, Louisiana.[14]

McAlester was the site of the 2004 trial of Terry Nichols on Oklahoma state charges related to the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). On December 25, 2000, an ice storm hit the area, leaving residents without electrical service and water for more than two weeks; in January 2007, another devastating ice storm crippled the city, leaving residents without power and water for more than a week.[12]

Geography[]

McAlester is at the intersection of U.S. Route 69 and U.S. Route 270, in Pittsburg County.[15] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 41 square miles (110 km2), of which 40.6 square miles (105 km2) is land. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and average monthly temperatures range from 40.0° F in January to 81.7° F in July. [1] The hardiness zone is 7b.

Demographics[]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1900646—
191011,7741,722.6%
192010,632−9.7%
193011,80411.0%
194012,4015.1%
195017,87844.2%
196017,419−2.6%
197018,8027.9%
198017,255−8.2%
199016,370−5.1%
200017,7838.6%
201018,3833.4%
2019 (est.)17,814[4]−3.1%
Sources:[2][16][17][18][19][20]

As of the 2000 census,[2] there were 17,783 people, 6,584 households, and 4,187 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,133.1 people per square mile (437.6/km2). There were 7,374 housing units at an average density of 469.9 per square mile (181.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.72% White, 8.68% African American, 10.48% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.29% from other races, and 4.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.04% of the population.

There were 6,584 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,631, and the median income for a family was $36,480. Males had a median income of $29,502 versus $19,455 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,694. About 16.1% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.8% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[]

Agriculture and coal mining supported the city's economy around the turn of the 20th century. Cotton was the main cash crop, and McAlester had three cotton gins and one cotton compress. Then a boll weevil infestation destroyed local cotton production. Meanwhile, railroads converted from coal to oil as their primary fuel, which marked the decline of the coal industry in the area.[21]

Oklahoma State Penitentiary, established in 1911, is a source of employment and local revenue in McAlester

The Oklahoma State Penitentiary is a major source of employment and revenue in McAlester.[21][22]

During World War II, the U.S. Government built the Naval Ammunition Plant a few miles south of McAlester. In 1977, the facility became the U.S. Army Ammunition Plant. It is still the main site of ammunition production and storage for the armed forces in the United States.[21]

Government[]

Two Oklahoma Department of Corrections facilities, the Oklahoma State Penitentiary and the Jackie Brannon Correctional Center, are in McAlester.[23][24] McAlester is also home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma in the Carl Albert Federal Building.

Organizations[]

Pride in McAlester is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization established in April 2008. The organization provides educational services and operates a flea market where community members can recycle and reuse most materials. It also participates in scholarship opportunities, community functions, and citywide cleanup events.[25]

Another non-profit called McAlester Main Street, one of the various national Main Street Programs, is a public-private partnership with the City of McAlester, the Oklahoma Department of Commerce, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which works to preserve and revitalize Old Town and Downtown McAlester.[26]

Education[]

McAlester Public Library

McAlester Public Schools operates public schools. The McAlester Public Library was built in 1970. As of 2010 the city has plans to build a new library.[27] The Friends of the McAlester Public Library is financing the new branch.[28]

McAlester includes Kiamichi Technology Center, which has over 300 students per school year. There is also an extension of Eastern Oklahoma State College that partners with Southeastern Oklahoma State University and East Central University. The Wanda Bass Higher Education Center, a branch of Eastern Oklahoma State College, is also in McAlester.[7]

Transportation[]

McAlester is served by:[29]

McAlester Regional Airport (KMLC; FAA ID: MLC), approximately three miles southwest of town, features a paved 5602’ x 100’ runway.[31] The airport had commercial air service through Central Airlines in the 1960s.[32]

Points of interest[]

Notable people[]

NRHP sites[]

The following sites in McAlester are listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma:

  • McAlester Armory
  • McAlester Downtown Historic District (bounded by Business 69, E. Carl Albert Pkwy., N. 5th St. & RR tracks)
  • McAlester DX
  • McAlester House
  • McAlester Scottish Rite Temple
  • Mine Rescue Station Building
  • OKLA Theater
  • Perryville
  • Pittsburg County Courthouse
  • Warden's House (Penitentiary Boulevard and West St.)

Notes[]

  1. ^ Bucklucksy was an unincorporated community north of McAlester until part of it was submerged by the creation of Lake Eufaula.
  2. ^ South McAlester was about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the original town, which became known familiarly as North McAlester or North Town, although early U.S. Census records simply identified it as McAlester.[7]

References[]

  1. ^ "McAlester, OK - Official Website - City Council". cityofmcalester.com. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. ^ "US Board of Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  5. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Shuller, Thurman.Shuller, Thurman. "McAlester" profile, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture; accessed February 12, 2017.
  8. ^ http://www.jmc.army.mil/FactSheets/FactSheets%202008/Defense%20Ammunition%20Center.pdf[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Morris, John W. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1986), plate 38.
  10. ^ Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State. Federal Writers Project, pg. 340 (1941); retrieved September 21, 2014.
  11. ^ http://www.wbtsinindianterritory.com.istemp.com
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "History of McAlester." City of McAlester. Accessed February 13, 2017.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c Stanley Clark, clark, Stanley (1955). Immigrants in the Choctaw Coal Industry. The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 33. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  14. ^ "The Jefferson Highway Route in Oklahoma". Oklahoma Members of the Jefferson Highway Association. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  15. ^ Oklahoma Municipal Government, Oklahoma Almanac, 2005, p. 535. (accessed October 1, 2013)
  16. ^ "Population-Oklahoma" (PDF). U.S. Census 1910. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  17. ^ "Population-Oklahoma" (PDF). 15th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  18. ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Oklahoma" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.[permanent dead link]
  19. ^ "Oklahoma: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  20. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c LeFlore, Jeanne. "McAlester History." McAlester News. July 23, 2013. Accessed February 14, 2017.
  22. ^ Shapiro, Dean M. "Kirksey." Crime Library. Retrieved on July 24, 2010.
  23. ^ "Oklahoma State Penitentiary" Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, Oklahoma Department of Corrections; retrieved November 22, 2010.
  24. ^ ""Jackie Brannon Correctional Center" Archived 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, Oklahoma Department of Corrections; retrieved November 22, 2010.
  25. ^ Pride in McAlester, prideinmcalester.com; accessed February 14, 2017.
  26. ^ "What is Main Street?". McAlester Main Street\accessdate=October 20, 2020.
  27. ^ "Friends of the Library." McAlester Public Library. Retrieved on November 22, 2010.
  28. ^ "fol_brochure_thumb.jpg." McAlester Public Library. Retrieved on November 22, 2010.
  29. ^ (McAlester Chamber of Commerce 2007)
  30. ^ "Exxon in McAlester, Oklahoma". Greyhound. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  31. ^ "McAlester Regional Airport". AirNav.com. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  32. ^ "Central Airlines, Effective July 1, 1967". Timetableimages.com. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  33. ^ "Melva Blancett obituary". McAlester News-Capital. 2010-03-11. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  34. ^ "Quentin Brooks profile". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2015.

Further reading[]

  • Nesbitt, Paul (1933), "J.J. McAlester", Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society (published June 1933), 11 (2), pp. 758–64, ISSN 0009-6024, OCLC 1554537, retrieved 2007-08-16.
  • Presley, Mrs. Leister E., ed. (1978), "Biography of J. T. Hannaford - Conway Co, AR", The Goodspeed biographical and historical memoirs of western Arkansas; Yell, Pope, Johnson, Logan, Scott, Polk, Montgomery, and Conway counties, Easley, SC: Southern Historical Press (published June 1978), p. 72, ISBN 978-0-89308-084-6, OCLC 5729534, LCC: F411 .B67 1978 Reprint of the 1891 ed. of Biographical and historical memoirs of western Arkansas, published by the Southern Pub. Co., Chicago, and the 1890 ed. of Historical reminiscences and biographical memoirs of Conway County, Arkansas, published by Arkansas Historical Pub. Co., Little Rock. Includes new indexes.
  • McAlester Chamber of Commerce (2007-09-01), Living In McAlester: Location/ Transportation, retrieved 2007-09-01
  • Dunbar, Trevor (January 14, 2007). "Ice storm". McAlester News-Capital. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved 2007-09-26.

External links[]

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