Mes Aynak

Mes Aynak مس عينک
Remains of a Buddhist monastery at Mes Aynak
Mes Aynak Mes Aynak Mes Aynak Mes Aynak (Hindu-Kush) Mes Aynak Mes Aynak (Afghanistan) Show map of South AsiaShow map of Hindu-KushShow map of AfghanistanShow all
Coordinates: 34°24′N 69°22′E / 34.400°N 69.367°E / 34.400; 69.367Coordinates: 34°24′N 69°22′E / 34.400°N 69.367°E / 34.400; 69.367
Country	Afghanistan
Province	Logar Province
District	Mohammad Agha District
Elevation	2,120 m (6,958 ft)

Mes Aynak (Pashto/Persian: مس عينک, meaning "little source of copper"), also called Mis Ainak or Mis-e-Ainak, is a site 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Kabul, Afghanistan, located in a barren region of Logar Province. Mes Aynak contains Afghanistan's largest copper deposit, as well as the remains of an ancient settlement with over 400 Buddha statues, stupas and a 40 ha (100 acres) monastery complex. Archaeologists are only beginning to find remnants of an older 5,000-year-old Bronze Age site beneath the Buddhist level, including an ancient copper smelter.

The site of Mes Aynak possesses a vast complex of Buddhist monasteries, homes, and market areas. The site contains artifacts recovered from the Bronze Age, and some of the artifacts recovered have dated back over 3000 years. The site's orientation on the Silk Road has yielded a mixture of elements from China and India. The wealth of Mes Aynak's residents has been well represented in the site's far-reaching size and well-guarded perimeter.

Afghanistan's eagerness to unearth the copper below the site is leading to the site's destruction rather than its preservation. Archaeologists have photographed the site and the relics have been excavated.^[1]

Etymology[]

The word Mes Aynak (مس عينک) literally means "little source of copper"; mis (مس) is "copper", while aynak (عينک) is a diminutive form of ayn (عين), which means "source".

History[]

This section needs expansion. You can help by . (September 2012)

Statue of the Buddha, Mes Aynak, 3rd-6th century CE.

As its name suggests, the presence of copper at Mes Aynak has been known about for some time, while the site's archaeological wealth had been discovered by Russian and Afghan geologists in 1973–4.^[2]

During the 10th century, the city was ruled by Brahman Shahi, the king of Kabul, Jaypaldeva. However, it was later burned to ashes by a Gaznavaid invasion. Once the walls were destroyed, it was easy for the Gaznavi to travel across Hindi Kush and invade mainland India.

Mes Aynak was at the peak of its prosperity between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. A period of slow decline began in the 8th Century, and the settlement was finally abandoned 200 years later.^[3]

The citizens of Mes Aynak generally followed Buddhism and Hinduism equally. The earliest Buddhist remains date from the Kushan era, although this gradually gave way to T'ang Chinese and Uyghur influences.

On 17 May 2020, the Taliban attacked a security checkpoint near the Mes Aynak mine. Eight security guards were killed and five others were wounded.^[4][5]

Mining lease[]

In November 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the copper mine to the China Metallurgical Group (MCC) for US$3 billion, making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history.^[6] Allegations have persisted that the then-minister of mines obstructed the contracting process and accepted a large bribe to eliminate the other companies involved in the bid.

The Afghan Mining Ministry estimates that the mine holds some six million tons of copper (5.52 million metric tons). The mine is expected to be worth tens of billions of dollars, and to generate jobs and economic activity for the country, but threatens the site's archaeological remains.^[7][8] The site is accessed via a 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) motorable track from the surfaced road between Kabul and Gardez.^[9] The mining lease holders propose to build a railway to serve the copper mine.^[10]

As of July 2012, MCC has not developed an environmental impact plan, and has remained secretive about feasibility studies, and the plan regarding the opening and closing of the mine, as well as any guarantees contained in the contract.^[11] International experts have warned that the project, and other similar projects in Afghanistan, could be threatened because MCC has not fulfilled promises made to the Afghan government, such as the lack of provision of proper housing for relocated villagers. Other investments that have yet to be fulfilled include a railway, a 400-megawatt power plant and a coal mine.^[12] A report by Global Witness, an independent advocacy group that focuses on natural resource exploitation, said there was a "major gap" between the government's promises of transparency and its follow-through.^[12][13]

Archaeological work[]

Newly excavated Buddhist stupa.

The archeologists' camp sits beneath a monastery.

Archeologists excavating the monasteries.

Archaeologists believe that Mes Aynak is a major historical heritage site. It has been called "one of the most important points along the Silk Road" by French archaeologist, Philippe Marquis.^[14] There are thought to be 19 separate archaeological sites in the valley including two small forts, a citadel, four fortified monasteries, several Buddhist stupas and a Zoroastrian fire temple, as well as ancient copper workings, smelting workshops, a mint, and miners habitations.^[3] In addition to the Buddhist monasteries and other structures from the Buddhist era that have already been identified, Mes Aynak also holds the remains of prior civilizations likely going back as far as the 3rd century BC. Historians are particularly excited by the prospect of learning more about the early science of metallurgy and mining by exploring this site. It is known to contain coins, glass, and the tools for making these, going back thousands of years.

All of this historical material is in imminent danger of destruction by the mining endeavor. In response to negative reports in the press comparing the Chinese mining company to those who destroyed the Buddhas of Bamiyan, a plan for minimal archaeological excavation was put in place. This plan still foresees the destruction of the site and everything still buried beneath it, but it does allow for the removal of whatever artifacts can be carried away by a small archaeological team led by DAFA, the French archaeological mission to Afghanistan.^{[citation needed]}

Rescue excavations[]

Between May 2010 and July 2011 archaeologists excavated approximately 400 items; more than what the National Museum of Afghanistan housed before the war. The site covers roughly 400,000 square metres (4,300,000 sq ft), encompassing several separate monasteries and a commercial area. It appears that Buddhists who began settling the area almost two millennia ago were drawn by the availability of copper.^[15] More recently, a stone statue, or stele, found in 2010 has been identified as a depiction of Prince Siddhartha before he founded Buddhism and has been taken to support the idea that there was an ancient monastic cult dedicated to Siddhartha's pre-enlightenment life.^[16]

In June 2012, a conference of experts in the fields of geology, mining engineering, archaeology, history and economic development met at SAIS in Washington, D.C to assess the situation in Mes Aynak. The provisional findings were tentatively encouraging: because of the length of time before mining can actually start at the site (approximately five years), it is indeed possible for collaboration between archaeologists and mining engineers to work to save Mes Aynak's cultural treasures. The site could either become a positive model for mineral extraction working to preserve cultural heritage or become an irreparable failure. However, a number of measures, that are not currently in place, must be met first. The site is still scheduled for destruction in January 2013.^[17][18]

Excavators at Mes Aynak have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons don't feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.^[19]

Recent developments[]

The U.S. Embassy in Kabul has provided a million dollars of U.S. military funding to help save the Buddhist ruins.^[20] As of June 2013 there is an international team of 67 archaeologists on site, including French, English, Afghans and Tajiks. There are also approximately 550 local labourers, which is set to increase to 650 in the summer. When this occurs Mes Aynak will become "the largest rescue dig anywhere in the world".^[3] All these personnel are protected by 200 armed guards. The team are using ground-penetrating radar, georectified photography and aerial 3D images to produce a comprehensive digital map of the ruins.^[3]

The rescue work was continuing as of June 2014, in spite of difficulties.^[21] There were only 10 international experts working at the site, and fewer than 20 Afghan archaeologists from Kabul's Institute of Archaeology. A team of seven Tajik archaeologists was also helping. Marek Lemiesz, a senior archaeologist at the site, said that more help was needed. Security was also a concern.^[22]

There were also indications that mining plans were being delayed because of the declining copper prices.

Site overview-archaeological excavation gallery[]

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  Mes Aynak Stupa

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  Mes Aynak monastery overview

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  Mes Aynak monastery overview

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  Mes Aynak monastery structure

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  Mes Aynak north overview

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  Mes Aynak monastery structure

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  Mes Aynak overview

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  Mes Aynak hill top excavation

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  Mes Aynak hill top excavation 2

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  Mes Aynak overview East hill

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  Mes Aynak hill top excavation workers

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  Mes Aynak overview East 2

Documentary[]

A documentary titled Saving Mes Aynak,^[23] directed by Brent E. Huffman, tells the story of the archaeological site, as well as the dangerous environment the mine has created for archaeologists, Chinese workers, and local Afghans. The film follows several main characters, including Philippe Marquis, a French archaeologist leading emergency conservation efforts; Abdul Qadeer Temore, an Afghan archaeologist at the Afghan National Institute of Archaeology; Liu Wenming, a manager for the China Metallurgical Group Corporation; and Laura Tedesco, an American archaeologist working for the U.S. State Department.

In July 2014 it was announced that Saving Mes Aynak will be completed by the end of 2014, and is being made with Kartemquin Films.^[24]

The documentary Saving Mes Aynak premiered at the 2014 IDFA film festival in Amsterdam and in the US at the 2015 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival.

In April 2015, Brent E. Huffman announced a plan to raise awareness of Mes Aynak through a #SaveMesAynak Global Screening Day and a fundraising campaign.^[25]

In June 2015, the film was offered for free streaming within Afghanistan.^[26]

See also[]

• Mundigak — archaeological site in Kandahar Province
• Hadda — archaeological site in Nangarhar Province
• Surkh Kotal — archaeological site in Baghlan Province
• Mehrgarh — archaeological site in Bolan
• Sheri Khan Tarakai — archaeological site in Bannu
• Kharwar District
• Buddhism in Afghanistan

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mes Aynak.

• Mes Aynak on Global Heritage Network
• Ancient Buddhas, Modern Peril
• Saving Mes Aynak website
• Saving Mes Aynak documentary on Al Jazeera
• "Rescuing Mes Aynak". Hannah Bloch, photographs by Simon Norfolk. National Geographic