Mesomycetozoea

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Mesomycetozoea
"Sphaeroforma arctica"
Sphaeroforma arctica
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked): incertae sedis
Class: Mesomycetozoea
Mendoza et al. 2002
Orders
Synonyms[1]

Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998

The Mesomycetozoea (or DRIP clade, or Ichthyosporea) are a small group of Opisthokonta in Eukaryota (formerly protists), mostly parasites of fish and other animals.

Significance[]

They are not particularly distinctive morphologically, appearing in host tissues as enlarged spheres or ovals containing spores, and most were originally classified in various groups as fungi, protozoa, or colorless algae. However, they form a coherent group on molecular trees, closely related to both animals and fungi and so of interest to biologists studying their origins. In a 2008 study they emerge robustly as the sibling-group of the clade Filozoa, which includes the animals.[2][3]

Huldtgren et al., following x-ray tomography of microfossils of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, has interpreted them as mesomycetozoan spore capsules.[4]

Terminology[]

The name DRIP is an acronym for the first protozoa identified as members of the group,[5] Cavalier-Smith later treated them as the class Ichthyosporea, since they were all parasites of fish.

Since other new members have been added (e.g. the former fungal orders Eccrinales and Amoebidiales), Mendoza et al. suggested changing the name to Mesomycetozoea, which refers to their evolutionary position. On Eukaryota tree, in Opisthokont clade, Mesomycetozoea is in the middle ("Meso-") of the fungi ("-myceto-") and the animals ("-zoea").[6] Note the name Mesomycetozoa (without a second e) is also used to refer to this group, but Mendoza et al. use it as an alternate name for basal Opisthokonts.[7]

Phylogeny[]

Eukaryota tree. Note "Ichthyosporea" at bottom left, in Opisthokont clade. "Metazoa" are animals, and Choanoflagellates are closely aligned. Fungi is at other end of Opisthokont clade, with Cristidiscoidea closely aligned. Ichthyosporea is in the middle ("Meso-") of the fungi ("-myceto-") and the animals ("-zoea").
Ichthyosporea[8][9]
Dermocystida
 

 
 
 

Dermocystidium

 
 
 

Valentines

 
 
 

Rhinosporidium

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ichthyophonida
 

 
 
 

Creolimax

 
 

Sphaeroforma

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

Pirum

 
 
 
Amoebidiidae

Amoebidium

 
 

Ichthyophonus

 
 
Paramoebidiidae

Paramoebidium

 
Eccrinida

 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Enteropogon

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Taxonomy[]

  • Class Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998[10][11]
    • Order Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998
      • Family Mendoza et al. 2001
        • Genus Pascolini et al. 2003
        • Genus Chromosphaera Grau-Bové et al. 2017
        • Genus Dermocystidium Pérez 1908 [ Feldman, Wimsatt & Green, 2005; Pérez 1907 non]
        • Genus Carini 1940
        • Genus
        • Genus Rhinosporidium Minchin & Fantham 1905
        • Genus Arkush et al. 2003 (Rosette agent)
        • Genus Borteiro et al. 2018
    • Order Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998 [Ichthyophonae Mendoza et al. 2001; Amoebidiales; Eccrinales Léger & Dubosq 1929]
      • Suborder Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Family Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Genus Baker, Beebee & Ragan 1999
          • Genus Creolimax Marschall et al. 2008
          • Genus Sphaeroforma Jostensen et al. 2002 [Pseudoperkinsus Figueras et al. 2000]
        • Family Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Genus Cavalier-Smith 2012 [Psorospermium Hilgendorf 1883 non Eimer 1870]
        • Family Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Genus Chatton 1907
          • Genus Marshall & Berbee 2011
          • Genus Marshall & Berbee 2011
      • Suborder Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Genus † Poinar 2016
        • Family Amoebidiidae Lichtenstein 1917 ex Kirk et al. 2001
        • Family Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Family Paramoebidiidae Reynolds et al. 2017
        • Family Manier & Lichtward 1968
          • Genus Tuzet & Manier 1951 ex Manier 1968
          • Genus Scheer 1977
          • Genus Poiss. 1929
        • Family Leger & Duboscq 1929 [Palavasciaceae Manier & Lichtward 1968]
          • Genus Manier & Ormières ex Manier 1968
          • Genus Léger & Duboscq 1906 [Arundinella Léger & Duboscq 1905 non Raddi 1823]
          • Genus Hauptfleisch 1895 [ Léger & Duboscq 1933]
          • Genus Manier 1970
          • Genus Léger & Duboscq 1929 [ Léger & Duboscq 1916]
          • Genus [ Manier 1955; Granata 1908; Tuzet, Manier & Jolivet 1957; Tuzet, Manier & Vog.-Zuber 1952; Leidy 1852; Maessen 1955; Manier 1947; Pistillaria Jeekel et al. 1959 non Fries 1821; Scheer 1935; Léger & Duboscq 1929; Maessen 1955]
          • Genus Lichtwardt 1961
          • Genus Hibbits 1979 non Nees 1836
          • Genus Lichtwardt et al. 1999
          • Genus Tuzet & Manier 1947 ex Lichtwardt 1964
          • Genus Manier & Grizel 1971
          • Genus Lichtwardt et al. 1999
          • Genus Manier & Ormiéres 1962 ex Manier 1968
          • Genus Léger & Duboscq 1911
          • Genus Poisson 1927

References[]

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.) Evolutionary relationships among protozoa. Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407,
  2. ^ Shalchian-Tabrizi K., Minge M.A., Espelund M.; et al. (7 May 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (ed.). "Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2016). The Ancestor's Tale. ISBN 978-0544859937.
  4. ^ Douglas Fox, "How life got complicated", Discover Magazine, December 2012.
  5. ^ Ragan MA, Goggin CL, Cawthorn RJ, et al. (October 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (21): 11907–12. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9311907R. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.
  6. ^ Herr RA, Ajello L, Taylor JW, Arseculeratne SN, Mendoza L (September 1999). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi's 18S Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Groups This Pathogen among Members of the Protoctistan Mesomycetozoa Clade". J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (9): 2750–4. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.9.2750-2754.1999. PMC 85368. PMID 10449446.
  7. ^ Mendoza L, Taylor JW, Ajello L (October 2002). "The class mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56: 315–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950. PMID 12142489.
  8. ^ Borteiro, Claudio; Baldo, Diego; Maronna, Maximiliano Manuel; Ubilla (2018). "Amphibian parasites of the Order Dermocystida (Ichthyosporea): current knowledge, taxonomic review and new records from Brazil". Zootaxa. 4461 (4): 499–518. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.3. PMID 30314064.
  9. ^ Reynolds, Nicole K.; Smith, Matthew E.; Tretter, Eric D.; Gause, Justin; Heeney, Dustin; Cafaro, Matías J.; Smith, James F.; Novak, Stephen J.; Bourland, William A.; White, Merlin M. (2017). "Resolving relationships at the animal-fungal divergence: A molecular phylogenetic study of the protist trichomycetes (Ichthyosporea, Eccrinida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 109: 447–464. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.007. PMID 28219758.
  10. ^ Cavalier-Smith (May 2012). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100.
  11. ^ Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Cannon PF, Kirk PM, David JC, Triebel D (November 2004). "An online database of names and descriptions as an alternative to registration". Mycological Research. 108 (11): 1236–1238. doi:10.1017/S0953756204221554.
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