Ministry of Economy (Spain)

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Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital
Logotipo del Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital.svg
Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio de España (Madrid) 01.jpg
Headquarters of the Ministry in the Nuevos Ministerios government complex.
Agency overview
Formed4 November 1928; 93 years ago (1928-11-04)
(as Ministry of National Economy)
13 January 2020 (as Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation)
TypeMinistry
JurisdictionSpanish government
Employees4,940 (2019)[1]
Annual budget 9 billion, 2021[2]
Minister responsible
Agency executives
  • Gonzalo García Andrés, Secretary of State for Economy and Business Support
  • Roberto Sánchez, Secretary of State for Telecommunications
  • Amparo López Senovilla, Secretary of State for Digitization and Artificial Intelligence
  • Amparo López Senovilla, Under Secretary
WebsiteMinistry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness(in Spanish)

The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation (MINECO) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for the proposing and carrying out the government policy on economic affairs, business support and reforms to improve economic potential growth as well as acting as the communication channel with the European Union and other economic and financial international organizations in this matters.[3] Likewise, this department is responsible for the telecommunications policy and the digital transformation.[3]

This has been a ministry that for most of its history has been linked to the Ministry of the Treasury, including a large part of the democratic stage, although they are now separated.

The MINECO is headed by the Economy Minister, a Cabinet member who is appointed by the Monarch at request of the Prime Minister, after hearing the Council of Ministers. The Minister of Economy and Business is assisted by five high-ranking officials, the Secretary of State for Economy and Business Support, the Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Digital Infraestructures, the Secretary of State for Digitization and Artificial Intelligence the Secretary General for the Treasury and International Financing and the Under Secretary of Economic Affairs. The current minister is Deputy PM Nadia Calviño, a former EU Civil Servant in charge of the EU Budget.

History[]

Origin and protectionism[]

The responsibilities over the economy had been integrated in the Ministry of the Treasury since its creation in the 18th century. However, because of the weakness and the deficiencies of the Spanish industry and trade sectors, during the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera was needed an autarchic policy. In addition, after the World War I the complexity of international markets had plunged Spain into a strong industrial crisis.

As a result, the sectors affected demanded a protectionist tariff policy in defense of national production against foreign one and, in turn, make it easy the exports. Thus began an autarchic policy based on economic nationalism and tariff protectionism whose best example is the Cambó tariff of 1922. This policy was assumed by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. Thus a certain economic bonanza was achieved that was truncated by the Great Depression of 1929.

The Cambo tariff was the technical and fiscal response to the critical deficit situation of the Spanish trade balance since 1920. It was a tariff policy that served two competing needs: one was to protect the different sectors of the Spanish economy against the international, heavily taxing imports of products produced by foreign counterparts; another responded to the need to defend export agriculture, a sector with a large foreign market and which was damaged by the rise in tariffs, victim of the consequent increases in the countries affected by the Spanish measures.

This was solved with the signing of international treaties of Commerce and Navigation agreeing a particular and significant reduction of the tariff with each one of the foreign nations with which commercial exchanges took place. Flores de Lemus defined the situation that was lucidly created: there was a complementarity between export agriculture and agriculture and industry in need of protection, although the instruments used by the Government were opposed and a continuous tension was created between them.

Dictatorship, Republic and Civil War[]

Although remote antecedents of the Economy portfolio can be found in the creation of the Ministry of Supply as an immediate consequence of the crisis of 1917; The first step towards the creation of a specific department occurred during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera when the National Economy Council established by Royal Decree of 8 March 1924.[4]

The council was born with the purpose of studying the problems of the national production and consumption, for the purpose of setting the customs tariffs and determining the way to establish international commercial relations adapted to the Spanish economic reality. For this reason, its main functions were to collect statistics on foreign trade and cabotage; obtain economic and commercial information in Spain and abroad; establish the official valuation of the goods, taking into account the cost of the same; propose new customs tariffs, as well as the revision of nomenclatures and tariffs. It was also responsible for proposing the conclusion of Trade Agreements. Finally, this body served to control all pressure groups in the country and thus channel their antagonistic interests: Boards and chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation, associations of producers, employers' organizations and trade unions of all kinds.

The end of the Military Directorate in 1925, the restoration of the ministerial regime and the economic circumstances led to the creation of the Ministry of National Economy by Royal Decree-Law of 3 November 1928, in response to public opinion that this affairs required to be placed under one direction only, both in terms of production, trade and consumption; and that to date they were dispersed among the rest of the government departments. The National Economy Council depended on the new Economy Ministry, although slightly modified, continuing with its work of collecting and contrasting the realities of the country around each and every one of the sectors of his economic life.

The Ministry was also integrated by the following organisms:

  • The Ministry of Development transferred to it the Directorate-General for Agriculture, with the agricultural chambers, agronomic council and association of Cattle Ranchers and the services of Hygiene and Animal Health.
  • The Office of the Prime Minister transferred to it the National Economy Council and Directorate-General for Tariffs and Valuations, whose holder was the Vice President of the council.
  • From the Ministries of Labor and Interior, it were transferred respectively the responsibilities on Commerce and Supply, which met in the same Directorate-General for Trade and Supply.
  • The Ministry of Labour also transferred to it the Directorate-General for Industry, with the School of Industrial Engineers, as well as provincial inspectorates.

During this period, its headquarters were in the same building as the Ministry of Development, with the exception of the National Economy Council, which was located on Magdalena Street, 12 in Madrid.

The Ministry disappeared by Decree of 16 December 1931. Its services were distributed among the Ministries of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce; Development and Labour. The National Economy Council was transformed into the National Economy Planning Council, dependent on the portfolio of Industry and Commerce.

In the middle of the Civil War, the government of the Republic created a Ministry of Finance and Economy, first based in Barcelona and then in Valencia. The head of the new institution was Juan Negrín, who at the same time was Prime Minister. Its creation was ordered by Decree of 17 May 1937[5] and its functions and structure were dictated by Decree 27 of that same month.

From the economic autarky to the developmentalism of the 1960s[]

The catastrophic situation in which the country was plunged after the Civil War and the collapse of international markets caused by the World War II, led to the creation of a new National Economy Council. The new body monitored that all ministries follow the economic guidelines of the Government in a harmonious and coordinated manner. His legal regime constituted him as an autonomous body of work, consultant, adviser and technician in all the matters that affected the national economy. It depended directly on the Office of the Prime Minister.

The importance of the council will be increased, so much that institutionally its president will be compared to those of the Cortes, the Supreme Court , the Court of Auditors and the Council of State. Its power and influence in economic matters, always oriented towards autarky, will be equal to that of the General Secretariat of the Movement. Finally, the President of the council had the rank of Minister without portfolio. Its connection to the most immobile sector of the regime in terms of economy will mean the beginning of its decline. Confronted openly with the Ministries of the Treasury and Commerce for the turn that the Stabilization Plan had made towards a capitalist economy, the National Economy Council gradually began to lose importance in the 1960s. It disappeared in 1977, absorbed by the Ministry of Economy.

During the premiership of Arias Navarro, a specific Deputy Prime Minister was created for economic affairs, a position that was assumed by the head of the Treasury portfolio. The new position implied the disappearance of the Ministry of Development Planning, leaving its Undersecretariat ascribed to the Delegate Commission of the Government for Economic Affairs.

Democracy[]

Nadia Calviño, Economy Minister since 7 June 2018.

The recovery of the Ministry of Economy in 1977 takes place in conjunctural circumstances and of great importance for the economic history of Spain. Once the political transition to democracy began, the second government presided over by Suarez was aware that the constitutional process would be seriously hampered if there was no economic growth. The circumstances were totally contrary due to the serious situation that the country was going through due to the oil crisis of 1973, the ineffectiveness of the measures adopted by the last governments of the dictatorship; as well as the accentuation of the latent problems: inflation, unemployment, external deficit, deficit of the public sector and the low level of investments.

The institutional solutions involved remodeling the General State Administration, creating a Second Deputy Prime Minister for economic affairs and the position of Minister of Economy through several royal decrees signed on 4 July 1977,[6] appointments that fall in Fuentes Quintana. With the Ministry of Economy recovered, the necessary body is created to group in a single department the different competences in the matter of organization and economic planning and to be able to single out the decisions on economic policy extracting them in part from the Ministry of the Treasury. Its main task was to establish the guidelines of the general economic policy, the short and medium term programming and the study of the proposal of advisable measures to ensure the smooth running of the economy of the country. During the last government of Suarez were merged into one, the Economy and Commerce portfolios.

The administrative reforms carried out by the first government headed by Felipe González led in 1982 to the merger in one of the departments of Treasury and Economy and Commerce, giving birth to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. This body has continued to operate continuously with the exception of the 7th Cortes Generales (2000-2004), under the premiership of José María Aznar, in which the Treasury and Economy portfolios were split in two. The same happens since the 10th Cortes Generales (2011–present). Between 2016 and 2018, the Ministry of Economy merged with the Ministry of Industry.[7]

Structure[]

The Ministry of Economy and Business is organised in the following superior bodies:[8]

  • The Secretariat of State for Economy and Business Support
    • The General Secretariat for the Treasury and International Financing
      • The Directorate-General for the Treasury and Financial Policy.
    • The Directorate-General for Economic Policy
    • The Directorate-General for Macroeconomic Analysis
    • The Directorate-General for Insurance and Pension Funds
  • The Secretariat of State for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence
    • The General Secretariat for Digital Administration
    • The Directorate-General for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence
  • The Secretariat of State for Telecommunications and Digital Infrastructures
    • The Directorate-General for Telecommunications and Organization of Audiovisual Communication Services
  • The Undersecretariat of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation
    • The Technical General Secretariat
    • The Inspectorate of Services
    • The Deputy Directorate-General for Human Resources
    • The Deputy Directorate-General for Financial Administration and Administrative Office
    • The Budget Office
    • The Deputy Directorate-General for Information and Communication Technologies
  • The Special Commissioner for the Alliance for the New Economy of Language, with rank of Under-Secretary
    • The Office of the Special Commissioner for the Alliance for the New Economy of Language

Ministry agencies[]

List of officeholders[]

Office name:

  • Ministry of National Economy (1928–1931)
  • Ministry of Economy (1977–1980; 2000–2004)
  • Ministry of Economy and Trade (1980–1982)
  • Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (2011–2016)
  • Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (2016–2018)
  • Ministry of Economy and Business (2018–2020)
  • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation (2020–present)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office Party Government Prime Minister
(Tenure)
Ref.
Took office Left office Duration
Portrait placeholder.svg Francisco Moreno Zulueta
(1880–1963)
3 November
1928
21 January
1930
1 year and 79 days Independent Civil Directory Miguel Primo
de Rivera

Miguel Primo de Rivera c.1920 (cropped).jpg
(1923–1930)
[9]
[10]
Portrait placeholder.svg
(1871–1953)
21 January
1930
30 January
1930
9 days Independent [11]
[12]
Portrait placeholder.svg Manuel de Argüelles
(interim)

(1875–1945)
30 January
1930
3 February
1930
4 days Independent Berenguer Dámaso Berenguer
Dámaso Berenguer b.1919 (cropped).jpg
(1930–1931)
[13]
[14]
[15]
Portrait placeholder.svg
(1878–1954)
3 February
1930
20 August
1930
198 days Independent [14]
[15]
[16]
Portrait placeholder.svg
(1881–1945)
20 August
1930
18 February
1931
182 days Independent [17]
[18]
Gabino Bugallal 1919 (cropped).jpg Gabino Bugallal
(1861–1932)
18 February
1931
14 April
1931
55 days Independent Aznar-Cabañas Juan Bautista
Aznar-Cabañas

Juan Bautista Aznar (cropped).jpg
(1931)
[19]
Office disestablished during this interval.
Portrait placeholder.svg Enrique Fuentes Quintana
(1924–2007)
5 July
1977
25 February
1978
293 days Independent Suárez II Adolfo Suárez
Adolfo Suárez 1980 (cropped).jpg
(1976–1981)
[20]
[21]
Fernando Abril Martorell 1979 (cropped).jpg Fernando Abril Martorell
(1936–1998)
25 February
1978
6 April
1979
2 years and 197 days UCD [22]
[23]
Portrait placeholder.svg José Luis Leal
(born 1939)
6 April
1979
9 September
1980
1 year and 156 days UCD Suárez III [24]
[25]
Juan Antonio García Díez cropped.jpg Juan Antonio García Díez
(1940–1998)
9 September
1980
7 October
1980
2 years and 85 days UCD [26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
7 October
1980
27 February
1981
27 February
1981
3 December
1982
Calvo-Sotelo Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 1978 (cropped).jpg
(1981–1982)
Miguel Boyer 1983 (cropped).jpg Miguel Boyer
(1939–2014)
3 December
1982
8 December
1982
5 days PSOE González I Felipe González
Felipe González 1991 (cropped).jpg
(1982–1996)
[30]
[31]
Office disestablished during this interval.[a]
Rodrigo Rato 2004 (cropped).jpg Rodrigo Rato
(born 1949)
28 April
2000
18 April
2004
3 years and 356 days PP Aznar II José María Aznar
José María Aznar 2003d (cropped).jpg
(1996–2004)
Office disestablished during this interval.[b]
Luis de Guindos 2017b (cropped).jpg Luis de Guindos
(born 1960)
22 December
2011
4 November
2016
6 years and 76 days Independent Rajoy I Mariano Rajoy
Mariano Rajoy 2018b (cropped).jpg
(2011–2018)
[32]
[33]
[34]
4 November
2016
8 March
2018
Rajoy II
Román Escolano 2018 (cropped).jpg Román Escolano
(born 1965)
8 March
2018
7 June
2018
91 days Independent [35]
[36]
Nadia Calviño 2020b (cropped).jpg Nadia Calviño
(born 1968)
7 June
2018
13 January
2020
3 years and 289 days Independent Sánchez I Pedro Sánchez
Pedro Sánchez 2021b (cropped).jpg
(2018–present)
[37]
[38]
13 January
2020
Incumbent Sánchez II

Notes[]

  1. ^ The department's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Economy and Finance between 1982 and 2000.
  2. ^ The department's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Economy and Finance between 2004 and 2011.

References[]

  1. ^ Ministry of Territorial Policy and Civil Service (2018). Statistical Bulletin of the personnel at the service of the Public Administrations (PDF). p. 48. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ "2021 State Budget" (PDF). boe.es. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b "Royal Decree 403/2020, of February 25, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation". boe.es. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  4. ^ "Royal decree establishing in the Office of the Prime Minister a Council of the National Economy" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Decree providing for the new denomination of the ministerial departments as of the date of the promulgation of this Decree" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Royal Decree 1558/1977, of July 4, by which certain organs of the Central State Administration are restructured". boe.es. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  7. ^ "Royal Decree 415/2016, of November 3, by which the ministerial departments are restructured". boe.es. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Royal Decree 139/2020, of January 28, which establishes the basic organic structure of the ministerial departments". boe.es. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de la Economia Nacional a D. Francisco Moreno Zulueta, Comité de los Andes" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (310): 802. 5 November 1928.
  10. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Hacienda a D. Francisco Moreno y Zuleta, Conde de los Andes, y disponiendo cese en el cargo de Ministro de Economía Nacional" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (22): 514. 22 January 1930.
  11. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Sebastián Castelo y Palero" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (22): 514. 22 January 1930.
  12. ^ "Real decreto admitiendo la dimisión del cargo de Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Sebastián Castedo y Palero" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (31): 764. 31 January 1930.
  13. ^ "Real decreto admitiendo la dimisión del cargo de Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Sebastián Castedo y Palero" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (31): 764. 31 January 1930.
  14. ^ a b "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Julio Wais San Martín, ex Diputado a Cortes, y disponiendo cese en dicho cargo D. Manuel Argüelles y Argüelles, Ministro de Hacienda, que interinamente lo desempeñaba" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (35): 906. 4 February 1930.
  15. ^ a b "Real decreto (rectificado) nombrando Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Julio Wais San Martin, ex Diputado a Cortes, y disponiendo cese en dicho cargo D. Manuel Argüelles y Argüelles, Ministro de Hacienda, que interinamente lo desempeñaba" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (36): 949. 5 February 1930.
  16. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Hacienda a D. Julio Wais San Martín, que lo es de Economía Nacional" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (233): 1155. 21 August 1930.
  17. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Luis Rodríguez de Viguri, ex Diputado a Cortes" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (233): 1155. 21 August 1930.
  18. ^ "Real decreto admitiendo la dimisión del cargo de Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Luis Rodríguez de Viguri" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (50): 971–972. 19 February 1931.
  19. ^ "Real decreto nombrando Ministro de Economía Nacional a D. Gabino Bugallal y Araujo, Conde de Bugallal, ex Diputado a Cortes" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (50): 972. 19 February 1931.
  20. ^ "Real Decreto 1563/1977, de 4 de julio, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (159): 15045–15046. 5 July 1977. ISSN 0212-033X.
  21. ^ "Real Decreto 229/1978, de 24 de febrero, por el que se dispone el cese de determinados Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (48): 4612. 25 February 1978. ISSN 0212-033X.
  22. ^ "Real Decreto 231/1978, de 24 de febrero, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (48): 4613. 25 February 1978. ISSN 0212-033X.
  23. ^ "Real Decreto 713/1979, de 5 de abril, por el que se dispone el cese en sus funciones de los miembros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (83): 8192. 6 April 1979. ISSN 0212-033X.
  24. ^ "Real Decreto 711/1979, de 5 de abril, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (83): 8192. 6 April 1979. ISSN 0212-033X.
  25. ^ "Real Decreto 1795/1980, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se dispone el cese de diversos miembros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (217): 20294. 9 September 1980. ISSN 0212-033X.
  26. ^ "Real Decreto 1797/1980, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (217): 20294. 9 September 1980. ISSN 0212-033X.
  27. ^ "Real Decreto 1996/1980, de 3 de octubre, por el que se estructura el Ministerio de Economía y Comercio" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (241): 22274–22275. 7 October 1980. ISSN 0212-033X.
  28. ^ "Real Decreto 256/1981, de 26 de febrero, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (50): 4430. 27 February 1981. ISSN 0212-033X.
  29. ^ "Real Decreto 3297/1982, de 2 de diciembre, por el que se declara el cese en sus funciones de los miembros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (290): 33340. 3 December 1982. ISSN 0212-033X.
  30. ^ "Real Decreto 3295/1982, de 2 de diciembre, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (290): 33339. 3 December 1982. ISSN 0212-033X.
  31. ^ "Real Decreto-ley 22/1982, de 7 de diciembre, sobre medidas Urgentes de Reformas Administrativa" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (294): 33820–33821. 8 December 1982. ISSN 0212-033X.
  32. ^ "Real Decreto 1826/2011, de 21 de diciembre, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (307): 139968. 22 December 2011. ISSN 0212-033X.
  33. ^ "Real Decreto 417/2016, de 3 de noviembre, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (267): 76637. 4 November 2016. ISSN 0212-033X.
  34. ^ "Real Decreto 103/2018, de 7 de marzo, por el que se dispone el cese de don Luis de Guindos Jurado como Ministro de Economía, Industria y Competitividad" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (59): 28061. 8 March 2018. ISSN 0212-033X.
  35. ^ "Real Decreto 104/2018, de 7 de marzo, por el que se nombra Ministro de Economía, Industria y Competitividad a don Román Escolano Olivares" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (59): 28062. 8 March 2018. ISSN 0212-033X.
  36. ^ "Real Decreto 352/2018, de 1 de junio, por el que se declara el cese de los miembros del Gobierno" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (134): 57658. 2 June 2018. ISSN 0212-033X.
  37. ^ "Real Decreto 357/2018, de 6 de junio, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (pdf). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (138): 58729. 7 June 2018. ISSN 0212-033X.
  38. ^ "Real Decreto 8/2020, de 12 de enero, por el que se nombran Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (11): 2882. 13 January 2020. ISSN 0212-033X.
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