Mission Santa Cruz

Mission Santa Cruz

The Mission Santa Cruz chapel replica
Location	130 Emmett St Santa Cruz, California 95060
Coordinates	36°58′41″N 122°1′46″W / 36.97806°N 122.02944°W / 36.97806; -122.02944Coordinates: 36°58′41″N 122°1′46″W / 36.97806°N 122.02944°W / 36.97806; -122.02944
Name as founded	La Misión de la Exaltación de la Santa Cruz
English translation	The Mission of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
Patron	The Exaltation of the Cross[1]
Nickname(s)	"The Hard-luck Mission"[2]
Founding date	August 28, 1791[3]
Founding priest(s)	Father Fermín Lasuén[4]
Founding Order	Twelfth[1]
Military district	Fourth[5]
Native tribe(s) Spanish name(s)	Awaswas / Ohlone, Yokuts Costeño
Native place name(s)	Uypi[6]
Baptisms	2,765[7]
Marriages	860[7]
Burials	2,120[7]
Secularized	1834[1]
Returned to the Church	1859
Governing body	Catholic Diocese of Monterey
Current use	Chapel and museum
California Historical Landmark
Reference no.	342
Mission Hill Area Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location	Mission Street
Coordinates	36°58′39″N 122°1′43″W / 36.97750°N 122.02861°W / 36.97750; -122.02861
Area	38 acres (15 ha)
Architectural style	Spanish Colonial, Stick-Eastlake-Queen Anne—Victorian
NRHP reference No.	76000530[8]
Added to NRHP	May 17, 1976
Neary-Rodriguez Adobe
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location	130-134 School St. Santa Cruz, California
NRHP reference No.	75000484[8]
Added to NRHP	February 24, 1975

Mission Santa Cruz (La Misión de la Exaltación de la Santa Cruz, which translates as the Mission of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross)^[9] was a Spanish mission founded by the Franciscan order in present-day Santa Cruz, California. The mission was founded in 1791 and named for the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, adopting the name given to a nearby creek by the missionary priest Juan Crespi, who accompanied the explorer Gaspar de Portolá when he camped on the banks of the San Lorenzo River on October 17, 1769.^[3]

As with the other California missions, Mission Santa Cruz served as a site for ecclesiastical conversion of natives, first the people,^[10] the original inhabitants of the region renamed the "Ohlone"^[11] by the Spaniards, and later the Yokuts from the east.^[12] The settlement was the site of the first autopsy in Alta California.^[4]

The current Holy Cross Church was built on the site of the original mission church in 1889, and it remains an active parish of the Diocese of Monterey. A section of stone foundation wall from one of the mission buildings and a few old headstones from the mission cemetery can be found directly behind the present Holy Cross Church. A reduced-scale "replica" chapel was built near the mission site in the 1930s and functions as a chapel of Holy Cross Church. Today's Plaza Park occupies the same location as the original plaza, at the center of the former mission complex. The complex at one time included as many as 32 buildings. The only surviving mission building, a dormitory for native acolytes, has been restored to its original appearance and functions as a museum of the Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park.

History[]

Inside the mission chapel replica

The Santa Cruz mission was originally consecrated by Father Fermín Lasuén on August 28, 1791,^[13] on the San Lorenzo river's flood plain. It was one of the smaller missions, in the fourth military district under protection of the Presidio of San Francisco.^[5] The mission was flooded as the San Lorenzo swelled with the rains that winter. Over the next three years, the padres rebuilt the mission on the hill overlooking the river.

In 1797, the secular pueblo (town) of Branciforte was founded across the San Lorenzo River to the east of Mission Santa Cruz. The mission padres did not welcome the location of the pueblo so close to the mission, and accused the Branciforte settlers of gambling, smuggling and tempting the native acolytes to desert the mission.

On October 12, 1812, Father Andrés Quintana was strangled to death by mission neophytes, angry over his use of a metal-tipped whip in the punishment of laborers, Native Americans, and Native children.^[14]

In 1818, the Mission received advance warning of an attack by the Argentine corsair (simply a pirate, from the Spanish point of view) Hipólito Bouchard and was evacuated.^[15] The citizens of Branciforte, several of whom were retired soldiers, were asked to protect the Mission's valuables; instead, they were later accused (by the priests) of stealing.

One of the only surviving first-person descriptions by a native Californian of life in a mission was given in an interview by Lorenzo Asisara^[16] in 1877. Asisara was born at Mission Santa Cruz in 1819. His father was one of the neophytes involved in the Quintana killing, and Asisara repeated the story his father had told him about those events.

Decline and preservation[]

Holy Cross Church (circa 1900)

The front wall of the adobe mission, built in 1794, was destroyed by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. A wooden facade was added and the structure converted to other uses. A new wooden church was built next door in 1858.^[17] In 1889, the current Gothic Revival-style Holy Cross Church was built over (in the same orientation) part of the original sanctuary and cemetery.^[18] The cemetery wall was defined in 1993 ^[19][20] and developed as a memorial and native plant garden.

At the same time, the mission cemetery was excavated and the remains moved to a mass grave at Old Holy Cross Cemetery,^[21] a few miles to the east. In recent years, a group of local volunteers have been working to restore the old cemetery, and to identify the mission gravesite and those whose remains were moved there. A memorial was dedicated in 2016.^[22]

The only original Mission building left is a long multi-room building which at one time housed local Yokut and Ohlone Native American families. The original building is located at 144 School Street and can be toured during operating hours.^[23] There is also a protected remnant of the mission church foundation wall behind the current Holy Cross Church. The parish address is 126 High Street. The road leading to the mission from the west is called Mission Street, which is also part of California State Route 1.

In 1931, Gladys Sullivan Doyle proposed to construct a reduced-size replica of the original chapel. She contributed all of the construction costs, on the condition that she be allowed to be buried inside. Her grave can be viewed in a small side room. Since there were no surviving photographs or drawings of the original structure, design of the replica chapel was adapted from an 1876 (19 years after the collapse of the building's front half) painting by the French painter Léon Trousset.^[24] The original painting hangs in the nave of the chapel.

The concrete construction was done by parishioner Tranquilino Costella, an Italian immigrant, whose contractor stamp is still seen in the sidewalk in front of the mission. The small replica chapel is mainly used for private services, daily Masses (M-F), and Morning Prayer on Saturday. An adjoining room functions as a gift shop. A stone fountain from the original mission complex stands in the garden behind the gift shop.

Santa Cruz Mission Historic Park and District[]

The only surviving original adobe mission building, a dormitory for Native American residents, has been restored as part of the Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park as the Neary-Rodriguez Adobe.^[25] The Santa Cruz Mission is designated California Historical Landmark number 342.^[26] The Neary-Rodriguez Adobe was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, California as site number 75000484 on February 24, 1975, and the Mission Hill Area as a United States Historic District as site number 76000530 on May 17, 1976.^[8]

Unidentified adobe foundations[]

The stone foundations of an unidentified adobe on the east edge of Mission Hill in Santa Cruz was first discovered in 1978.^[27][28] Prior to any excavations an extensive archival research program was carried out.^[29] After no mention was found in the written record, the foundations were given the name the "Lost Adobe". Archaeological excavations (from 1981–84)^[30] indicated the presence of 18+ rooms structural foundations extending west toward the original church and cemetery. Artifacts found were a diverse collection of Spanish Mission Era/ Mexican Republic materials including glass beads, Majolica ceramic fragments and phoenix buttons.^[31][32] These findings suggest that the structure was used to house the neophyte community of Yokut and Ohlone families living at the Mission in the 1820s and 1830s. The Lost Adobe collapsed during the 19th century and no remnants remain. The area is on private property and visitors are not allowed.

Mission Hill train tunnel[]

Mission Santa Cruz has a hidden single track gated railroad tunnel running under it.^[33] Railroad train service used to connect Oakland to Santa Cruz with a train going down the middle of Pacific Avenue on the way to the wharf.^[34] In 1876 South Pacific Coast Railroad built a railroad tunnel under Mission Santa Cruz to reroute train traffic out of the busy downtown corridor.^[35] The entrance can be found at the end of Amat street with the tunnel going under the church's parking lot and Emmett Street and emerging at Chestnut street. This is still an active rail line for Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway connecting Santa Cruz with Felton.

See also[]

• Spanish missions in California
• List of Spanish missions in California
• USNS Mission Santa Cruz (AO-133) – a Mission Buenaventura-class transport oiler built during World War II

Notes[]

References[]

• Engelhardt, Z. (1915). The Missions and Missionaries of California, Volume 4. Santa Barbara, Calif: Mission Santa Barbara.
• Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Cornhill, London: Smith, Elder and Co.
• Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar (eds.) (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Krell, Dorothy (ed.) (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 978-0-376-05172-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 978-0-89658-492-1.
• Levy, Richard. (1978). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. 8 (California). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-16-004578-3.
• Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Ballena Press Publication, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 978-0-87919-132-0.
• Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 978-1-890771-13-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 978-0-932653-30-7.
• Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 978-1-59223-319-9.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Santa Cruz.

• Official Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park website
• Official parish website built on the site of the original mission church
• Early photographs, sketches, land surveys of Mission Santa Cruz, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
• Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (106)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
• U.S. Library of Congress: 20 images, "Mission Santa Cruz, Emmet & School Streets, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, CA"