Monarchism

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Not to be confused with Monarchianism, Monorchism, or Minarchism.
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Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.[1] A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independent of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.[2][3][4]

Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a regent, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.

History[]

Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.[5] Monarchies have existed in some form since ancient Sumeria.[6] Monarchy has often claimed legitimacy from a higher power (in early modern Europe the divine right of kings, and in China the Mandate of Heaven).

In England, royalty ceded power elsewhere in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which guaranteed its barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. In 1687–88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy, which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy, justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. In the 18th century, Voltaire and others encouraged "enlightened absolutism", which was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia.

In 1685 the Enlightenment began.[7] This would result in new anti-monarchist ideas[8] which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century, American Revolution and the French Revolution. Which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1848 then ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies.

World War I and the subsequent Interbellum[]

World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty.

Hungary[]

The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, to represent the monarchy until it could be restored. Horthy was regent from 1920 to 1944. During Horthy's rule, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg, although no further attempts were made to seize the Hungarian throne.

Spain[]

In similar wise the 1938 autocratic state of Franco in Spain claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos).

Germany[]

In 1920s Germany a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to the Weimar Republic; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, which opposed monarchism.

Austria[]

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law, which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss, the Nazi Government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.[9]

After World War II[]

With the arrival of socialism in Eastern Europe by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Albania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics.

The aftermath of World War II also saw the return of monarchist and republican rivalry in Italy, where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.

Monarchism as a political force internationally has substantially diminished since the end of the Second World War, though it had an important role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and also played a role in the modern political affairs of Nepal. Nepal was one of the last states to have had an absolute monarch, which continued until King Gyanendra was peacefully deposed in May 2008 and the country became a federal republic. One of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia in 1974 with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie.

Current monarchies[]

Main article: List of current monarchs of sovereign states

The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies. In most of these, the monarch wields only symbolic power, although in some, the monarch does play a role in political affairs. In Thailand, for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco, King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power.

Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.

There remain a handful of countries in which the monarch is the true ruler. The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini.

Justifications for monarchism[]

Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally since the Age of Enlightenment; liberalism, communism and socialism.

Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession, mediation by a tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic.[10][11]

Nonpartisan head of state and unifying force[]

British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state, separate from the head of government, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party, but all people.[12] Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in a multinational state, noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon" and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.[12]

Safeguard for liberty[]

The International Monarchist League, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.

British-American libertarian writer Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics"—specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship—"in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.[13] Feeny notes that

European monarchies - such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British - have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.[13]

Human desire for hierarchy[]

In a 1943 essay in The Spectator, "Equality", British author C.S. Lewis criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing,

Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.[14]

Support for the restoration of monarchy[]

See also: List of monarchy referendums

The following is a list of countries and opinion polls for the restoration of abolished monarchies in those countries.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.
Country Polling firm/source Sample size Percentage of supporters Date conducted Ref.
 Austria [note 1] [note 1] 20%[note 1] [note 1] [15]
 Brazil Circle Monárquico Brasileiro 188 32% September 2019 [16]
 Croatia Consilium Regium Croaticum 1,759 41% 2019 [17]
 Czech Republic SC&C Market Research 13% 2018 [18]
 France BVA Group 953 17% March 2007 [19]
 Germany YouGov 1,041 16% April 2016 [20]
 Georgia Doctrina 560 30% July 2015 [21]
 Greece Kappa Research 2,040 11.6% April 2007 [22]
 Hungary Azonnali 3,541 46% May 2021 [23]
 Italy Piepoli institute 15% 2018 [24]
 Iran GAMAAN 14.6% 2018 [25]
 Mexico Parametría 7.6% July 2014 [26]
 Nepal Interdisciplinary Analysts 3,000 49% January 2008 [27]
 Portugal Catholic University of Portugal/Diário de Notícias 1,148 11% March 2010 [28]
 Romania Institutul Român pentru Evaluare și Strategie 1,073 21% March 2016 [29]
 Russia Russian Public Opinion Research Center ~1,800 28%[note 2] March 2017 [30]
 Serbia SAS Intelligence 1,615 39.7% April 2013 [31]
 United States YouGov 1,493 5% April 2021 [32]

Monarchists[]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

American[]

See also: Loyalist (American Revolution)
  • Lee Walter Congdon (born 1939)
  • Charles A. Coulombe (born 1960)[33]
  • (born 1970)
  • William S. Lind (born 1947)
  • Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills (born 1979)
  • Lewis Nicola (1717-1807)
  • Joshua Norton (1818-1880)
  • James Strang (1813-1856)
  • Curtis Yarvin (born 1973)

Argentine[]

  • Manuel Belgrano (1770-1820)

Australian[]

See also: Australian Monarchist League and Australians for Constitutional Monarchy

Austrian[]

  • Georg von Trapp[39] (1880–1947)
  • Joseph Roth[40] (1894–1939)
  • Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn[41] (1909–1999)
  • Ernst Fuchs[42] (1930–2015)
  • Alexander Tschugguel (b. 1993)

Brazilian[]

Main article: Monarchism in Brazil

Belgian[]

  • Hergé (1903–1983)
  • Leon Degrelle (1906-1994)

British[]

See also: Cornerstone Group, International Monarchist League, and Royal Stuart Society
  • Winston Churchill (1874–1965)
  • Agatha Christie (1890–1976)
  • J.R.R. Tolkien[45] (1892–1973)
  • Hector Bolitho (1897–1974)
  • C.S. Lewis (1898–1963)
  • John Betjeman[46] (1906–1984)
  • Harold Wilson (1916–1995)
  • Peregrine Worsthorne (born 1923)
  • Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock (1924-2019)
  • Betty Boothroyd (born 1929)
  • Joan Collins[47] (born 1933)
  • Michael Heseltine (born 1933)
  • Alan Bennett[48] (born 1933)
  • Judi Dench[49] (born 1934)
  • Julie Andrews (born 1935)
  • Nikolai Tolstoy[50] (1935)
  • Frederick Forsyth (born 1938)
  • Tom Jones (singer) (born 1940)
  • Paul McCartney (born 1942)
  • Vernon Bogdanor (born 1943)
  • John Major[51] (born 1943)
  • Simon Blackburn[52] (born 1944)
  • Roger Scruton (1944-2020)
  • Edwina Currie (born 1946)
  • William Shawcross (born 1946)
  • Elton John (born 1947)
  • Jeremy Irons (born 1948)
  • Tony Blair[53] (born 1953)
  • Anthony Seldon (born 1953)
  • Alex Salmond (born 1954)
  • Ian Botham[54] (born 1955)
  • Theresa May (born 1956)
  • Stephen Fry[55] (born 1957)
  • Rupert Everett[56] (born 1959)
  • Nick Ferrari (born 1959)
  • Alison Moyet (born 1961)
  • Camila Batmanghelidjh (born 1963)
  • Tracey Emin[57] (born 1963)
  • Quentin Letts (born 1963)
  • Peter Morgan[58] (born 1963)
  • Andrew Roberts (born 1963)
  • Nigel Farage (born 1964)
  • Boris Johnson (born 1964)
  • Rachel Johnson[59] (born 1965)
  • David Cameron[60] (born 1966)
  • Ed Vaizey (born 1968)
  • Jacob Rees-Mogg (born 1969)
  • Geri Halliwell (born 1972)
  • Miranda Hart (born 1972)
  • Victoria Coren Mitchell (born 1972)
  • Victoria Beckham (born 1974)
  • Alex Massie (born 1974)
  • David Mitchell (born 1974)
  • Emma Bunton (born 1976)
  • Adele (born 1988)

Canadian[]

Main article: Monarchism in Canada
See also: Monarchist League of Canada, United Empire Loyalist, and

Chinese[]

See also: Royalist Party
  • Zhang Xun (1854–1923)
  • Xu Shichang (1855–1939)
  • Kang Youwei (1858–1927)
  • Yuan Shikai (1859–1916)
  • Zhang Zuolin (1875–1928)

Costa Rican[]

Croatian[]

  • Josip Frank (1844-1911)

Czech[]

See also: Koruna Česká (party)

Fiji[]

See also: Great Council of Chiefs
  • Frank Bainimarama (born 1954)
  • Mick Beddoes (born 1951)
  • George Cakobau (1912–1989)
  • Penaia Ganilau (1918–1993)
  • Teimumu Kepa (born 1945)
  • Kamisese Mara (1920–2004)
  • Niko Nawaikula (born 1960)
  • Jai Ram Reddy (born 1937)
  • Aman Ravindra Singh

French[]

Main article: Monarchism in France
See also: Bonapartism, Orléanist, and Legitimist

Georgian[]

Main article: Monarchism in Georgia
  • Ilia II of Georgia (born 1933)
  • Salome Zourabichvili (born 1952)

German[]

See also: Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 and Tradition und Leben
  • Fedor von Bock (1880-1945)
  • August von Mackensen (1849–1945)
  • Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945)
  • Franz Josef Strauss (1915-1988)
  • Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Greek[]

  • Ioannis Metaxas (1871–1941)
  • Dimitrios Gounaris (1867-1922)
  • Panagis Tsaldaris (1868-1936)
  • Alexandros Papagos (1883-1955)
  • Konstantinos Tsaldaris (1884-1970)
  • Georgios Grivas (1897-1974)
  • Georgios Rallis (1918-2006)
  • Ilias Kasidiaris (1980-)[91]

Hungarian[]

Italian[]

  • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1861-1882)

Japanese[]

See also: Nippon Kaigi
  • Yoshiko Sakurai[95] (born 1945)
  • Yukio Mishima[96] (1925-1970)
  • Otoya Yamaguchi[97] (1943-1960)

Malta[]

  • George Borg Olivier (1911-1980)

Mexican[]

See also: Conservative Party (Mexico) and Nationalist Front of Mexico

Polish[]

See also: Conservative-Monarchist Club
See also: Congress of the New Right

Portuguese[]

See also: Miguelist

Russian[]

See also: Restoration of the Russian monarchy

Serbian[]

See also: Centre for Research of Orthodox Monarchism and Chetniks

South African[]

  • De Villiers Graaff (1913-1999)
  • Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
  • Jan Smuts (1870-1950)

Spanish[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Figures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by EFE.
  2. ^ Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.

References[]

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  3. ^ "Definition of Republic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law
  4. ^ "The definition of republic". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.
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