Moscow Strikes Back
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Moscow Strikes Back | |
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Directed by | Ilya Kopalin |
Produced by | Central Studio of Newsreels |
Starring | Generals Zhukov, Rokossovsky, ordinary soldiers |
Cinematography | Ivan Belyakov and others |
Music by | V. Smirnov |
Release date | February 23, 1942 |
Running time | 55 minutes (English version) |
Country | USSR |
Language | Russian (subtitles) |
Moscow Strikes Back (Russian: Разгром немецких войск под Москвой, Razgrom Nemetskikh Voysk Pod Moskvoy, "Rout of the German troops near Moscow") is a Soviet war documentary about the Battle of Moscow made during the battle in October 1941 – January 1942, directed by Ilya Kopalin and . It was one of four films that won a 1942 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Plot[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_still_09-41_women_making_shells.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_still_09-41_women_making_shells.jpg)
The film begins in Moscow, with civilians preparing defences in their streets. Men in civilian clothes with rifles prepare for battle. Women machine shell cases and prepare hand grenades. An apparently huge Stalin makes a battle speech in Red Square to thousands of cheering Red Army soldiers on parade with greatcoats, ushankas and fixed bayonets.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moscow_Strikes_Back_14-24_AA_guns_muzzle_flash.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_14-24_AA_guns_muzzle_flash.jpg)
Men, trucks, tanks and artillery advance into battle. Anti-aircraft guns fire into the night sky, which is crisscrossed by searchlight beams. A crashed German bomber is seen in close-up. Russian fighters and bombers are readied and armed.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Moscow_Strikes_Back_20-15_Tank_Crewman_Jumps_Aboard.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_20-15_Tank_Crewman_Jumps_Aboard.jpg)
Artillery guns of many types fire many times. Tank crewmen scramble to their tanks and jump aboard. Tanks race across snow-covered plains towards the enemy. Snow camouflaged troops parachute behind enemy lines. They collect skis parachuted to them and go into battle, lying down under fire before attacking again. Tanks rush from a forest across the snow, infantrymen riding on their rear decks or skiing into battle in large numbers. A tank is hit and explodes as the attack goes on. Russian infantry in greatcoats storm a village and clear the houses of surrendering German soldiers. Towns and cities are liberated. The Russian soldiers are greeted by smiling civilians. An old woman kisses several soldiers.
German atrocities are shown. The elegantly preserved houses of the playwright Anton Chekhov and the novelist Leo Tolstoy are seen badly damaged, the museum exhibits destroyed. The bodies of murdered civilians are shown. Quantities of destroyed German armour and transport are scattered across the landscape. Captured artillery is to be used against the Germans. The bodies of dead Germans are seen frozen in the snow. Maps show the extent of the Russian advance. The front line has retreated far from Moscow.
Making the film[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-56_Tanks_and_Ski_Infantry_attack_together.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-56_Tanks_and_Ski_Infantry_attack_together.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moscow_Strikes_Back_title_frame.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_title_frame.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Moscow_Strikes_Back_46-08_German_Soldier_dead_in_snow.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_46-08_German_Soldier_dead_in_snow.jpg)
The film's director Ilya Kopalin recalled of the film shoot in the winter of 1941–1942 that:
"It's been severe, but happy days. Severe, because we made a movie in a front-line city. Basement studio has turned into the apartment where we lived like in casern. At night, we discussed with the cameramen the job for the next day, and in the morning the machine took away the cameramen to the front to back in the evening with the footage. The shooting was very heavy. There were thirty-degree frosts. The mechanism of the movie camera froze and clogged with snow, numbed hands refused to act. There were times when in the car, which returned from the front, lay the body of our dead comrade and broken equipment. But the knowledge that the enemy pulls back from Moscow, that collapses the myth of the invincibility of the Nazi armies, gave us strength...We knew that the film should be created as soon as possible, that the people should as soon as possible to see on the screen the offspring of the first victories of the army. And shoted material immediately move to the lab on the editing table. We cut both day and night in the cold editing rooms without going to the shelter even when air-raid ... At the end of December 1941 cutting of the movie was over. In the great cold hall began dubbing studio. There was the most responsible exciting entry: "Fifth Symphony" by Tchaikovsky. Bright Russian melody, outcry, wailing chords. And on the screen were burned towns, gallows, corpses, and all the way of retreat of fascists revealed signs of violence and barbarism. We listened to music, watched the screen and cried. Cried the musicians, who played with difficulty by frozen hands."[citation needed][2]
English version[]
The English version's narration was written by Albert Maltz, with uncredited writing by Jay Leyda,[3] and Elliot Paul.[4] The narration was voiced by Edward G. Robinson.[5] It was distributed by Artkino Pictures and Republic Pictures.[6] The film was first shown in the New York on 15 August 1942[7] at the Globe Theatre. The New York Times credits it as: "Russian documentary produced by the Central Studios, Moscow, USSR; English commentary by Albert Maltz, narrated by Edward G. Robinson; editing and montage by Slavko Vorkapich; musical score arranged by Dimitri Tiomkin; released here through Artkino Pictures, Inc. At the Globe Theatre."[8] Footage was included in Frank Capra's The Battle of Russia.[9][10][11]
Reception[]
In 1942, the New York Times began its review with the words:
"Out of the great Winter counter-offensive that began on Dec. 6 of last year on the approaches to Moscow, Russian front-line cameramen have brought a film that will live in the archives of our time. Moscow Strikes Back, now at the Globe, is not a film to be described in ordinary reviewer's terms, for these events were not staged before a camera and artistically arranged; they were recorded amidst a struggle that knew no quarter. Yet, here is a film to knot the fist and seize the heart with anger, a film that stings like a slap in the face of complacence, a scourge and lash against the delusion that there may still be an easy way out. Here is a film to lift the spirit with the courage of a people who have gone all-out."[8]
The Times reviewer describes the film in detail, admitting that words are inadequate, and adds that "The savagery of that retreat is a spectacle to stun the mind." He finds "infinitely more terrible" the sight of the atrocities, "the naked and slaughtered children stretched out in ghastly rows, the youths dangling limply in the cold from gallows that were rickety, but strong enough."[8] The review concludes that "To say that Moscow Strikes Back is a great film is to fall into inappropriate cliché." Slavko Vorkapich's editing is described as brilliant; Albert Maltz's writing as terse, Robinson's voice-over as moving, "but that does not tell the story of what the heroic cameramen have done", filming "amid the fury of battle".[8]
Awards[]
In the USSR, the film was awarded the Stalin Prize. In America, it was one of four winners at the 15th Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature.[6] It also won the National Board of Review award for best documentary in 1942 and New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best War Fact Film.
See also[]
References[]
- ^ (in Russian) Defeat German troops near Moscow (1942) on YouTube
- ^ original text: Это были суровые, но и радостные дни. Суровые, потому что мы создавали фильм в условиях прифронтового города. Подвальный этаж студии превратился в своеобразную квартиру, где мы жили, как в казарме. Ночами ��ы обсуждали с операторами задание на следующий день, а утром машины увозили операторов на фронт, чтобы вечером вернуться с отснятым материалом. Съёмки были очень тяжёлые. Тридцатиградусные морозы. Замерзал и забивался снегом механизм киноаппарата, окоченевшие руки отказывались действовать. Были случаи, когда в машине, вернувшейся с фронта, лежало тело погибшего товарища и разбитая аппаратура. Но сознание того, что враг откатывается от Москвы, что рушится миф о непобедимости фашистских армий, придавало силы. Мы понимали, что фильм должен быть создан в кратчайший срок, что народ должен как можно быстрее увидеть на экране плоды первых побед своей армии. И сразу же из лаборатории материал шёл на монтажный стол. Монтировали и днём и ночью, в холодных монтажных ко��натах, не уходя в убежище даже при воздушных тревогах… В конце декабря 1941 года монтаж картины был закончен. В огромном холодном павильоне студии началось озвучание. Наступила самая ответственная волнующая запись: «Пятая симфония» Чайковского. Светлая русская мелодия, гневный протест, рыдающие аккорды. А на экране сожжённые города, виселицы, трупы, и на всём пути отступления фашистов следы насилия и варварства. Мы слушали музыку, смотрели на экран и плакали. Плакали оркестранты, с трудом игравшие замёрзшими руками.
- ^ Hall, Phil (15 November 2013). "THE BOOTLEG FILES 506: Moscow Strikes Back". Film Threat. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ USSR Embassy (27 August 1942). "Moscow Strikes Back". Information Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: USSR. 2 (103). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "1942 USSR MOSCOW STRIKES BACK 4 Disc 78 RPM - auction details". popsike. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Moscow Strikes back". Artkino Pictures. 1942.
available for free download at the Internet Archive
- ^ ru:Разгром немецких войск под Москвой
- ^ a b c d "Movie Review: 'Moscow Strikes Back,' Front-Line Camera Men's Story of Russian Attack, Is Seen at the Globe". The New York Times. 1942-08-17. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ^ "The Battle of Russia (1943) Project 6004; Information film #5". Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
Footage from some Russian films was used, including Alexander Nevsky, Moscow Strikes Back, Soviet Frontiers on the Danube, Diary of a Nazi, Russians at War, Girl from Leningrad and One Day in Soviet Russia. Footage from RKO's The Navy Comes Through was also used. According to Capra's autobiography, he was nearly placed under military arrest for going to the Soviet Embassy to arrange for footage, an episode that ended in a reprimand.
- ^ Small, Melvin (1974-05-01). "How We Learned to Love the Russians: American Media and the Soviet Union During World War II". The Historian. 36 (3): 455–478. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb01535.x.
- ^ ""MOSCOW STRIKES BACK" Not Suitable for General Exhibition". The Age. Melbourne. May 15, 1943. p. 6. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Google News Archive.
- ^ "Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
External links[]
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow Strikes Back. |
- Moscow Strikes Back at IMDb
- Moscow Strikes Back (Razgrom Nemetzkikh Voisk Pod Moskvoi [Defeat of the Germans near Moscow)] at the British Film Institute
- Wennerdahl, Katherine (Spring 2018). "Donald Duck Goest to War: Involvement of the U.S. and International Film During World War II". A with Honors Projects. Parkland College. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
Faculty Supervisor: Marsh Jones
- Maltz, Albert. "Moscow strikes back (screenplay)". cinefiles.bampfa.berkeley.edu.
- "Moscow strikes back (distributor materials)". cinefiles.bampfa.berkeley.edu.
- interview with Moscow Strikes Back front-line cameraman NewTimes.ru. February 19, 2007 (in Russian)
- http://cinemafirst.ru/razgrom-nemetskih-vojsk-pod-moskvoj-19/ (in Russian)
- Video, Public Domain
- Moscow Strikes Back is available for free download at the Internet Archive (English language version)
- Nuclear Vault. Moscow Strikes Back (1942) on YouTube (English language version)
- (in Russian) Moscow Strikes Back at Музей ЦСДФ (Internet Museum of Central Studio for Documentary Film (CSDF))
- (in Russian) razgrom.nemeckih.voysk.pod.moskvoy.1942.avi at War Archeology (2015)
- (in Russian) Defeat German troops near Moscow (1942) on YouTube
- (in Russian) Разгром немецких войск под Москвой (Moscow Strikes Back) (1942) on YouTube - Duration: 1:06:21
- Moscow Strikes Back, 1942: (liveuser)
- Soviet black-and-white films
- Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
- Soviet World War II propaganda films
- 1942 films
- Soviet documentary films
- Soviet films
- 1942 documentary films
- Black-and-white documentary films
- World War II films made in wartime
- Cultural depictions of Joseph Stalin
- Films shot in Moscow
- Eastern Front of World War II films