Myrmarachne

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Myrmarachne
Myrmarachne sp.jpg
Myrmarachne sp. mimicking an ant
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Myrmarachne
MacLeay, 1839[1]
Type species
M. melanocephala
MacLeay, 1839
Species

185, see text

Synonyms[1]

Myrmarachne is a genus of ant-mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by W. S. MacLeay in 1839.[5] They are commonly called antmimicking spiders, but they are not the only spiders that have this attribute. The name is a combination of Ancient Greek μύρμηξ (myrmex), meaning "ant", and ἀράχνη (arachne), meaning "spider".

This genus has undergone many changes, and is still under review as more information becomes available.[1] In 2016, several genera were split off, including Helicius and the monotypic genus Panachraesta.[6] The genus Emertonius was revalidated in 2018 after being synonymized with Myrmarachne for nearly thirty years.[7]

Description[]

Myrmarachne have an elongated cephalothorax with relatively long chelicerae that projects forward in males. The cephalothorax has a waist, and the opisthosoma often has one too. The colors can vary from black to yellow, depending on ant species it is mimicking, and can change over the course of its life. For example, one African species was observed to mimic a certain species of ants as a juvenile, and another ant species as an adult.[8]

They tend to wave their front legs in the air to simulate antennae, and many have bodies that also closely resemble ants.

The genus Bocus is so similar to Myrmarachne that it cannot be distinguished without the help of a microscope.[8]

Species[]

With about 80 described and many undescribed southeast Asian species, Myrmarachne is the most diverse genus of jumping spider in this region.[8] A few species, such as the palearctic M. formicaria, occur in temperate regions.[1]

As of July 2019 it contains 185 species and three subspecies found in the tropics from Africa to Australia, with some species found in the New World:[1]

  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Thailand, Indonesia (Borneo)
  • Yamasaki & Edwards, 2013 – Indonesia
  • (C. L. Koch, 1846) – USA
  • Wanless, 1978 – South Africa
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • (Thorell, 1877) – China to Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
  • Banks, 1930 – Borneo, Philippines
  • (Karsch, 1880) – Philippines
  • (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901) – Singapore
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar
  • Ceccarelli, 2010 – Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
  • Berland & Millot, 1941 – Mali
  • (L. Koch, 1879) – Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)
  • M. bicurvata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Sri Lanka
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia, Indonesia (Borneo)
  • Xiao, 2002 – China
  • Biswas, 1984 – India
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – India, Philippines
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Xiao & Wang, 2004 – China
  • (Thorell, 1877) – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Roewer, 1965 – Congo, Uganda
  • Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Chen, 2005 – China
  • Wanless, 1978 – Angola, São Tomé and Príncipe
  • Denis, 1955 – Niger
  • (Blackwall, 1877) – Seychelles
  • (Karsch, 1880) – Indonesia
  • Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (Borneo)
  • Barrion, 1981 – Philippines
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar
  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
  • Reimoser, 1927 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • (Karsch, 1880) – Malawi
  • Bastawade, 2002 – India
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Philippines
  • Wanless, 1978 – Angola, Kenya, Botswana
  • Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is., Mariana Is.
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Philippines
  • Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is.
  • Roewer, 1942 – Ivory Coast, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Congo,
  • M. elongata Szombathy, 1915 – Africa
  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Malaysia (Borneo), Singapore, Indonesia (Simeulue)
  • Yamasaki & Edwards, 2013 – Indonesia
  • (L. Koch, 1879) – Australia (Queensland, Western Australia, New South Wales)
  • (Simon, 1900) – Madagascar
  • Roewer, 1965 – Congo
  • Simon, 1910 – West, Central Africa
  • Lessert, 1925 – Angola, Botswana, Malawi, South Africa
  • (Doleschall, 1859) – Indonesia (Ambon)
  • M. formicaria (De Geer, 1778) – Macaronesia, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, China, Korea, Japan. Introduced to USA
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi)
  • (Matsumura, 1911) – Taiwan
  • (Saito, 1933) – Taiwan
  • Strand, 1910 – Taiwan
  • Cutler, 1981 – Bolivia
  • Roewer, 1965 – Congo, Angola, Kenya
  • Fox, 1937 – China, Vietnam
  • Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
  • Ceccarelli, 2010 – Australia (Queensland)
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • Pekár, 2017 – Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)
  • (Simon, 1887) – West Africa, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
  • Caporiacco, 1935 – Karakorum
  • Narayan, 1915 – India
  • Strand, 1913 – China
  • (Simon, 1886) – Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, South Africa
  • Narayan, 1915 – India
  • Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
  • Wanless, 1978 – Botswana, Malawi, South Africa
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Clark & Benoit, 1977 – St. Helena
  • Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
  • Reimoser, 1925 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
  • Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China
  • Lessert, 1925 – Botswana to Vietnam
  • Wanless, 1978 – Kenya, Tanzania
  • Wanless, 1978 – Kenya
  • Reimoser, 1925 – Malaysia, Indonesia
  • Yaginuma, 1967 – China, Korea, Japan, India
  • (Thorell, 1887) – India, Pakistan, Indonesia (Nias Is.), China
    • Narayan, 1915 – India
    • (Thorell, 1890) – Myanmar
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Indonesia (Java, Borneo)
  • Bacelar, 1953 – Mozambique, South Africa
  • Roewer, 1965 – Gabon, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia
  • Wanless, 1978 – Ghana, Ivory Coast
  • Wanless, 1978 – South Africa
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • Lawrence, 1938 – South Africa
  • Zhang & Song, 1992 – China
  • (Simon, 1903) – Madagascar
  • Wanless, 1978 – Angola
  • M. luctuosa (L. Koch, 1879) – Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland)
  • Sadana & Gupta, 1998 – India
  • (Thorell, 1881) – Indonesia (Moluccas)
  • (Kulczyński, 1895) – Russia, China, Korea
  • Roewer, 1965 – Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya, Botswana, South Africa
  • Roewer, 1965 – Congo
  • (L. Koch, 1879) – Australia (Queensland)
  • Pekár, 2017 – Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)
  • (Bradley, 1876) – Australia (Queensland)
  • (Thorell, 1894) – Indonesia (Java, Flores)
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Java)
  • (Westwood, 1841) – India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Borneo, Philippines
  • Peckham & Peckham, 1903 – Africa
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Ganesh Kumar & Mohanasundaram, 1998 – India
  • M. melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (type) – Pakistan to Indonesia
  • M. melanotarsa Wesolowska & Salm, 2002 – Kenya
  • Szombathy, 1913 – West, Central, East Africa
  • Pekár, 2017 – Australia (Queensland)
  • (Thorell, 1877) – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • M. morningside Benjamin, 2015 – Sri Lanka
  • Wanless, 1978 – Angola
  • (Lucas, 1871) – Algeria
  • Wanless, 1978 – Kenya
  • Lessert, 1925 – South Africa
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Myanmar
  • Simon, 1901 – Philippines
  • Wanless, 1978 – São Tomé and Príncipe, Ghana, Nigeria, Angola
  • (Thorell, 1877) – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • (Thorell, 1877) – Borneo, Sulawesi
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • (Karsch, 1880) – Borneo, Philippines
  • Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan
  • Strand, 1907 – China
  • (Simon, 1886) – Thailand
  • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
    • (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is.
  • Bradoo, 1980 – India
  • Tikader, 1973 – India
  • M. prava (Karsch, 1880) – India, Sri Lanka
  • (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – India, Sri Lanka
  • (Karsch, 1880) – Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam
  • (Thorell, 1894) – Singapore
  • (Thorell, 1894) – Indonesia (Java)
  • Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia
  • M. ramunni Narayan, 1915 – India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
  • Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
  • (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
  • Wanless, 1978 – Ghana
  • (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – India, Myanmar
  • Reimoser, 1934 – India
  • (Thorell, 1877) – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Berland & Millot, 1941 – Senegal
  • Wanless, 1978 – Nigeria
  • Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • Narayan, 1915 – India
  • Peng & Li, 2002 – China (Hong Kong)
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • (Herman, 1879) – Croatia, Romania
  • Ceccarelli, 2010 – Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)
  • Peckham & Peckham, 1903 – South Africa, Lesotho
  • M. spissa (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Sri Lanka
  • M. striatipes (L. Koch, 1879) – Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania)
  • Banks, 1930 – Philippines
  • Yamasaki, 2013 – Taiwan
  • Chamberlin, 1925 – Philippines
  • Zabka, 1985 – Vietnam
  • Yamasaki, 2018 – Malaysia (Borneo)
  • (Mukerjee, 1930) – India
  • (Simon, 1882) – Libya to India
  • Wanless, 1978 – Congo
  • M. uniseriata Narayan, 1915 – India, Sri Lanka
  • Wanless, 1978 – Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Ethiopia
  • Wanless, 1978 – Ivory Coast, Tanzania
  • Fox, 1937 – China
  • (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
  • Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • Pekár, 2017 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Gen. Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Simon, E (1901). Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris: Roret. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51973.
  3. ^ Wanless, F. R. (1978). "A revision of the spider genera Belippo and Myrmarachne (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Ethiopian region". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 33: 18.
  4. ^ Bonnet, P. (1957), Bibliographia araneorum, 2, Douladoure, Toulouse, pp. 1927–3026
  5. ^ MacLeay, W. S. (1839). "On some new forms of Arachnida". Annals of Natural History. 2 (7): 1–2.
  6. ^ Prószyński, J. (2016). "Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world". Ecologica Montenegrina. 7: 4–32. doi:10.37828/em.2016.7.1.
  7. ^ Prószyński, J. (2018). "Review of genera Evarcha and Nigorella, with comments on Emertonius, Padilothorax [sic], Stagetillus, and description of five new genera and two new species (Araneae: Salticidae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 16: 165. doi:10.37828/em.2018.16.12.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Nature Society. p. 304.

Further reading[]

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