Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
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The Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, also known as the Mahākaruṇā(-citta) Dhāraṇī, Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī[1] or Great Compassion Dhāraṇī, (or Mantra) (Chinese: 大悲咒 Dàbēi zhòu; Japanese: 大悲心陀羅尼 Daihishin darani or 大悲呪 Daihi shu; Vietnamese: Chú đại bi or Đại bi tâm đà la ni; Korean: 신묘장구대다라니 (Hanja: 神妙章句大陀羅尼) Sinmyo janggu daedarani), is a Most Popular Mahayana Buddhist dhāraṇī associated with the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara.
The dhāraṇī is thought to have originally been a recitation of names and attributes of Harihara (a composite form of the Hindu gods Vishnu and Shiva; Nīlakaṇṭha 'the blue-necked one' is a title of Shiva) said to have been recited by Avalokiteśvara, who was sometimes portrayed as introducing popular non-Buddhist deities (e.g. Hayagriva, Cundi) into the Buddhist pantheon by reciting their dhāraṇīs. Over time, these deities became considered to be the various forms or incarnations of Avalokiteśvara, who was described in texts such as the Lotus Sutra as manifesting himself in different forms according to the needs of different individuals; the dhāraṇī thus came to be considered as addressed to Avalokiteśvara as Nīlakaṇṭha, now understood to be a manifestation of the bodhisattva. From Nīlakaṇṭha Avalokiteśvara, this particular dhāraṇī eventually became associated with another of Avalokiteśvara's forms, namely the thousand-armed (sahasra-bhuja) one, and became attached to Buddhist texts concerning the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara.
Different versions of this dhāraṇī, of varying length, exist; the shorter version as transliterated into Chinese characters by Indian monk Bhagavaddharma in the 7th century enjoys a high degree of popularity in East Asian Mahayana Buddhism - especially in Chinese Buddhism - comparable to that of the six-syllable mantra Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, which is also synonymous with Avalokiteśvara. It is often used for protection or purification. In Korea, copies of the dhāraṇī are hung inside homes to bring auspiciousness. In Japan, it is especially associated with Zen, being revered and recited in Zen schools such as Sōtō or Rinzai.
Versions[]
Various different recensions of this dhāraṇī are in existence, which can be classified into two main versions: the shorter text and the longer text.
Chinese[]
The text currently considered to be the standard in most of East Asia is the shorter version, specifically the one found in the so-called 'Sūtra of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī' (Chinese: 千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼經; pinyin: Qiānshǒu qiānyǎn Guānshìyīn púsà guǎngdà yuánmǎn wúài dàbēixīn tuóluóní jīng； T. 1060, K. 0294) translated by a monk from western India named Bhagavaddharma (Chinese: 伽梵達摩; pinyin: Jiāfàndámó, birth and death dates unknown) between 650-660 CE.[2]
Twelve scrolls of Nīlakaṇṭha Lokeśvara texts in Chinese were found at Dunhuang along the Silk Road in today's Gansu province of China.[3] One of the texts contains a colophon at the end: "Translated at Khotan by the śramaṇa Bhagavaddharma of Western India" (西天竺伽梵達摩沙門於于闐譯).[2] The milieu of this transliteration is evident from Bhagavaddharma's rendering of the word Nīlakaṇṭha as 'Narakindi' (Chinese: 那囉謹墀; pinyin: Nàluōjǐnchí), a Central Asian form of the Sanskrit word.[4]
Other notable Chinese versions of the dhāraṇī include:
- Two versions by or attributed to esoteric Buddhist teacher Vajrabodhi: (1) 'Copy of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī' (Chinese: 千手千眼觀自在菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼咒本; pinyin: Qiānshǒu qiānyǎn Guānzìzài púsà guǎngdà yuánmǎn wúài dàbēixīn tuóluóní zhòu běn; T. 1061) and (2) 'Ritual Recitation Manual on the Vajraśekhara Yoga on the Great Compassionate King Nīlakaṇṭha Avalokiteśvara' (Chinese: 金剛頂瑜伽青頸大悲王觀自在念誦儀軌; pinyin: Jīngāngdǐng yújiā qīngjǐng dàbēiwáng Guānzìzài niànsòng yí guǐ; T. 1112) The former contains a Chinese transliteration of the dhāraṇī and its corresponding Sanskrit version (in Siddhaṃ script), with the latter being an esoteric ritual manual.[5]
- Three versions of the dhāraṇī proper by or attributed to Vajrabodhi's disciple Amoghavajra: (1) The Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Great-Compassionate Heart Dhāraṇī (Chinese: 千手千眼觀世音菩薩大悲心陀羅尼; pinyin: Qiānshǒu qiānyǎn Guānshìyīn púsà dàbēixīn tuóluóní; T. 1064) is an extract from Bhagavaddharma's version, with interlinear glosses and an accompanying explanation of the forty hands (forty standing for the full number of one thousand) of the Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, each with a mantra of its own; (2) Sutra of the Bodhisattva Nīlakaṇṭha Avalokiteśvara's Heart Dhāraṇī (Chinese: 青頸觀自在菩薩心陀羅尼經; pinyin: Qīngjǐng Guānzìzài púsà xīn tuóluóní jīng; T. 1111) is a new transliteration, followed by a description of the iconography of Nīlakaṇṭha-Avalokiteśvara and his particular mudra; and (3) The Greatly Merciful (and) Greatly Compassionate Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara-lokeśvararāja's Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of Nīlakaṇṭheśvara Dharani (Chinese: 大慈大悲救苦觀世音自在王菩薩廣大圓滿無礙自在青頸大悲心陀羅尼; pinyin: Dàcí dàbēi jiùkǔ Guānshìyīn zìzàiwáng púsà guǎngdà yuánmǎn wúài zìzài qīngjǐng dàbēixīn tuóluóní; T. 1113b) is a Sanskrit (Siddhaṃ)-Chinese interlinear version with glosses.[2]
- A version of the dhāraṇī proper by 14th century by Dhyānabhadra (Chinese: 指空; pinyin: Zhǐkōng, died 1363) with the title Dhāraṇī of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese: 觀自在菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼; pinyin: Guānzìzài púsà guǎngdà yuánmǎn wúài dàbēixīn tuóluóní; T. 1113a)[6] Unlike the aforementioned versions, Dhyānabhadra's text is based on the longer form of the dhāraṇī.
In addition, there are texts bearing the "Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara" title, but which feature a completely different dhāraṇī within the text.
- Two translations by a monk named Zhitōng (智通) made between 627-649, both entitled Sūtra of the Thousand-Eyed Thousand-Armed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Mystic Dhāraṇī (Chinese: 千眼千臂觀世音菩薩陀羅尼神咒經; pinyin: Qiānyǎn qiānbì Guānshìyīn púsà tuóluóní shénzhòu jīng; T. 1057a and 1057b, Nj. 318) This is the earliest of the Chinese "Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara" sutras. Despite the title, the sutra's dhāraṇī is completely different from the Nīlakaṇṭha dhāraṇī found in other versions.[7]
- A translation made by north Indian monk Bodhiruci in 709 entitled Sūtra of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva-mother Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī-body (Chinese: 千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經; pinyin: Qiānshǒu qiānyǎn Guānshìyīn púsàmǔ tuóluóní shēn jīng; T. 1058, Nj. 319)[8] Bodhiruci's version contains the same dhāraṇī as Zhitōng's.
Tibetan[]
At least three versions of the longer form of the dhāraṇī exist in Tibetan. One was made in the middle of the 9th century by a translator named Chödrup[9] (Wylie: Chos grub; Chinese: 法成 Fǎchéng) supposedly from Chinese, but which does not correspond exactly to any Chinese version, being more akin to that of Vajrabodhi.[10] Among the various versions of the dhāraṇī, it is the longest and fullest.[11] Preceding Chödrup is an anonymous translation of the same text.[10]
A third version was made by Changkya Rölpé Dorjé (Wylie: Lcang skya Rol pa'i Rdo rje) in the 18th century. While claimed to be a reconstruction of Zhitōng's text using a Tibetan version as a base, Changkya Rölpé Dorjé's text actually completely follows the Tibetan readings, with significant differences from Chödrup's version in a number of places, rather than Zhitōng's.[12]
Others[]
A manuscript fragment (currently in the British Library) dating from around the 8th century containing the longer version of the dhāraṇī (Or.8212/175) in both late Brahmi and Sogdian scripts was discovered by Sir Aurel Stein in the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang and published by Robert Gauthiot and Louis de La Vallée-Poussin in 1912.[13][14][15][16][17] The dhāraṇī's title is given in this manuscript as 1 LPw δsty ʾʾryʾβṛʾwkδʾyšβr nyṛknt nʾm tʾrny "the dhāraṇī of the names of Āryāvalokiteśvara-Nīlakaṇṭha with a thousand hands."[15][17] The text shows a very close affinity to that found in Vajrabodhi's T. 1061 text.[15] The dhāraṇī is followed by a short, unidentified mantra named wyspw ʾʾγδʾk δβrʾynʾk δrzyʾwr ptsrwm "hṛdaya mantra fulfilling all the wishes."[17]
Background[]
Nīlakaṇṭha-lokeśvara[]
According to author Lokesh Chandra (1988), the dhāraṇī in its original form was a recitation of the names of the deity (lokeśvara) Nīlakaṇṭha recited by the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara:[4] "Avalokiteśvara was responsible for introducing popular (loka) deities (iśvara) into the Buddhist pantheon by pronouncing their dhāraṇīs which averted evils to the person who obtained his wishes as soon as he recited it (paṭhita-siddhaḥ, Dutt: text 44)."[18] In Vajrabodhi's longer version (T. 1061), the dhāraṇī is explicitly referred to as Āryāvalokiteśvara-bhāṣitaṃ "uttered (bhāṣita) by noble (ārya) Avalokiteśvara;" at this stage, Avalokiteśvara is portrayed as pronouncing the dhāraṇī, but is not (yet) identified with Nīlakaṇṭha.[19]
As late as the 15th century, the tradition knew at least that Avalokiteśvara is the dhāraṇī's locutor, as is clear from a Chinese manual of the liturgical service of the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, presented to the Oriental scholar Samuel Beal by the monks of Hoi Tong Monastery (a.k.a. Hai Chwang Temple) on Henan Island.[20][21] Its preface, authored by the Ming emperor Yongle, says thus:
It is reported by Kwan Tseu Tsai Bodhisattva, prompted by her great compassionate heart has engaged herself by a great oath to enter into every one of the innumerable worlds, and bring deliverance to all creatures who inhabit them.
For this purpose she has enunciated the Divine sentences which follow, if properly recited, will render all creatures exempt from the causes of sorrow, and by removing them, render them capable of attaining Supreme Reason.[20]
During the process of transmission, however, Nīlakaṇṭha became increasingly identified with Avalokiteśvara, so that the dhāraṇī eventually became understood as being addressed to Avalokiteśvara as Nīlakaṇṭha, now considered to be one of Avalokiteśvara's various forms or manifestations - most of whom were themselves originally folk deities who were assimilated into Avalokiteśvara upon being integrated into Buddhist belief and practice (e.g. Hayagriva, Cundi, Tara or Mazu; cf. also Shinbutsu-shūgō).[22][23]
The dhāraṇī proper contains a number of titles associated with the Hindu gods Vishnu (e.g. Hare, Narasiṃha-mukha , gadā- / cakra- / padma-hastā 'the wielder of the mace / discus / lotus') and Shiva (e.g. Nīlakaṇṭha 'the blue-necked one', Śaṅkara, kṛṣṇa-sarpopavita 'the one who has a black serpent as a sacred thread'),[1] suggesting that Nīlakaṇṭha was in origin Harihara - a fusion of Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara) - assimilated into Buddhism.[24][1][25][26] This is more explicit in the longer version of the dhāraṇī, where Nīlakaṇṭha is invoked with more names and epithets associated with the two gods such as Tripūra-dahaneśvara 'the Lord (Īśvara) who destroyed / burnt down Tripūra' (Shiva) or Padmanābha 'lotus-naveled' (Vishnu),[27] as well as a short description of the iconography of Nīlakaṇṭha Avalokiteśvara in Amoghavajra's version (T. 1111), which combines elements from depictions of Shiva and Vishnu.[28]
次當說此青頸觀自在菩薩畫像法。
其像三面。當前正面作慈悲凞怡貌。右邊作師子面。左邊作猪面。
首戴寶冠。冠中有化無量壽佛。
又有四臂。右第一臂執杖。第二臂執把蓮花。左第一執輪。左第二執螺。
以虎皮為裙。以黑鹿皮於左膊角絡。被黑蛇以為神線。
於八葉蓮花上立。瓔珞臂釧鐶珮光焰莊嚴其身。其神線從左膊角絡下。"Next, I shall explain here the manner of depicting the bodhisattva Nīlakaṇṭha-Avalokiteśvara.
"His figure is three-faced: in the center is fashioned a compassionate, serene face, on the right a lion's face, (and) on the left a boar's face.
On his head is a crown, (and) within the crown is an emanation (i.e. an image) of the buddha Amitāyus.
"In addition, he has four arms: the first right arm holds a rod, the second (right) arm grasps a lotus; the first left (arm) holds a wheel, (and) the second left (arm) holds a conch.
"(Wearing) a tiger skin as his lower garment, a black antelope skin is draped diagonally from his left shoulder, and a black serpent is his sacred thread.
Standing on an eight-petaled lotus, the effulgence of necklaces, armlets and ornaments adorn his body; his sacred thread hangs diagonally from the left shoulder downward."[29][30]
The status of Shiva and Vishnu in the dhāraṇī follows a similar pattern to the one identified in the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra (4th-5th century CE): the two gods are repeatedly invoked one after the other, indicating that they stand in a "complementary" relationship to each other. At the same time, however, Shiva is portrayed as the dominant of the two.[26]
The thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara[]
The first of many images of the thousand-armed (sahasra-bhuja) Avalokiteśvara - a form of the bodhisattva that would subsequently become popular in East Asia - to appear in China was presented to the Tang Emperor by a monk from central India named Guptadeva(?) (瞿多提婆, pinyin: Qúduōtípó) somewhere between 618 and 626 CE.[31][32][33][34] While as of yet, no trace of this iconographic depiction has been found within India itself, the depiction must have had an Indian origin: an image of this type was brought to China by an Indian monk, and all the Chinese texts on the thousand-handed Avalokiteśvara are translations from Sanskrit or Pali and contain Sanskrit hymns in transliteration.[31][35] One possibility is that this form of Avalokiteśvara had its origins in Kashmir,[32] whence the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra may also have originated.[36] From Kashmir, the "thousandfold" Avalokiteśvara might have spread northward, but not southward into the Indian mainland, which could explain the dearth of Indian artifacts connected to this depiction.[32]
A thousand limbs are integral to the Indian tradition: the Puruṣa sūkta of the Ṛgveda, for instance, describes the cosmic man Puruṣa as having "a thousand heads ... a thousand eyes, a thousand feet."[38][39] Notably, the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra contains a Buddhist adaptation of the Vedic Puruṣa myth, with Avalokiteśvara as the all-pervasive cosmic being from whose body springs various gods:[40]
"Āditya and Candra came from his eyes, Maheśvara came from his forehead, Brahmā came from his shoulders, Nārāyaṇa came from his heart, Devi Sarasvatī came from his canines, Vāyu came from his mouth, Dharaṇī came from his feet, and Varuṇa came from his stomach."[41]
The epithets sahasra-bāhu ('thousand-armed') or sahasra-bhuja ('thousand-handed') commonly appear in Indian literature from the Ṛgveda onwards applied to various personages (e.g. Kartavirya Arjuna), including the gods Shiva and Vishnu.[39] It has been suggested that the thousand arms of Avalokiteśvara is another example of an attribute of Shiva being assimilated into the bodhisattva, with the thousand arms being a symbol of the victory of Avalokiteśvara (and Buddhism) over Shiva, whose name 'Īśvara' he appropriates, and his cult.[42] (Cf. Trailokyavijaya, one of the five Wisdom Kings, depicted as trampling on Maheśvara - the Buddhist version of Shiva - and his consort.[43][42]) The thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara's eleven heads, meanwhile, are thought to be derived from the eleven Rudras, forms and companions of Shiva (Rudra).[32][44]
Originally portrayed as a servant or acolyte of the buddha Amitābha in some of the texts which mention him, Avalokiteśvara - originally 'Avalokita(svara)'[45] - also later came to be depicted as one who brought popular deities into Buddhism by pronouncing their hymns, thereby according them a place in Buddhist scriptures and ritual. Eventually, however, these deities came to be identified as different forms or manifestations of the bodhisattva himself.[46] Thus Avalokiteśvara gradually took on forms, attributes and titles originally ascribed to Shiva and/or to Vishnu such as sahasra-bhuja, sahasra-netra ('thousand-eyed'),[47] Īśvara, Maheśvara, Hari, or Nīlakaṇṭha.
The emergence of Avalokiteśvara's thousand-armed form is linked with the interiorisation of Shiva into the bodhisattva as Viśvarūpa.[44] The dhāraṇī of 'Nīlakaṇṭha' (i.e. Harihara - Vishnu and Shiva - later conflated with Avalokiteśvara) became attached to the sahasra-bhuja Avalokiteśvara (of which Harihara was the prototype[48]), so that the thousand-armed form became seen as a bestower of royal authority, a trait carried over from Nīlakaṇṭha/Harihara.[44] Indeed, in Sri Lanka, Tibet and Southeast Asia, Avalokiteśvara became associated with the state and with royalty.[49]
Classic Mahayana teaching holds that Avalokiteśvara is able to manifest in different forms according to the needs of different individuals. In the Lotus Sūtra, it is stated that Avalokiteśvara can appear in different guises - which includes that of 'Īśvara' and 'Maheśvara' - to teach the Dharma to various classes of beings.[44]
The Buddha said to Bodhisattva Akṣayamati: "O son of a virtuous family! If there is any land where sentient beings are to be saved by the form of a buddha, Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara teaches the Dharma by changing himself into the form of a buddha. ... To those who are to be saved by the form of Brahma, he teaches the Dharma by changing himself into the form of Brahma. To those who are to be saved by the form of Śakra, he teaches the Dharma by changing himself into the form of Śakra. To those who are to be saved by the form of Īśvara, he teaches the Dharma by changing himself into the form of Īśvara. To those who are to be saved in the form of Maheśvara, he teaches the Dharma by changing himself into the form of Maheśvara. ... To those who are to be saved by the form of a human or of a nonhuman such as a deva, nāga, yakṣa, gandharva, asura, garuḍa, kiṃnara,[51] or mahoraga,[52] he teaches the Dharma by changing himself into any of these forms."[53]
A similar statement appears in the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra:[54]
Bhagavat Śikhin replied, 'He [Avalokiteśvara] completely ripens the many beings who circle in saṃsāra, teaches them the path to enlightenment, and teaches the Dharma in whatever form a being can be taught through. He teaches the Dharma in the form of a tathāgata to beings who are to be taught by a tathāgata. He teaches the Dharma in the form of a pratyekabuddha to beings who are to be taught by a pratyekabuddha. He teaches the Dharma in the form of an arhat to beings who are to be taught by an arhat. He teaches the Dharma in the form of a bodhisattva to beings who are to be taught by a bodhisattva. He teaches the Dharma in the form of Maheśvara to beings who are to be taught by Maheśvara. He teaches the Dharma in the form of Nārāyaṇa to beings who are to be taught by Nārāyaṇa. He teaches the Dharma in the form of Brahmā to beings who are to be taught by Brahmā. ... He teaches the Dharma in whatever particular form a being should be taught through. That, noble son, is how Bodhisattva Mahāsattva Avalokiteśvara completely ripens beings and teaches them the Dharma of nirvāṇa.'[55]
Despite being a latecomer among the esoteric forms of Avalokiteśvara introduced into China, because of the promotion of his cult by the three esoteric masters (Śubhakarasiṃha, Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra have all made translations of thousand-armed Avalokitesvara texts) and patronage by the imperial court, the sahasra-bhuja Avalokitesvara overtook and absorbed the fame of other tantric forms of the bodhisattva.[56]
Bhagavaddharma's version (T. 1060) and its popularity[]
Out of the various transliterations of the dhāraṇī in Chinese, that of Bhagavaddharma (T. 1060) has risen to become the standard in East Asia.
Bhagavaddharma was a monk who came to China from western India around the mid-7th century, about whom nothing else is known; the Taishō Tripitaka has only two works in Chinese by him, both on the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara (T. 1059, 1060). The latter of these two works, the 'Sūtra of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī', made at Khotan around 650-661 CE, has made him immortal.[2] The popularity of his version is attested by surviving Dunhuang manuscripts dated to the 8th century, some of which are excerpts of the ten great vows contained in the sūtra.[57]
In China itself, various anecdotes about miracles effected by the recitation of the dhāraṇī appear from the Tang dynasty onwards.[58] As the dhāraṇī's efficacy became widely known, dhāraṇī pillars on which the dhāraṇī's text was inscribed began to be erected, the earliest of these dating from 871 CE.[59] By the end of the period, both the sūtra text and the dhāraṇī circulated among the monks and the laity, with copies being made either as pious offerings or commissioned by the faithful to obtain religious merit.[60] An abbreviated version of the sūtra, consisting of only the ten great vows recited by Avalokiteśvara within the text (see 'Summary' below) and the dhāraṇī itself, was also in circulation. Known as the 'Invocation of the Great Compassionate One' (大悲啟請 Dàbēi qǐqǐng),[61] this text was probably used in a liturgical setting.[59]
The reason behind the subsequent popularity of Bhagavaddharma's sūtra is thought to be due to its relative simplicity compared to other versions: while other sūtras on the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara contained detailed rules on how to visualize and depict this form of the bodhisattva,[62] the very lack of such instructions in Bhagavaddharma's text might have contributed to its democratic appeal for ordinary people.[57] In addition, Bhagavaddharma's version is the only one that contained the sections on the ten great vows and the blessing of the fifteen kinds of good deaths as well as protection from fifteen kinds of bad deaths. The dhāraṇī's concrete power over death and the comprehensiveness of Avalokiteśvara's vows might have been another factor that appealed to the masses.[57]
Because of the great popularity enjoyed by this sūtra, the epithet 'Great Compassionate One' (大悲 Dàbēi) became identified specifically with the sahasra-bhuja Avalokiteśvara from the Tang period on, though previously it was used in other sūtras to describe Avalokiteśvara in general.[63]
Summary of Bhagavaddharma's version[]
Bhagavaddharma's text begins with Śākyamuni Buddha in Avalokiteśvara's palace on the island Potalaka about to preach to a congregation of bodhisattvas, arhats, devas and other beings. Suddenly there is a great illumination and the three thousand realms become golden in color, shaking all over while the sun and moon become dull by comparison. One of the bodhisattvas present, Dhāraṇī King (總持王菩薩), asks the Buddha why this is happening; the Buddha reveals that Avalokiteśvara secretly emitted this light "in order to comfort and please all living-beings."[64][65]
Avalokiteśvara then begins to speak, revealing that innumerable kalpas ago, the Thousand-light King Tathāgata of Tranquil Abode (千光王靜住如來) entrusted to him the 'Dhāraṇī of the Great Compassionate Heart' (大悲心陀羅尼呪). As soon as he heard the dhāraṇī, Avalokiteśvara - who had then been a bodhisattva of the first stage - quickly advanced to the eighth stage, and after reciting a vow, became endowed with a thousand hands and eyes: "So from that epoch long ago, I have kept the dhāraṇī. As a result, I have always been born where there is a buddha. Moreover, I have never undergone birth from a womb, but am always transformed from a lotus."[66]
After giving this explanation, he then calls upon anyone who wants to keep this dhāraṇī to give rise to the thought of compassion for all sentient beings by making the following ten vows after him.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I quickly learn all Dharma.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I speedily obtain the eye of wisdom.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I quickly save all sentient beings.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I speedily obtain skillful means.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I quickly sail on the prajñā boat.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I speedily cross over the ocean of suffering.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I quickly obtain the way of discipline and meditation.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I speedily ascend the nirvāṇa mountain.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I quickly enter the house of non-action.
Namaḥ Avalokiteśvara of Great Compassion, may I speedily achieve the Dharma-Body.
If I face a mountain of knives, may it naturally crumble, if I face a roaring fire, may it naturally burn out, if I face hell, may it naturally disappear, if I face a hungry ghost, may it naturally be satiated, if I face an Asura, may its evil heart gradually become tame and, if I face an animal, may it naturally obtain great wisdom.[67]
After making such vows, one should then sincerely call the name of Avalokiteśvara as well as the name of Amitābha Buddha, Avalokiteśvara's original teacher.[67]
Avalokiteśvara stresses the dhāraṇī's efficacy by vowing that should anyone who recites it fall into an evil realm of rebirth, or not be born into one of the buddha lands, or not attain unlimited samādhi and eloquence, or not get whatever he desires in his present life, or, in the case of a woman, if she detests the female body and wants to become a man, he (Avalokiteśvara) will not achieve complete, perfect enlightenment, unless those who recited it were insincere, in which case they will not reap its benefits.[67]
Aside from such spiritual and mundane benefits as removing grave sins caused by heinous acts such as the five crimes or the ten evil acts[a] or curing 84,000 kinds of illnesses,[69] the sincere keeping of the dhāraṇī is said to also result in fifteen kinds of good rebirth (e.g. being ruled by a virtuous king wherever one is born, fully endowed with money and food, can see the Buddha and listen to the Dharma in the place of birth) and the avoidance of fifteen kinds of evil deaths (e.g. suicide, death on the battlefield, death by starvation).[70]
Avalokiteśvara then recites the dhāraṇī; the earth shakes in six ways, while precious flowers rain down from the sky. As all the buddhas of the ten directions are delighted and practitioners of heterodox ways become frightened, all the assembled reach different levels of realization. Upon being asked by Mahābrahmā (大梵天王), Avalokiteśvara goes on to further explain the dhāraṇī's benefits, both spiritual and temporal, and recites a gāthā commanding various benevolent devas, nāgas and yakṣas to guard the keepers of the dhāraṇī.[69][65]
Like all esoteric sūtras, this sūtra shows interest in ritual matters. As part of the sādhanā or ritual requirement, detailed instructions on constructing a sacred space or boundary are provided: the dhāraṇī is to be recited twenty-one times over a particular item such as a knife, pure water, white mustard seed, clean ashes, or five colored twine, which would then be used to demarcate the boundary. The sūtra also offers many recipes employing the dhāraṇī to deal with various mundane problems (e.g. to ease a difficult childbirth or to cure scotophobia or snakebite) or to attain specific goals (e.g. commanding a ghost or the four guardian gods, repelling foreign invasions or natural disasters away from one's own country).[71][65]
The sūtra then ends by identifying the names of the forty mudrās of the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara - forty standing for the full number of a thousand - and the respective benefits they bestow on the worshipper. These mudrās are only described verbally on Bhagavaddharma's version; illustrated depictions are found in the version by Amoghavajra (T. 1064).[71][65]
In Buddhist practice[]
The Nīlakaṇṭha dhāraṇī, now firmly associated with the sahasra-bhuja form of Avalokiteśvara, enjoys a huge popularity in East Asian Mahayana Buddhism.
The dhāraṇī is especially revered in China, where the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara (or Guanyin) is the most popular among the bodhisattva's forms. It is most often called the 'Great Compassion Mantra' (大悲咒 Dàbēi zhòu) in popular parlance, an epithet also (mistakenly) applied to a different, much shorter dhāraṇī, that of the Eleven-headed (Ekadasa-mukha) Avalokiteśvara. Musical renditions of this latter dhāraṇī (such as those made by Imee Ooi or Ani Choying Dolma) are often labelled the Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra (traditional: 藏傳大悲咒, simplified: 藏传大悲咒 Zàngchuán Dàbēi zhòu) or The Great Compassion Mantra in Sanskrit (梵音大悲咒 Fànyīn Dàbēi zhòu) in recordings, adding to the confusion.
In Korea, the dhāraṇī - usually referred to as Sinmyo janggu daedalani (신묘장구대다라니; Hanja: 神妙章句大陀羅尼 "The Great Dhāraṇī of Wondrous Verses")[72][73] or as Cheon-su gyeong (천수경; Hanja: 千手經 "Thousand Hands Sutra")[74] - is also a regular fixture of Buddhist ritual.[74] Copies of the dhāraṇī (written in Hangul and the Korean variant of Siddhaṃ script) are hung inside homes to bring auspiciousness.[75]
In Japan, the dhāraṇī is most often associated with the Zen schools of Buddhism such as Sōtō (where it is called 大悲心陀羅尼 Daihishin darani "Dhāraṇī of the Great Compassionate Heart") or Rinzai (which dubs the dhāraṇī 大悲円満無礙神呪 Daihi Enman Muge (or Enmon Bukai[76]) Jinshu "Divine Mantra of the Vast, Perfect Great Compassion" or 大悲呪 Daihi shu - the Japanese reading of Dàbēi zhòu[77]), where it is extensively used: as in many other parts of East Asia, it is chanted daily by Zen monks,[78] and used in funerals[79] as well as in hungry ghost feeding ceremonies (segaki).
A version of the dhāraṇī is also found within the esoteric Shingon school: in the early 20th century it was apparently counted as one of three dhāraṇīs (三陀羅尼 san darani) especially revered within the school, the other two being the Buddhoṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī (仏頂尊勝陀羅尼 Bucchō-sonshō darani) and the Guhyadhātu Karaṇḍa-mudrā Dhāraṇī (宝篋印陀羅尼 Hōkyō-in darani).[80] Since then, however, the Root Dhāraṇī of Amitābha (阿弥陀如来根本陀羅尼 Amida nyorai konpon darani) - once counted as an alternative candidate to the Nīlakaṇṭha dhāraṇī[80] - seems to have overtaken its place.[81]
In Vietnam, the dhāraṇī is called Chú Đại Bi (Vietnamese translation of the Chinese title 大悲咒 Dàbēi zhòu), It is almost similar to the version of Bhagavaddharma, albeit with a different way of dividing the text (84 verses instead of 82). The text is available in two forms: either without the verse numbering,[82] or with verse numbering (1-84).[83] At the entrance of many pagodas, especially in tourist places, the Chú Đại Bi is made available to visitors, either printed on a single sheet in black and white, or as a color booklet on glossy paper. They are printed on the initiative of Buddhist practitioners who make an offering to the sangha.
• Left: Sheet of plain paper (21x29.7 cm). Complete text of Chú Đại Bi, ie 84 verses, printed in black and white. At the top of the page, on both sides, are the representations of Buddha A Di Đà (Amitābha) and Bodhisattva Quán Âm (Guanyin).
• Center: Two booklets, first covers, flexible cardboard (21x14.5 cm). - Green colored copy , 32 p. : Quan Âm (or Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát) is standing on a lotus. She is represented in her form with twenty-four arms and eleven faces: hers, the others symbolizing the ten directions of space (the four cardinal directions, the four intercardinal directions, the nadir and the zenith, that the Boddhisattva can observe simultaneously.)
The meaning (and not the literal translation) of the words " Nghi Thức Trì Tụng " is: " Instructions for reciting well the Chú Đại Bi".
• Right: An open booklet. We can read the numbered verses 1-42 of the "Chú Đại Bi", that is to say half of the full text.
Note : one of the booklets has more pages (32) than the other (12) because it is more illustrated and contains ritual instructions (as indicated on the front cover).
Texts and translations[]
Shorter version[]
Besides some differences in dividing the text and a few (very minor) variances in wording, the Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese versions of the dhāraṇī are substantially the same, being based either on the short version by Bhagavaddharma (T. 1060) and/or a similar rendition by Amoghavajra (T. 1113b).[84]
Bhagavaddharma (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1060)[]
Bhagavaddharma's rendition of the dhāraṇī into Chinese characters are as follows:[85]
南無喝囉怛那哆囉夜㖿(一) 南無阿唎㖿(二) 婆盧羯帝爍鉢囉㖿(三) 菩提薩跢婆㖿(四) 摩訶薩跢婆㖿(五) 摩訶迦盧尼迦㖿(六) 唵(上聲)(七) 薩皤囉罰曳(八) 數怛那怛寫(九) 南無悉吉利埵伊蒙阿唎㖿(十) 婆盧吉帝室佛囉㘄馱婆(十一) 南無那囉謹墀(十二) 醯唎摩訶皤哆沙咩(羊鳴音)(十三) 薩婆阿他豆輸朋(十四) 阿逝孕(十五) 薩婆薩哆那摩婆伽(十六) 摩罰特豆(十七) 怛姪他(十八) 唵阿婆盧醯(十九) 盧迦帝(二十) 迦羅帝(二十一) 夷醯唎(二十二) 摩訶菩提薩埵(二十三) 薩婆薩婆(二十四) 摩羅摩羅(二十五) 摩醯摩醯唎馱孕(二十六) 俱盧俱盧羯懞(二十七) 度盧度盧罰闍耶帝(二十八) 摩訶罰闍耶帝(二十九) 陀羅陀羅(三十) 地利尼(三十一) 室佛囉耶(三十二) 遮羅遮羅(三十三) 摩摩罰摩囉(三十四) 穆帝囇(三十五) 伊醯移醯(三十六) 室那室那(三十七) 阿囉嘇佛囉舍利(三十八) 罰沙罰嘇(三十九) 佛羅舍耶(四十) 呼嚧呼嚧摩囉(四十一) 呼嚧呼嚧醯利(四十二) 娑囉娑囉(四十三) 悉利悉利(四十四) 蘇嚧蘇嚧(四十五) 菩提夜菩提夜(四十六) 菩馱夜菩馱夜(四十七) 彌帝利夜(四十八) 那囉謹墀(四十九) 地唎瑟尼那(五十) 波夜摩那(五十一) 娑婆訶(五十二) 悉陀夜(五十三) 娑婆訶(五十四) 摩訶悉陀夜(五十五) 娑婆訶(五十六) 悉陀喻藝(五十七) 室皤囉耶(五十八) 娑婆訶(五十九) 那囉謹墀(六十) 娑婆訶(六十一) 摩囉那囉(六十二) 娑婆訶(六十三) 悉囉僧阿穆佉耶(六十四) 娑婆訶(六十五) 娑婆摩訶阿悉陀夜(六十六) 娑婆訶(六十七) 者吉囉阿悉陀夜(六十八) 娑婆訶(六十九) 波陀摩羯悉哆夜(七十) 娑婆訶(七十一) 那囉謹墀皤伽囉㖿(七十二) 娑婆訶(七十三) 摩婆利勝羯囉夜(七十四) 娑婆訶(七十五) 南無喝囉怛那哆囉夜耶(七十六) 南無阿唎㖿(七十七) 婆嚧吉帝(七十八) 爍皤囉夜(七十九) 娑婆訶(八十) 唵悉殿都曼哆囉鉢馱耶(八十一) 娑婆訶(八十二)
Amoghavajra (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1113b)[]
The following is a version of the dhāraṇī attributed to Amoghavajra (T. 1113b) which is mostly similar to that of Bhagavaddharma, albeit with a different way of dividing the text and an accompanying Sanskrit version written in Siddhaṃ script (Romanized; Sanskrit transliterated as written in the original).[86][87]
na mo ra tna tra yā ya / 南 無喝 囉 怛那 哆羅 夜 㖿(一)
na ma ā ryā / 南 無 阿 唎㖿(二)
va lo ki te śva rā ya / 婆 盧 羯 帝 爍鉢 囉 㖿(三)
bo dhi sa tvā ya / 菩 提 薩 哆婆 㖿(四)
ma hā sa tvā ya / 摩 訶 薩 埵婆 㖿(五)
ma hā kā ru ṇi kā ya / 摩 訶 迦 嚧 昵 迦 㖿(六)
oṃ 唵(七)
sa rva ra bha ye / 薩 皤 囉 罰 曳(八)
ṣu dha na da sya / 數 怛 那 怛 寫(九)
na mo skṛ ta ī mo ā ryā / 南 無 悉吉㗚 埵 伊 蒙 阿 唎耶(十)
ba ru ki te śi va raṃ dha va / 婆 嚧 吉 帝 室 佛 楞 馱 婆(十一)
na mo na ra ki dhi / 南 無 那 囉 謹 墀(十二)
he ri ma va dha ṣa me / 醯 唎 摩 皤 哆 沙 咩(十三)
sa rva a tha du śu tuṃ / 薩 婆 阿 陀 頭 輸 朋(十四) a je yaṃ / 阿 遊 孕(十五)
sa rva bhu ta na ma va ga / 薩 婆 菩 哆 那 摩 縛 伽(十六)
ma va du du / 摩 罰 特 豆(十七)
ta dya thā oṃ / 怛 姪 他(十八) 唵
a va lo ka lo kā te / 阿 波 盧 醯 盧 迦 帝(十九)
ka ra te / 迦 羅 帝(二十)
e hṛe / 夷 醯唎(二十一)
ma hā bo dhi sa tva sa rva2 / 摩 訶 菩 薩 埵(二十二) 薩 婆 薩 婆(二十三)
ma la2 ma ma hṛe da yaṃ / 摩 囉 摩 囉 摩 摩 醯唎 馱 孕(二十四)
ku ru2 ka rmaṃ / 俱 嚧 俱 嚧 羯 懞(二十五)
dhu ru2 va ja ya te / 度 嚧 度 嚧 罰 闍 耶 帝(二十六)
ma hā va ja ya te / 摩 訶 罰 闍 耶 帝(二十七)
dha ra2 / 陀 羅 陀 羅(二十八)
dhi ri ṇi / 地 利 尼(二十九)
rā ya / 囉 耶(三十)
ca la ca la / 遮 羅 遮 羅(三十一)
ma ma / 摩 摩(弟子某甲受持)
va ma ra / 罰 摩 羅(三十二)
su kte le / 穆 帝 曬(三十三)
e he e he / 伊 醯 移 醯(三十四)
ci nda2 / 室 那 室 那(三十五)
ar ṣam pra ca li / 阿 囉參 佛囉 舍 利(三十六)
va ṣa va ṣaṃ pra śa ya / 罰 沙 罰 參 佛羅 舍 耶(三十七)
hu ru2 ma ra / 呼 嚧 呼 嚧 麼 囉(三十八)
hu ru2 / 呼 嚧 醯利(三十九)
sa ra2 / 沙 囉 沙 囉(四十)
si ri2 su ru2 / 悉 唎 悉 唎(四十一) 蘇 嚧 蘇 嚧(四十二)
bo dhi ya2 / 菩 提 㖿 菩 提 㖿(四十三)
bo dha ya2 / 菩 提 耶 菩 提 耶(四十四)
mai tri ya / 彌 帝唎 耶(四十五)
na ra ki ndi / 那 囉 謹 墀(四十六)
dha rṣi ṇi na pa ṣa ma na / 地 唎瑟 尼 那 波 夜 摩 那(四十七)
svā hā si ddhā ya / 娑婆 訶(四十八) 悉 陀 夜(四十九)
svā hā ma hā si ddhā ya svā hā / 娑婆 訶(五十法語) / 摩 訶 悉 陀 夜 娑婆 訶
si ddha yo ge / 悉 陀 喩 藝(五十二)
śva ka rā ya svā hā / 室皤伽 囉 耶 娑婆 訶(五十三)
na ra ki ndi svā hā ma ra na ra / 那 囉 謹 墀(五十五) 娑婆 訶(五十六) 摩 囉 那 囉(五十七)
svā hā / 娑婆 訶(五十八)
si ra saṃ ha mu khā ya / 悉 囉 僧 阿 穆 佉 耶(五十九)
svā hā pa ma hā si ddhā ya / 娑婆 訶(六十) 婆 摩 訶 悉 陀 夜(六十一)
svā hā ca kra si ddhā ya / 娑婆 訶(六十二) 者 吉囉阿 悉 陀 夜(六十三)
svā hā / 娑婆 訶(六十四)
pa dma ka stā ya / 婆 摩 羯 悉哆 夜(六十五)
svā hā / 娑婆 訶(六十六)
na ra ki ndi va ga ra ya svā hā / 那 囉 謹 墀 皤 迦 囉 夜(六十七) 娑婆 訶(六十八)
ma va ri śa nka ya svā hā / 摩 婆 唎 勝 羯 夜(六十九) 娑婆 訶(七十)
na mo ra tna tra yā ya / 南 無喝 囉 怛 那 多 囉 夜 耶(七十一)
na mo ā ryā va lo ki te śva / 南 無 阿 唎㖿(七十二) 婆 嚧 吉 帝(七十三) 爍皤
rā ya bo dhi svā hā / 囉 夜(七十四) 菩 提 娑婆 訶
Analysis[]
While the most commonly used version in East Asia, the shorter version of the dhāraṇī as transcribed by Bhagavaddharma has been criticized as an imperfect rendering based on a defective recitation or manuscript copy.[2][88] Amoghavajra's Siddhaṃ text in T. 1113b is also badly corrupted.[1] In addition to the use of the Central Asian form 'Narakindi'/'Nilakandi'/'Narakidhi' (那囉謹墀) for Sanskrit Nīlakaṇṭha[4] and other grammatical quirks which betray a Central Asian milieu,[89] certain other portions of the standard text are corrupt beyond recognition.
For instance, the passage 室那室那 阿囉嘇佛囉舍利 (Siddhaṃ text of T. 1113b: cinda 2 arṣam pracali), is thought to be a corruption of kṛṣṇa-sarpopavīta "thou with the black serpent as the sacred thread" (attested in other versions and hinted in Amoghavajra's commentary in T. 1111[90]), with the word for 'serpent' (सर्प sarpa) as written in Siddhaṃ script being misread as 2 arsa.[91] Meanwhile, 薩婆菩哆那摩縛伽摩罰特豆 (T. 1113b: sarva-bhutanama vagama vadudu) is a misrendering of sarva-bhūtānām bhava-mārga visodhakam ("(it) cleanses the path of existence of all beings"), with dudu (特豆) being a filler word to cover a portion of the text that was not perceived clearly.[92]
Reconstructed Sanskrit text[]
The following is a reconstruction of the original Sanskrit text of Bhagavaddharma's version by Chandra (1988) based on a comparison with other versions;[93] his own translation of this text is given below.
Namo ratna trayāya | namo āryĀvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākaruṇikāya |
Oṃ sarva-bhayeṣu trāṇa-karāya tasya namaskṛtvā imaṃ āryĀvalokiteśvara-stavanaṃ Nīlakaṇṭha-nāma |
- Hṛdayaṃ vartayiṣyāmi sarv-ārtha-sādhanaṃ śubhaṃ |
- ajeyaṃ sarva-bhutānāṃ bhava-mārga -viśodhakam ||
TADYATHĀ | Oṃ apaloka lokātikrānta ehi Hare mahābodhisattva sarpa-sarpa | smara smara mama hṛdayam | kuru-kuru karma | dhuru-dhuru vijayate mahāvijayate | dhara-dhara dharāṇi-rāja | cala-cala mama vimala-mūṛtte re | ehy-ehi kṛṣṇa-sarp-opavīta | viṣa-viṣaṃ praṇāśaya | hulu-hulu malla | hulu-hulu Hare | sara-sara siri-siri suru-suru | bodhiya-bodhiya bodhaya-bodhaya maitriya Nīlakaṇṭha | darśanena prahlādaya manaḥ svāhā |
siddhāya svāhā | mahāsiddhāya svāhā | siddha-yogeśvarāya svāhā | Nīlakaṇṭhāya svāhā | Vāraha-mukhāya svāhā | Narasiṃha-mukhāya svāhā | padma-hastāya svāhā | cakra-hastāya svāhā | padma-hastāya? svāhā | Nīlakaṇṭha-vyāghrāya svāhā | Mahābali-Śankarāya svāhā ||
Namo ratna-trayāya | namo āryĀvalokiteśvarāya svāhā ||
(Oṃ siddhyantu mantra-padāni svāhā ||)
Chinese version[]
The form of the dhāraṇī as commonly written and recited in Chinese Buddhism is as follows.[94][95] The Chinese characters are a transliteration, not a translation, of the Sanskrit.[96] For example, in the first line 喝囉怛那·哆囉夜耶 hē luō dá nà · duō luō yè yé transliterates the Sanskrit ratna-trayāya (three treasures) but "three treasures" would be translated as 三寶 sān bǎo.
南無喝囉怛那哆囉夜耶 南無阿唎耶 婆盧羯帝爍缽囉耶 菩提薩埵婆耶 摩訶薩埵婆耶 摩訶迦盧尼迦耶 唵 薩皤囉罰曳 數怛那怛寫 南無悉吉慄埵伊蒙阿唎耶 婆盧吉帝室佛囉愣馱婆 南無那囉謹墀 醯利摩訶皤哆沙咩 薩婆阿他豆輸朋 阿逝孕 薩婆薩哆那摩婆薩哆那摩婆伽 摩罰特豆 怛姪他 唵阿婆盧醯 盧迦帝 迦羅帝 夷醯唎 摩訶菩提薩埵 薩婆薩婆 摩囉摩囉 摩醯摩醯唎���孕 俱盧俱盧羯蒙 度盧度盧罰闍耶帝 摩訶罰闍耶帝 陀囉陀囉 地唎尼 室佛囉耶 遮囉遮囉 摩麼罰摩囉 穆帝隸 伊醯伊醯 室那室那 阿囉參佛囉舍利 罰沙罰參 佛囉舍耶 呼嚧呼嚧摩囉 呼嚧呼嚧醯利 娑囉娑囉 悉唎悉唎 蘇嚧蘇嚧 菩提夜菩提夜 菩馱夜菩馱夜 彌帝唎夜 那囉謹墀 地利瑟尼那 波夜摩那 娑婆訶 悉陀夜 娑婆訶 摩訶悉陀夜 娑婆訶 悉陀喻藝 室皤囉耶 娑婆訶 那囉謹墀 娑婆訶 摩囉那囉 娑婆訶 悉囉僧阿穆佉耶 娑婆訶 娑婆摩訶阿悉陀夜 娑婆訶 者吉囉阿悉陀夜 娑婆訶 波陀摩羯悉陀夜 娑婆訶 那囉謹墀皤伽囉耶 娑婆訶 摩婆利勝羯囉夜 娑婆訶 南無喝囉怛那哆囉夜耶 南無阿唎耶 婆嚧吉帝 爍皤囉夜 娑婆訶 唵悉殿都漫多囉跋陀耶娑婆訶
(Simplified)
南无喝囉怛那哆囉夜耶 南无阿唎耶 婆卢羯帝烁钵啰耶 菩提薩埵婆耶 摩诃薩埵婆耶 摩诃迦卢尼迦耶 唵 萨皤囉罚曳 数怛那怛写 南无悉吉栗埵伊蒙阿唎耶 婆卢吉帝室佛啰愣驮婆 南无那囉谨墀 醯利摩诃皤哆沙咩 萨婆阿他豆输朋 阿逝孕 萨婆萨哆那摩婆萨哆那摩婆伽 摩罚特豆 怛姪他 唵阿婆卢醯 卢迦帝 迦罗帝 夷醯唎 摩诃菩提薩埵 萨婆萨婆 摩啰摩啰 摩醯摩醯唎驮孕 俱卢俱卢羯蒙 度卢度卢罚闍耶帝 摩诃罚闍耶帝 陀啰陀啰 地唎尼 室佛啰耶 遮啰遮啰 摩么罚摩啰 穆帝隶 伊醯伊醯 室那室那 阿啰参佛啰舍利 罚沙罚参 佛啰舍耶 呼嚧呼嚧摩啰 呼嚧呼嚧醯利 娑囉娑囉 悉唎悉唎 苏嚧苏嚧 菩提夜菩提夜 菩驮夜菩驮夜 弥帝唎夜 那囉谨墀 地利瑟尼那 波夜摩那 娑婆訶 悉陀夜 娑婆诃 摩诃悉陀夜 娑婆訶 悉陀喻艺 室皤囉耶 娑婆訶 那囉谨墀 娑婆訶 摩啰那囉 娑婆訶 悉啰僧阿穆佉耶 娑婆訶 娑婆摩诃阿悉陀夜 娑婆訶 者吉啰阿悉陀夜 娑婆訶 波陀摩羯悉陀夜 娑婆訶 那囉谨墀皤伽囉耶 娑婆訶 摩婆利胜羯啰夜 娑婆訶 南无喝囉怛那哆囉夜耶 南无阿唎耶 婆嚧吉帝 烁皤囉夜 娑婆訶 唵悉殿都漫多啰跋陀耶娑婆訶
(Pinyin)[b]
Nāmo hēlàdánà duōlàyèyé. Nāmo alīyé. Pólújiédì. Shuòbōlàyé. Pútísàduǒpóyé. Móhāsàduǒpóyé. Móhājiālúníjiāyé. Ǎn. Sàbólàfáyì. Shùdană dáxiĕ. Nāmo xījílí duǒyīmēng alīyé. Pólújiédì shìfólà. Léngtuópó. Nāmo nălàjĭnchí. Xīlīmóhā bóduōshāmiē. Sàpó atādòu shūpéng. Āshìyùn. Sàpósàduō nămó pósàduō nămó pójiā. Mófá tèdòu. Dázhítā. Ǎn apólúxī. Lújiādì. Jiāluódì. Yíxīlī. Móhā pútísàduǒ. Sàpó sàpó. Mólà mólà. Móxī móxī lītuóyùn. Jùlú jùlú jiéméng. Dùlú dùlú fáshéyédì. Móhā fáshéyédì. Tuólà tuólà. Dìlīní. Shìfólàyē. Zhēlà zhēlà. Mómó fámólà. Mùdìlì. Yīxī yīxī. Shìnă shìnă. Ālàshēn fólàshělì. Fáshā fáshēn. Fólàshěyé. Hūlú hūlú mólà. Hūlú hūlú xīlī. Suōlà suōlà. Xīlī xīlī. Sūlú sūlú. Pútíyè pútíyè. Pútuóyè pútuóyè. Mídìlīyè. Nălàjĭnchí. Dìlī sènínà. Pōyèmónà. Suōpóhā. Xītuóyè. Suōpóhā. Móhā xītuóyè. Suōpóhā. Xītuóyùyì. Shìbólàyè. Suōpóhā. Nălàjĭnchí. Suōpóhā. Mólà nălà. Suōpóhā. Xīlàsēng amùqūyé. Suōpóhā. Suōpó móhā axītuóyé. Suōpóhā. Zhějílà axītuóyè. Suōpóhā. Bōtuómó jiéxītuóyè. Suōpóhā. Nălàjĭnchí bóqiélàyé. Suōpóhā. Mópólì shèngjiélàyè. Suōpóhā. Nāmo hēlàdánà duōlàyèyé. Nāmo alīyé. Pólújídì. Shuōbólàyè. Suōpóhā. Ǎn xīdiàndū. Mànduōlà. Bátuóyé. Suōpóhā.
Vietnamese version[]
In Vietnam, the dhāraṇī is called Chú Đại Bi (Vietnamese translation of the Chinese title 大悲咒 Dàbēi zhòu), It is almost similar to the version of Bhagavaddharma, albeit with a different way of dividing the text (84 verses instead of 82). It is available in two forms: - 1) Text without the verse numbering; - 2) Text with numbering (1-84).
1-The dhāraṇī without the verse numbering:[82]
Nam mô hắc ra đát na đa ra dạ da. Nam mô a rị da, bà lô yết đế, thước bác ra da, bồ đề tát đỏa bà da, ma ha tát đỏa bà da, ma ha ca lô ni ca da. Án tát bàn ra phạt duệ, số đát na đá tỏa.
Nam mô tất kiết lật đỏa, y mông a rị da bà lô kiết đế, thất phật ra lăng đà bà.
Nam mô na ra cẩn trì hế rị, ma ha bàn đá sa mế, tát bà a tha đậu du bằng a thể dựng, tát bà tát đa, na ma bà gìa ma phạt đạt đậu, đát thiệt tha. Án, a bà lô hê, lô ca đế, ca ra đế, di hê rị, ma ha bồ đề tát đỏa, tát bà tát bà, ma ra ma ra, ma hê ma hê, rị đàn dựng cu lô cu lô kiết mông độ lô độ lô, phạt xà da đế, ma ha phạt xà da đế, đà ra đà ra, địa rị ni, thất Phật ra da, dá ra dá ra. Mạ mạ phạt ma ra, mục đế lệ, y hê y hê, thất na thất na, a ra sâm Phật ra xá lợi, phạt sa phạt sâm, Phật ra xá da, hô lô hô lô ma ra, hô lô hô lô hê rị, ta ra ta ra, tất rị tất rị, tô rô tô rô bồ đề dạ, bồ đề dạ, bồ đà dạ, bồ đà dạ, di đế rị dạ, na ra cẩn trì địa rị sắc ni na, ba dạ ma na ta bà ha. Tất đà dạ ta bà ha. Ma ha tất đà dạ ta bà ha. Tất đà du nghệ thất bàn ra dạ ta bà ha. Na ra cẩn trì. Ta bà ha. Ma ra na ra. Ta bà ha. Tất ra tăng a mục khê da, ta bà ha. Ta bà ma ha a tất đà dạ ta bà ha. Gỉa kiết ra a tất đà dạ ta bà ha. Ba đà ma yết tất đà dạ, ta bà ha. Na ra cẩn trì bàn dà ra dạ ta bà ha. Ma bà lị thắng yết ra dạ ta bà ha.
Nam mô hắc ra đát na đá ra mạ da, Nam mô a rị da bà lô yết đế, thước bàn ra dạ, ta bà ha. Án tất điện đô, mạn đa ra, bạt đà dạ, ta bà ha.
2- The dhāraṇī with verse numbering (1-84).
Here is the numbered Chú Đại Bi (1-84). Each verse is presented as follows:
- i) Left : The text as read and recited or sung by practitioners, i.e. the transliteration from the Chinese version (so it is a transliteration of transliteration)[c] · ;[83]
- ii) Center :The translation into modern Vietnamese (chữ quốc ngữ);[97]
- iii) Right : English translation (in brackets):[98]
- 01. Nam mô hát (hoặc: hắc) ra đát na đá ra dạ da — Kính lạy Tam Bảo — (Homage to the Three Jewels)
- 02. Nam mô A rị a — Kính lạy Chư Thánh hiền — (Homage to ārya )
- 03. Bà lô yết đế thước bát ra da — Avalokiteśvara — (Avalokiteśvara)
- 04. Bồ đề Tát đá bà da— Bồ Đề Tát — (Boddhisatva)
- 05. Ma ha Tát đá bà da — Sự vị đại — (Mahāsattva)
- 06. Ma ha ca lô ni ca da — Lòng Từ Bi vĩ đại — (The Great Compassionate One)
- 07. Án — Án — (Oṃ)
- 08. Tát bàn ra phạt duệ — Người bảo vệ khỏi mọi nguy hiểm — (Protector from all dangers)
- 09. Số đát na đát tả — Vượt qua nỗi sợ hãi — (Overcoming fear)
- 10. Nam mô tất cát lị đóa y mông A rị a — Kính lạy và sùng bái chư Thánh Thiên — (Homage and adoration to ārya)
- 11. Bà lô cát đế thất phật ra lăng đà bà — Avalokisteśvara — (Avalokisteśvara)
- 12. Nam mô Na ra cẩn trì — Kính lạy Nīlakaṇṭha (tên= Cổ Xanh ) — (Homage to Nīlakaṇṭha (name= Blue Neck)
- 13. Ha rị Ma ha Bàn đà sa mế — Con sẽ tụng lên bài Tâm Chú — (I shall enunciate the heart dharani)
- 14. Tát bà a tha đậu thâu bằng — Làm cho tất cả chúng sinh chiến thắng — (Make all beings victorious)
- 15. A thệ dựng — Bất khả chiến bại — (Invincible)
- 16. Tát bá tát đá ( Na ma bà tát đá) — Loại bỏ những ảo tưởng thanh lọc tất cả chúng sinh — (Which removes illusions and purifies all beings)
- 17. Ma phạt đặc đậu — Trên những con đường của sự tồn tại — (On the path of existence')
- 18. Đát điệt tha. Án — Là như sau — (Thus. Oṃ)
- 19. A bà lô hê —Ánh huy hoàng — (Glorious Light)
- 20. Lô ca đế — Siêu việt — (Transcendence)
- 21. Ca la đế (hoặc) Ca ra đế) — Chiếu sáng — (Radiance)
- 22. Di Hê rị (hoặc : Ha ri) - Ôi Harị (là 1 trong các tên của Vishnu) — (O Hari (one of the names of Vishnu))
- 23. Ma ha Bồ đề tát đỏa — Chư Đại Bồ Tát — (The Great Bodhisattva)
- 24. Tát bà Tát bà — Tất cả chúng sinh — (De tous les êtres sensibles)
- 25. Ma ra Ma ra — Hãy nhớ, hãy nhớ … — (Remember, remember…)
- 26. Ma hê Ma hê rị đà dựng — …bài Tâm Chú của con —(… my Heart dhāraṇī)[d]
- 27. Câu lô câu lô yết mông — Hành động, hãy hành động — (Agissez, agissez)
- 28. Độ lô độ lô, Phạt sà da đế — Tiếp tục, hãy tiếp tục, Cho đến khi chiến thắng — (Keep going, keep going, Until you win)
- 29. Ma ha phạt sà da đế — Chiến thắng vẻ vang — (A glorious victory )
- 30. Đà ra đà ra — Giữ chặt — (Hold tight , hold tight)
- 31. Địa rị ni — Hỡi Đức Vua … — ( O King …)
- 32. Thất Phật ra da — … Của Địa Cầu— (… of the Earth)[e]
- 33. Da ra Da ra (hoặc : Giá ra Gia rá) — Tiến lên Tiến lên — (Go ahead Go ahead)
- 34. Ma ma phạt ma ra — Thần tượng … — (God …)
- 35. Mục đế lệ — … không tì vết ... — (… flawless ...)
- 36. Di hê di hê — ... hãy đến, hãy đến ... — (...come, come ...)
- 37. Thất na Thất na — ...với con rắn màu đen … —(...with a black snake …)
- 38. A ra sấm Phật ra xá lị — … phá hủy … – ( …that destroys …)
- 39. Phạt sa phạt sấm — …chất độc ... — ( …poisons)
- 40. Phật ra xá da — ... Đấng Tối cao — (O Supreme Being)[f]
- 41. Hô lô Hô lô ma ra — Xin nhanh lên, xin nhanh lên, hỡi Ngài Dũng Mãnh — (Quick, Quick O Strong Being)
- 42. Hô lô Hô lô hê rị — Xin nhanh lên , Xin nhanh lên , hỡi Ngài Hari — (Quick, Quick O Hari)
- 43. Ta ra Ta ra (hoặc : Sa ra, Sa ra) — Hãy xuống, Hãy xuống — (Come down Come down)
- 44. Tất lị Tất lị — Đến, Đến — (Come, Come)
- 45. Tô lô Tô lô — Hạ cố Hạ cố — (Condescend, Condescend)
- 46. Bồ đề dạ Bồ đề dạ — Bậc đã giác ngộ Bậc đã giác ngộ — (Being enlightened , Being enlightened)
- 47. Bồ đà dạ Bồ đà dạ — Xin ngài hãy giác ngộ con, Xin ngài hãy giác ngộ con — (Please enlighten me, Please enlighten me
- 48. Di đế rị dạ — Nhân từ — (Benevolent)
- 49. Na ra cẩn trì — Nīlakaṇṭha — (Nīlakaṇṭha )
- 50. Địa rị sắt ni na — Xin ngài hãy làm cho tim con an lạc … — (Please gladden my heart …)
- 51. Ba dạ ma na — … bằng cách hiện ra trong tim con — (… by appearing unto me)[g]
- 52. Ta bà ha (hoặc : Sa bà ha) - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 53. Tất đà dạ - Sư phụ đã hoàn thành — (To the accomplished Master)
- 54. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 55. Ma ha Tất đà dạ — Người Thầy vĩ đại đã hoàn thành — (The Great accomplished Master )
- 56. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 57. Tất bà dụ nghệ - Tâm trí hoàn toàn … - (Perfect mind …)
- 58. Thất phàn ra da - … giác ngộ - ( … fully enlightened)[h]
- 59. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 60. Na ra cẩn trì — Nīlakaṇṭha — (Nīlakaṇṭha )
- 61. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 62. Ma ra na ra — Người có gương mặt Heo rừng đực — (To the One with a face of a Wild Boar )
- 63. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 64. Tất ra tăng a Mục da da — Người có gương mặt Sư tử — (To the One with a face of a Lion )
- 65. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 66. Sa bà ma ha a tất đà dạ — Người mang trong tay cái chùy - (To the One with a gada in the hand)
- 67. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 68. Giả cát ra a tất đà dạ — Người cầm trên tay chiếc bánh xe — (To the One with a discus in the hand)
- 69. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 70. Ba đà ma yết tất đà dạ — Người mang trên tay hoa sen — (To the One with a lotus in the hand)
- 71. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 72. Na ra cẩn trì Bàn dà ra da — Nīlakaṇṭha , Đấng linh thiêng nhất – (Nīlakaṇṭha , The most sacred)
- 73. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 74. Ma bà lị thắng yết ra dạ — Để được mạnh mẽ, để được tốt lành — (In order to be strong, in order to be good)
- 75. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 76. Nam mô hát (hoặc: hắc) ra đát na đá ra dạ da — Kính lạy Tam Bảo — (Homage to the Three Jewels)
- 77. Nam mô A rị a — Kính lạy Chư Thánh hiền — (Homage to ārya )
- 78. Bà lô yết đế — Avalokite …( phần đầu của tên) — (Avalokite … (beginning of name)
- 79. thước bát ra da — … svaraya (phần cuối của tên = [[Avolokiteśvara) — ( … svaraya (end of name= Avolokiteśvara)[i]
- 80. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you)
- 81. Án. Tất điện đô ... – (xem mục 83) - (see verse 83)
- 82. ... Mạn đá ra ... — (xem mục 83 )— (see verse 83)
- 83. ... Bạt đà da — Cầu xin những lời trì chú trở thành hiện thực — (May the wishes of this mantra come true)[j]
- 84. Ta bà ha - Con xin đón mừng Ngài – (I welcome you).
- 01. Nam mô hát (hoặc: hắc) ra đát na đá ra dạ da — Kính lạy Tam Bảo — (Homage to the Three Jewels)
Reconstructed Sanskrit text[]
The following is a reconstruction of the text in Sanskrit IAST by the vietnamese historian Lê Tự Hỷ[99] who proposes a division into five parts, close to that of Lokesh Chandra[100] · .[101] It is divided into 18 grammatically structured sentences, which is not the case with the transliterated text recited during religious services, that is divided into 84 verses, in order to respect the prosodic rhythm prescribed by the ritual (One can notice that the terms "dhāraṇī" and "mantra" are used alternately).
- I. Lời chào mở đầu (Opening greeting) :
- 01. Namo ratna-trayāya
- 02. Nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahā-sattvāya mahā-kāruṇikāya
- II. Danh hiệu của đức Quán Tự Tại (Title Announcement of the Righteous Quán Tự Tại (One of the Names of Avalokiteśvara in Old Vietnamese )
- 03. Oṃ sarva-bhayeṣu trāṇa-karāya tasya namaskṛtvā imam Āryāvalokiteśvara-stavanaṃ Nīlakaṇṭha-nāma
- III. Sự tụng lên câu kệ về Công đức của bài Tâm Chú (Benefits of reciting the mantra)
- 04. hṛdayaṃ vartayisyāmi sarvārtha-sādhanaṃ śubham
- 05. ajeyam sarva-bhūtānām bhava-mārga-viśodhakam
- IV. Dhāraṇī (Các câu chú) ( Dhāraṇī (all verses):
- 06. Tadyathā: Om Ālokapate lokātikrānta
- 07. Ehi Hare mahā-bodhisattva sarpa-sarpa smara- smara mama hṛdayam
- 08. Kuru-kuru karma dhuru-dhuru vijayate mahā-vijayate
- 09. Dhara-dhara dharaṇī-rāja cala-cala mama vimala-mūrte
- 10. ehi ehi kṛṣṇa-sarpopavīta viṣa- viṣaṃ praṇāśaya
- 11. Hulu-hulu Malla hulu-hulu Hare sara-sara siri-siri suru-suru
- 12. Bodhiya-bodhiya bodhaya-bodhaya maitreya Nīlakaṇṭha darśanena prahlādaya manaḥ svāhā
- 13. siddhāya svāhā mahā-siddhāya svāhā siddhayogīśvarāya svāhā
- 14. Nīlakaṇṭhāya svāhā varāha-mukhāya svāhā narasiṃha-mukhāya svāhā
- 15. Gada-hastāya svāhā cakra-hastāya svāhā padma-hastāya svāhā
- 16. Nīlakaṇṭha-vyāghrāya svāhā Mahābali-Śaṅkarāya svāhā
- V. Lời chào kết thúc (Final greeting ):
- 17. Namo ratna-trayāya Nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya svāhā
- 18. Oṃ sidhyantu me mantra padāni svāhā.
Japanese: Sōtō Zen version[]
The following is the dhāraṇī as written and recited within the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen Buddhism.[102][103][104]
(Kanji)
南無喝囉怛那。哆羅夜耶。南無阿唎耶。婆盧羯帝。爍盋囉耶。菩提薩埵婆耶。摩訶薩埵婆耶。摩訶迦盧尼迦耶。唵。薩皤囉罰曳数怛那怛写。南無悉吉利埵伊蒙阿唎耶。婆盧吉帝室仏囉楞馱婆。南無那囉。謹墀醯唎。摩訶皤哷。沙咩薩婆。阿他豆輸朋。阿逝孕。薩婆薩哷。那摩婆伽。摩罰特豆。怛姪他。唵。阿婆盧醯。盧迦帝。迦羅帝。夷醯唎。摩訶菩提薩埵。薩婆薩婆。摩囉摩囉。摩醯摩醯唎馱孕。俱盧俱盧羯蒙。度盧度盧罰闍耶帝。摩訶罰闍耶帝。陀囉陀囉。地利尼。室仏囉耶。遮囉遮囉。摩摩罰摩囉。穆帝隷。伊醯伊醯。室那室那。阿囉参仏囉舎利。罰沙罰参。仏囉舎耶。呼盧呼盧摩囉。呼盧呼盧醯利。娑囉娑囉。悉利悉利。蘇嚧蘇嚧。菩提夜菩提夜。菩駄夜菩駄夜。弥帝唎夜。那囉謹墀。地利瑟尼那。婆夜摩那。娑婆訶。悉陀夜。娑婆訶。摩訶悉陀夜。娑婆訶。悉陀喻芸。室皤囉夜。娑婆訶。那囉謹墀。娑婆訶。摩囉那囉娑婆訶。悉囉僧阿穆佉耶。娑婆訶。娑婆摩訶悉陀夜。娑婆訶。者吉囉阿悉陀夜。娑婆訶。波陀摩羯悉陀夜。娑婆訶。那囉謹墀皤伽囉耶。娑婆訶。摩婆唎勝羯囉耶娑婆訶。
南無喝囉怛那哆羅夜耶。南無阿唎耶。婆盧吉帝。爍皤囉耶。娑婆訶。悉殿都漫哆囉。跋陀耶。娑婆訶。(Hiragana)
なむからたんのう。とらやーやー。なむおりやー。ぼりょきーちー。しふらーやー。ふじさとぼーやー。もこさとぼーやー。もーこーきゃーるにきゃーやー。えん。さーはらはーえーしゅーたんのうとんしゃー。なむしきりーといもー。おりやー。ぼりょきーちー。しふらー。りんとうぼー。なむのーらー。きんじーきーりー。もーこーほーどー。しゃーみーさーぼー。おーとうじょーしゅーべん。おーしゅーいん。さーぼーさーとー。のーもーぼーぎゃー。もーはーてーちょー。とーじーとー。えん。おーぼーりょーきー。るーぎゃーちー。きゃーらーちー。いーきりもーこー。ふじさーとー。さーぼーさーぼー。もーらーもーらー。もーきーもーきー。りーとーいんくーりょーくーりょー。けーもーとーりょーとーりょー。ほーじゃーやーちー。もーこーほーじゃーやーちー。とーらーとーらー。ちりにー。しふらーやー。しゃーろーしゃーろー。もーもーはーも－らー。ほーちーりー。いーきーいーきー。しーのーしーのー。おらさんふらしゃーりー。はーざーはーざん。ふらしゃーやー。くーりょーくーりょー。もーらーくーりょーくーりょー。きーりーしゃーろーしゃーろー。しーりーしーりー。すーりょーすーりょー。ふじやー。ふじやー。ふどやーふどやー。みーちりやー。のらきんじー。ちりしゅにのー。ほやもの。そもこー。しどやー。そもこー。もこしどやー。そもこー。しどゆーきー。しふらーやー。そもこー。のらきんじー。そもこー。もーらーのーらーそもこー。しらすーおもぎゃーやー。そもこー。そぼもこしどやー。そもこー。しゃきらーおしどーやー。そもこー。ほどもぎゃしどやー。そもこー。のらきんじーはーぎゃらやー。そもこー。もーほりしんぎゃらやーそもこー。
なむからたんのうとらやーやー。なむおりやー。ぼりょきーちーしふらーやー。そもこー。してどーもどらー。ほどやー。そーもーこー。(Romaji)
Namu karatannō. Torayāyā. Namu oriyā. Boryokīchī. Shifurāyā. Fujisatobōyā. Mokosatobōyā. Mōkō kyārunikyāyā. En. Sāharahāē shūtannō tonshā. Namu shikirī toimō. Oriyā. Boryokīchī shifurā. Rintōbō. Namu nōrā. Kinjī kīrī. Mōkō hōdō. Shāmī sābō. Ōtō jōshūben. Ōshūin. Sābō sātō. Nōmō bōgyā. Mōhā tēchō. Tōjītō. En. Ōboryōkī. Rūgyāchī. Kyārāchī. Īkiri mōkō. Fujisātō. Sābō sābō. Mōrā mōrā. Mōkī mōkī. Rītōin kūryō kūryō. Kēmō tōryō tōryō. Hōjāyāchī. Mōkōhōjāyāchī. Tōrā tōrā. Chirinī shifurāyā. Shārō shārō. Mōmōhāmōrā. Hōchīrī. Īkī Īkī. Shīnō shīnō. Orasan furashārī. Hāzā hāzān. Furashāyā. Kūryō kūryō. Mōrā kūryō kūryō. Kīrī shārō shārō. Shīrī shīrī. Sūryō sūryō. Fujiyā fujiyā. Fudoyā fudoyā. Mīchiriyā. Norakinjī. Chiri shuninō. Hoyamono. Somokō. Shidoyā. Somokō. Mokoshidoyā. Somokō. Shidoyūkī. Shifurāyā. Somokō. Norakinjī. Somokō. Mōrānōrā somokō. Shirasū omogyāyā. Somokō. Sobomoko shidoyā. Somokō. Shakirā oshidōyā. Somokō. Hodomo gyashidoyā. Somokō. Norakinjī hāgyarayā. Somokō. Mōhori shingyarayā somokō.
Namu karatannō torayāyā. Namu oriyā boryokīchī shifurāyā. Somokō. Shitedō modorā. Hodoyā. Sōmōkō.
Japanese: Shingon version[]
A form of the dhāraṇī which uses a pronunciation scheme different from that used by the Zen schools is attested within Shingon Buddhism.[105][106][107]
のうぼう。あらたんのうたらやあや。のうぼありや。ばろきてい。じんばらや。ぼうじさとばや。まかさとばや。まかきゃろにきゃや。おんさらばらばえいしゅ。たんのうだしや。のうぼう。そきりたばいもうありや。ばろきてい。じんばらりょうだば。のうぼう。ならきんじ。けいりまばたしゃめい。さらばあたづしゅぼう。あせいよう。さらばぼたのう。まばばぎゃ。まばどづ。
たにゃた。おんあばろけいろきゃてい。きゃらてい。いけいりまかぼうじさとば。さらばさらば。まらまら。まま。けいりだよう。くろくろきゃらぼう。どろどろ。ばじゃやてい。まかばじゃやてい。だらだら。ちりにじんばらや。しゃらしゃら。まま。ばつまら。ぼくていれい。いけいいけい。しっだしっだ。あらさんはらしゃり。ばしゃばさん。はらしゃや。ころころ。まら。ころけいり。さらさら。しりしり。そろそろ。ぼうじやぼうじや。ぼうだやぼうだや。みていりや。ならきんじ。だりしゅにのう。はやまのう。そわか。しつだや。そわか。まかしつだや。そわか。しつだゆけい。じんばらや。そわか。ならきんじ。そわか。まらならしつら。そわか。ぼきゃや。そわか。はまかしつだや。そわか。しゃきゃらあしつだや。そわか。 はんどまきゃしつだや。そわか。ならきんじ。ばぎゃらや。そわか。まばりしょうぎゃらや。そわか。
のうぼう。あらたんのう。たらやあや。のうぼうありや。ばろきてい。じんばらや。そわか。(Romaji)
Nōbō. Aratannō tarayāya. Nōbo ariya. Barokitei. Jinbaraya. Bōjisatobaya. Makasatobaya. Makakyaronikyaya. On sarabarabaeishu. Tannō dashiya. Nōbō. Sokiri taba imō ariya. Barokitei. Jinbara ryōdaba. Nōbō. Narakinji. Keiri mabata shamei. Saraba atazu shubō. Aseiyō. Saraba botanō. Maba bagya. maba dozu.
Tanyata. On abarokei rokyatei. Kyaratei. Ikeiri makabōjisatoba. Saraba saraba. Mara mara. Mama. Keiridayō. Kuro kuro kyarabō. Doro doro. Bajayatei. Makabajayatei. Dara dara. Chirini jinbaraya. Shara shara. Mama. Batsumara. Bokuteirei. Ikei ikei. Shidda shidda. Arasan harashari. Basha basan. Harashaya. Koro koro. Mara. Koro keiri. Sara sara. Shiri shiri. Soro soro. Bōjiya bōjiya. Bōdaya bōdaya. Miteiriya. Narakinji. Darishuninō. Hayamanō. Sowaka. Shitsudaya. Sowaka. Makashitsudaya. Sowaka. Shitsudayukei. Jinbaraya. Sowaka. Narakinji. Sowaka. Maranara shitsura. Sowaka. Bokyaya. Sowaka. Hamaka shitsudaya. Sowaka. Shakyarā shitsudaya. Sowaka. Handomakya shitsudaya. Sowaka. Narakinji. Bagyaraya. Sowaka. Mabari shōgyaraya. Sowaka.
Nōbō. Aratannō. Tarayāya. Nōbō Ariyabarokitei. Jinbaraya. Sowaka.
English translations[]
D.T. Suzuki[]
Author D.T. Suzuki's English translation of the standard version is as follows:[108][109]
Adoration to the Triple Treasure!
Adoration to Avalokiteśvara the Bodhisattva-Mahāsattva who is the great compassionate one!
Om, to the one who performs a leap beyond all fears!
Having adored him, may I enter into the heart of the blue-necked one known as the noble adorable Avalokiteśvara! It means the completing of all meaning, it is pure, it is that which makes all beings victorious and cleanses the path of existence.
Thus:
Om, the seer, the world-transcending one!
O Hari the Mahābodhisattva!
All, all!
Defilement, defilement!
The earth, the earth!
It is the heart.
Do, do the work!
Hold fast, hold fast! O great victor!
Hold on, hold on! I hold on.
To Indra the creator!
Move, move, my defilement-free seal!
Come, come!
Hear, hear!
A joy springs up in me!
Speak, speak! Directing!
Hulu, hulu, mala, hulu, hulu, hile!
Sara, sara! siri, siri! suru, suru!
Be awakened, be awakened!
Have awakened, have awakened!
O merciful one, blue-necked one!
Of daring ones, to the joyous, hail!
To the successful one, hail!
To the great successful one, hail!
To the one who has attained master in the discipline, hail!
To the blue-necked one, hail!
To the boar-faced one, hail!
To the one with a lion's head and face, hail!
To the one who holds a weapon in his hand, hail!
To the one who holds a wheel in his hand, hail!
To the one who holds a lotus in his hand, hail!
To the blue-necked far-causing one, hail!
To the beneficient one referred to in this Dhāraṇī beginning with "Namaḥ," hail!
Adoration to the Triple Treasure!
Adoration to Avalokiteśvara!
Hail!
May these [prayers] be successful!
To this magical formula, hail!
Kazuaki Tanahashi and Joan Halifax[]
A rendition of the dhāraṇī by Joan Halifax and Kazuaki Tanahashi, based on interpretations by Japanese authors Shūyō Takubo (1960)[110] and Tomoyasu Takenaka (1998),[111] is as follows:[112]
Homage to the Three Treasures. Homage to noble Avalokitesvara, noble Bodhisattva Mahasattva, who embodies great compassion. Om. Homage to you, who protects all those who are fearful.
Being one with you, the Blue-necked noble Avalokitesvara, I bring forth your radiant heart that grants all wishes, overcomes obstacles, and purifies delusion.
Here is the mantra: Om. You are luminous with shining wisdom. You transcend the world. O, Lion King, great Bodhisattva. Remember, remember, this heart. Act, act. Realize, realize. Continue, continue. Victor, great victor. Maintain, maintain. Embodiment of freedom. Arise, arise, the immaculate one, the undefiled being. Advance, advance. You are supreme on this earth. You remove the harm of greed. You remove the harm of hatred. You remove the harm of delusion. Lion King, remove, remove all defilements. The universal lotus grows from your navel. Act, act. Cease, cease. Flow, flow. Awake, awake. Compassionate one, enlighten, enlighten.
Blue-necked One, you bring joy to those who wish to see clearly. Svaha. You succeed. Svaha. You greatly succeed. Svaha. You have mastered the practice. Svaha. Blue-necked one. Svaha. Boar-faced one, lion-faced one. Svaha. You hold the lotus. Svaha. You hold the blade wheel. Svaha. You liberate through the sound of the conch. Svaha. You hold a great staff. Svaha. You are the dark conqueror abiding near the left shoulder. Svaha. You wear a tiger skin. Svaha.
Homage to the Three Treasures. Homage to noble Avalokiteshvara. Svaha. Realize all the phrases of this mantra. Svaha.
Lokesh Chandra[]
Chandra (1988) criticized both Suzuki's translation and his characterization of dhāraṇīs as "[conveying] no intelligent signification ... mostly consist[ing] of invocations and exclamations"[113] and provided an alternative translation - a corrected version of an earlier translation by the same author (1979)[114] - based on his reconstruction of the text (see 'Reconstructed Sanskrit text' above).[109]
1. Adoration to the Triple Gem. Adoration to ārya Avalokiteśvarā, bodhisattva, mahāsattva, the Great Compassionate One. Oṃ. Having paid adoration to One who protects in all dangers, here is the [recitation] of the names of Nīlakaṇṭha, as chanted by ārya Avalokiteśvarā.
2. I shall enunciate the 'heart' [dhāraṇī] which ensures all aims, is pure and invincible for all beings, and which purifies the path of existence.
3. THUS. Oṃ. O Effulgence, World-Transcendent, come, oh Hari, the great bodhisattva, descend, descend. Bear in mind my heart-dhāraṇī. Accomplish, accomplish the work. Hold fast, hold fast, Victor, oh Great Victor. Hold on, hold on, oh Lord of the Earth. Move, move, oh my Immaculate Image. Come, come, Thou with the black serpent as Thy sacred thread. Destroy every poison. Quick, quick, oh Strong Being. Quick, Quick, oh Hari. Descend, descend, come down, come down, condescend, condescend. Being enlightened enlighten me, oh merciful Nīlakaṇṭha. Gladden my heart by appearing unto me.
To the Siddha hail. To the Great Siddha hail. To the Lord of Siddha Yogins hail. To Nīlakaṇṭha hail. To the Boar-faced One hail. To the One with the face of Narasiṃha hail. To One who has a lotus in His hand hail. To the Holder of a cakra in His hand hail. To One who sports a lotus(?) in His hand hail. To Nīlakaṇṭha the tiger hail. To the mighty Śaṇkara hail.
4. Adoration to the Triple Gem. Adoration to ārya Avalokiteśvarā, hail.
Korean version[]
The Korean form of the dhāraṇī[115][116][117] stands midway between the short and the long versions; despite being generally more akin to the shorter version used in other East Asian countries, it exhibits certain readings found in the longer version (see 'Longer version' below).
(Hangul)
나모라 다나다라 야야 나막알약 바로기제 새바라야 모지사다바야 마하 사다바야 마하가로 니가야
옴 살바 바예수 다라나 가라야 다사명 나막 까리다바 이맘 알야 바로기제 새바라 다바 니라간타 나막 하리나야 마발다 이사미 살발타 사다남 수반 아예염 살바 보다남 바바말아 미수다감
다냐타 옴 아로계 아로가마지 로가 지가란제 혜혜 하례 마하 모지사다바 사마라 사마라 하리나야 구로 구로 갈마 사다야 사다야 도로 도로 미연제 마하미연제 다 라 다라 다린나례새바라 자라 자라 마라 미마라 아마라 몰제 예혜혜 로게새바라 라아 미사미 나사야 나베사 미사미 나사야 모하 자라 미사미 나사야 호로호로 마라 호로 하례 바나마 나바 사라사라 시리시리 소로소로 못자못자 모다야 모다야 매다리야 니라간타 가마사 날사남 바라하 라나야 마낙 사바하 싯다야 사바하 마하싯다야 사바하 싯다 유예새바라야 사바하 니라간타야 사바하 바라하 목하 싱하 목카야 사바하 바나마 하따야 사바하 자가라 욕다야 사바하 상카 섭나네 모다나야 사바하 마하 라구타다라야 사바하 바마사간타 이사 시체다 가릿나 이나야 사바하 마가라 잘마이바사나야 사바하
나모라 다나다라 야야 나막알야 바로기제 새바라야 사바하 (3번)
(Romanization)
Namo radana darayaya. Namak aryak. Barogije saebaraya. Mojisadabaya. Maha sadabaya. Mahagaronigaya.
Om. Salba bayesu. Darana garaya dasamyeong. Namak kkaridaba imam arya. Barogijesaebara daba. Niraganta namak harinaya. Mabalda isami. Salbalta sadanam suban. Ayeyeom. Salba bodanam. Babamara misudagam.
Danyata. Om arogye aroga majiroga. Jigaranje. Hye hye harye. Maha moji sadaba. Samara samara. Harinaya. Guroguro galma. Sadaya sadaya. Doro doro miyeonje. Maha miyeonje. Dara dara. Darin. Narye saebara. Jara jara. Mara mimara amara. Moljeye. Hye hye. Rogye saebara ra-a. Misami nasaya. Nabe sami sami nasaya. Moha jara misami nasaya. Horo horo. Mara horo harye. Banama naba. Sara sara. Siri siri. Soro soro. Motjya motjya. Modaya modaya. Maedariya. Niraganta. Gamasa nalsanam. Baraharanaya manak. Sabaha. Sitdaya. Sabaha. Mahasitdaya. Sabaha. Sitda yuye saebaraya. Sabaha. Niragantaya. Sabaha. Baraha mokka. Singha mokkaya. Sabaha. Banama hattaya. Sabaha. Jagara yokdaya. Sabaha. Sangka seopnane. Modanaya. Sabaha. Mahara guta daraya. Sabaha. Bamasa ganta isasi cheda. Garinna inaya. Sabaha. Magara jalma. Ibasanaya. Sabaha.
Namo radana darayaya. Namak aryak barogije. Saebaraya sabaha.
Reconstructed Sanskrit text[]
The following is a reconstruction of the underlying Sanskrit text of the Korean version as given in Chandra (1988).[118]
Namo ratna-trayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya |
Oṃ sarva-bhayeṣu trāṇa-karāya tasmai namaskṛtvā imaṃ āryāvalokiteśvara-stavaṃ Nīlakaṇṭha-nāma |
- hṛdayaṃ vartayiṣyāmi sarvārtha-sādhanaṃ śubhaṃ |
- ajeyaṃ sarva-bhutānāṃ bhava-mara-viśodhakaṃ ||
TADYATHĀ | Oṃ āloka e āloka-mati lokātikrānta ehy-ehi Hare mahābodhisattva | smara smara hṛdayam | hi hi hare āryāvalokiteśvara maheśvara parama-maitra-citta mahākāruṇikā | kuru-kuru karma | sādhaya-sādhaya | dehi-dehi me varaṃ kamaṃ | dhuru-dhuru vijayate mahāvijayate | dhara-dhara dharāṇiṃdhareśvara | cala-cala malla vimal-āmala-mūṛtte | ehy-ehi Lokeśvara | rāga-viṣaṃ viṇāśaya | dveṣa-viṣaṃ viṇāśaya | moha-jāla-viṣaṃ viṇāśaya | hulu-hulu malla | hulu Hare Padmanābha | sara-sara siri-siri suru-suru | buddhya-buddhya bodhaya-bodhaya maitriya Nīlakaṇṭha | kāmasya darśanena prahlādaya manaḥ svāhā |
siddhāya svāhā | mahāsiddhāya svāhā | siddha-yogeśvarāya svāh�� | Nīlakaṇṭhāya svāhā | Vāraha-mukha-siṃha-mukhāya svāhā | padma-hastāya svāhā | cakrāyudhāya svāhā | śaṇkha-śabda-nibodhanaya svāhā | mahā-lakuṭa-dharāya svāhā | vāma-skanda-deśa-sthita-kṛṣṇājināya svāhā | vyāghra-carma-nivasanāya svāhā ||
Namo ratna-trayāya | namaḥ āryāvalokiteśvarāya svāhā ||
Amoghavajra (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1111)[]
A different transliteration of the text (interpersed with pronunciation guides and glosses), also by Amoghavajra (T. 1111), runs:[90][119]
曩謨(引)羅怛曩(二合)怛羅(二合)夜(引)也(三寶)曩莫(稽首)阿(去、引)里也(二合)嚩路(引)枳帝(引)濕嚩(二合)囉(引)也(聖觀自在)冒(引)地薩怛嚩(二合)也摩賀(引)薩怛嚩(二合)也摩訶(引)迦(引)嚕抳迦也(大悲者)薩嚩滿(上)馱曩砌(引)娜曩(割)迦羅(引)(斷)也(能斷一切繫縛)薩嚩婆(去)嚩(三有)娑悶訥嚕(二合)醋灑拏(上)迦羅也(能竭三有海一切生死苦)薩嚩弭也(二合)地鉢羅(二合)捨麼曩迦羅也(令息一切疾病)薩吠底庾(二合)鉢捺囉(二合)嚩尾曩(引)捨曩迦羅也(能斷一切災過)薩嚩婆(引)曳(引)數怛囉(二合)拏也(救濟怖畏)怛寫曩莫娑訖哩(二合)怛嚩(二合)伊娜麼(引)哩也(二合)嚩路(引)枳帝(引)濕嚩(二合)羅(我今禮彼聖觀自在)多嚩